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sqlglot.dialects.duckdb

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    Dialect,
  8    JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE,
  9    NormalizationStrategy,
 10    approx_count_distinct_sql,
 11    arg_max_or_min_no_count,
 12    arrow_json_extract_sql,
 13    binary_from_function,
 14    bool_xor_sql,
 15    build_default_decimal_type,
 16    date_trunc_to_time,
 17    datestrtodate_sql,
 18    encode_decode_sql,
 19    build_formatted_time,
 20    inline_array_unless_query,
 21    no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
 22    no_safe_divide_sql,
 23    no_timestamp_sql,
 24    pivot_column_names,
 25    regexp_extract_sql,
 26    rename_func,
 27    str_position_sql,
 28    str_to_time_sql,
 29    timestamptrunc_sql,
 30    timestrtotime_sql,
 31    unit_to_var,
 32)
 33from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
 34from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 35
 36
 37def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
 38    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
 39    interval = self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression)))
 40    return f"CAST({this} AS {self.sql(expression.return_type)}) + {interval}"
 41
 42
 43def _date_delta_sql(
 44    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DateAdd | exp.DateSub | exp.TimeAdd
 45) -> str:
 46    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
 47    unit = unit_to_var(expression)
 48    op = "+" if isinstance(expression, (exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd)) else "-"
 49    return f"{this} {op} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit))}"
 50
 51
 52# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the DATE function
 53def _date_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Date) -> str:
 54    result = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
 55    zone = self.sql(expression, "zone")
 56
 57    if zone:
 58        date_str = self.func("STRFTIME", result, "'%d/%m/%Y'")
 59        date_str = f"{date_str} || ' ' || {zone}"
 60
 61        # This will create a TIMESTAMP with time zone information
 62        result = self.func("STRPTIME", date_str, "'%d/%m/%Y %Z'")
 63
 64    return result
 65
 66
 67def _array_sort_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.ArraySort) -> str:
 68    if expression.expression:
 69        self.unsupported("DuckDB ARRAY_SORT does not support a comparator")
 70    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this)
 71
 72
 73def _sort_array_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
 74    name = "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT" if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false() else "ARRAY_SORT"
 75    return self.func(name, expression.this)
 76
 77
 78def _build_sort_array_desc(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 79    return exp.SortArray(this=seq_get(args, 0), asc=exp.false())
 80
 81
 82def _build_date_diff(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 83    return exp.DateDiff(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
 84
 85
 86def _build_generate_series(end_exclusive: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.GenerateSeries]:
 87    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.GenerateSeries:
 88        # Check https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/functions/nested.html#range-functions
 89        if len(args) == 1:
 90            # DuckDB uses 0 as a default for the series' start when it's omitted
 91            args.insert(0, exp.Literal.number("0"))
 92
 93        gen_series = exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
 94        gen_series.set("is_end_exclusive", end_exclusive)
 95
 96        return gen_series
 97
 98    return _builder
 99
100
101def _build_make_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
102    if len(args) == 1:
103        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS)
104
105    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
106        year=seq_get(args, 0),
107        month=seq_get(args, 1),
108        day=seq_get(args, 2),
109        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
110        min=seq_get(args, 4),
111        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
112    )
113
114
115def _struct_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
116    args: t.List[str] = []
117    for i, expr in enumerate(expression.expressions):
118        if isinstance(expr, exp.PropertyEQ):
119            key = expr.name
120            value = expr.expression
121        else:
122            key = f"_{i}"
123            value = expr
124
125        args.append(f"{self.sql(exp.Literal.string(key))}: {self.sql(value)}")
126
127    return f"{{{', '.join(args)}}}"
128
129
130def _datatype_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
131    if expression.is_type("array"):
132        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[]"
133
134    # Type TIMESTAMP / TIME WITH TIME ZONE does not support any modifiers
135    if expression.is_type("timestamptz", "timetz"):
136        return expression.this.value
137
138    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
139
140
141def _json_format_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONFormat) -> str:
142    sql = self.func("TO_JSON", expression.this, expression.args.get("options"))
143    return f"CAST({sql} AS TEXT)"
144
145
146def _unix_to_time_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
147    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
148    timestamp = expression.this
149
150    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
151        return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
152    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
153        return self.func("EPOCH_MS", timestamp)
154    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
155        return self.func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
156
157    return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)))
158
159
160def _arrow_json_extract_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
161    arrow_sql = arrow_json_extract_sql(self, expression)
162    if not expression.same_parent and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Binary):
163        arrow_sql = self.wrap(arrow_sql)
164    return arrow_sql
165
166
167class DuckDB(Dialect):
168    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
169    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
170    SAFE_DIVISION = True
171    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
172    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
173
174    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
175    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
176
177    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
178        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
179            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
180            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
181            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
182            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
183            path_text = path.name
184            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
185                return path
186
187        return super().to_json_path(path)
188
189    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
190        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
191
192        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
193        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
194
195        KEYWORDS = {
196            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
197            "//": TokenType.DIV,
198            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
199            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
200            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
201            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
202            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
203            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
204            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
205            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
206            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
207            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
208            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
209            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
210            "STRING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
211            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
212            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
213            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
214            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
215            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
216            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
217            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
218            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
219        }
220
221        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
222            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
223            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
224        }
225
226    class Parser(parser.Parser):
227        BITWISE = {
228            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
229            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
230        }
231
232        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
233
234        FUNCTIONS = {
235            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
236            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
237            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
238            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
239            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
240            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
241            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
242            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
243                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
244            ),
245            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
246                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
247            ),
248            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
249            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
250                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
251            ),
252            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
253            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
254            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
255            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
256            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
257            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
258            "LIST_VALUE": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
259            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
260            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
261            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
262                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
263            ),
264            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
265            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
266            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
267                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
268            ),
269            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
270            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
271                this=seq_get(args, 0),
272                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
273                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
274                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
275            ),
276            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
277            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
278            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
279            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
280            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
281            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
282            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
283            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
284            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
285            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
286            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
287            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
288            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
289        }
290
291        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
292
293        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
294        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
295
296        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
297            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
298            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
299        }
300
301        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
302            TokenType.SEMI,
303            TokenType.ANTI,
304        }
305
306        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
307            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
308            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
309                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
310                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
311                else None
312            ),
313        }
314
315        TYPE_CONVERTER = {
316            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
317            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
318        }
319
320        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
321            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
322            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
323            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
324                if sample.args.get("size"):
325                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
326                else:
327                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
328
329            return sample
330
331        def _parse_bracket(
332            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
333        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
334            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
335            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
336                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
337
338            return bracket
339
340        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
341            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
342                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
343
344            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
345            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
346
347        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
348            return self._parse_field_def()
349
350        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
351            if len(aggregations) == 1:
352                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
353            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
354
355    class Generator(generator.Generator):
356        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
357        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
358        JOIN_HINTS = False
359        TABLE_HINTS = False
360        QUERY_HINTS = False
361        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
362        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
363        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
364        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
365        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
366        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
367        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
368        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
369        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
370        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
371        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
372        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
373        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
374        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
375        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
376        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
377        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
378
379        TRANSFORMS = {
380            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
381            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
382            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
383            exp.ArrayContainsAll: rename_func("ARRAY_HAS_ALL"),
384            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
385            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
386            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
387            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
388            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
389            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
390            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
391            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
392            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
393            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
394            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
395            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
396            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
397            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
398            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
399            exp.Date: _date_sql,
400            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
401            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
402            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
403            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
404                "DATE_DIFF", f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'", e.expression, e.this
405            ),
406            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
407            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
408            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
409            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
410            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
411            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
412            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
413            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
414            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
415            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
416            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
417            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
418            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
419            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
420            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
421            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
422            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
423            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
424                "DATEDIFF",
425                "'month'",
426                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
427                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
428            ),
429            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON"),
430            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
431            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
432            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
433            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
434            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
435            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
436            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
437                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
438                e.this,
439                e.expression,
440                e.args.get("replacement"),
441                e.args.get("modifiers"),
442            ),
443            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
444            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
445            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
446            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
447            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
448            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
449            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
450            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
451            exp.StrToTime: str_to_time_sql,
452            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
453                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
454            ),
455            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
456            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
457            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
458            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
459                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
460            ),
461            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
462            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
463            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
464            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
465                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
466            ),
467            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
468            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
469            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
470            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
471            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
472            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
473                "DATE_DIFF",
474                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
475                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
476                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
477            ),
478            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
479                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
480            ),
481            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
482            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
483            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
484            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
485            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
486        }
487
488        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
489            exp.JSONPathKey,
490            exp.JSONPathRoot,
491            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
492            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
493        }
494
495        TYPE_MAPPING = {
496            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
497            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
498            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
499            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
500            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
501            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
502            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
503            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
504            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
505            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
506            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
507            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
508            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
509            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
510        }
511
512        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
513        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
514            "array",
515            "analyse",
516            "union",
517            "all",
518            "when",
519            "in_p",
520            "default",
521            "create_p",
522            "window",
523            "asymmetric",
524            "to",
525            "else",
526            "localtime",
527            "from",
528            "end_p",
529            "select",
530            "current_date",
531            "foreign",
532            "with",
533            "grant",
534            "session_user",
535            "or",
536            "except",
537            "references",
538            "fetch",
539            "limit",
540            "group_p",
541            "leading",
542            "into",
543            "collate",
544            "offset",
545            "do",
546            "then",
547            "localtimestamp",
548            "check_p",
549            "lateral_p",
550            "current_role",
551            "where",
552            "asc_p",
553            "placing",
554            "desc_p",
555            "user",
556            "unique",
557            "initially",
558            "column",
559            "both",
560            "some",
561            "as",
562            "any",
563            "only",
564            "deferrable",
565            "null_p",
566            "current_time",
567            "true_p",
568            "table",
569            "case",
570            "trailing",
571            "variadic",
572            "for",
573            "on",
574            "distinct",
575            "false_p",
576            "not",
577            "constraint",
578            "current_timestamp",
579            "returning",
580            "primary",
581            "intersect",
582            "having",
583            "analyze",
584            "current_user",
585            "and",
586            "cast",
587            "symmetric",
588            "using",
589            "order",
590            "current_catalog",
591        }
592
593        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
594
595        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
596        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
597        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
598            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
599            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
600        }
601
602        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
603        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
604        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
605        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
606
607        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
608            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
609            if nano is not None:
610                expression.set(
611                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
612                )
613
614            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
615
616        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
617            sec = expression.args["sec"]
618
619            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
620            if milli is not None:
621                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
622
623            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
624            if nano is not None:
625                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
626
627            if milli or nano:
628                expression.set("sec", sec)
629
630            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
631
632        def tablesample_sql(
633            self,
634            expression: exp.TableSample,
635            sep: str = " AS ",
636            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
637        ) -> str:
638            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
639                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
640                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
641
642            if expression.args.get("size"):
643                method = expression.args.get("method")
644                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
645                    self.unsupported(
646                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
647                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
648                    )
649                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
650
651            return super().tablesample_sql(
652                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
653            )
654
655        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
656            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
657            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
658
659            if unit.startswith("week"):
660                multiplier = 7
661            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
662                multiplier = 90
663
664            if multiplier:
665                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
666
667            return super().interval_sql(expression)
668
669        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
670            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
671                return self.sql(expression, "this")
672            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
673
674        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
675            if (
676                expression.side == "LEFT"
677                and not expression.args.get("on")
678                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
679            ):
680                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
681                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
682                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
683
684            return super().join_sql(expression)
685
686        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
687            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
688            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
689                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
690                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
691
692            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)
693
694        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
695            this = expression.this
696            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
697                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
698
699            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
700
701            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
702                if not this.type:
703                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
704
705                    this = annotate_types(this)
706
707                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
708                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
709
710            return bracket
711
712        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
713            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
714
715            func = expression.this
716            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
717                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
718                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
719                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
720                if order_col:
721                    func.set("expression", func.this)
722                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
723
724            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
725
726            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
class DuckDB(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect):
168class DuckDB(Dialect):
169    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
170    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
171    SAFE_DIVISION = True
172    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
173    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
174
175    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
176    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
177
178    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
179        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
180            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
181            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
182            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
183            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
184            path_text = path.name
185            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
186                return path
187
188        return super().to_json_path(path)
189
190    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
191        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
192
193        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
194        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
195
196        KEYWORDS = {
197            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
198            "//": TokenType.DIV,
199            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
200            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
201            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
202            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
203            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
204            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
205            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
206            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
207            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
208            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
209            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
210            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
211            "STRING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
212            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
213            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
214            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
215            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
216            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
217            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
218            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
219            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
220        }
221
222        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
223            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
224            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
225        }
226
227    class Parser(parser.Parser):
228        BITWISE = {
229            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
230            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
231        }
232
233        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
234
235        FUNCTIONS = {
236            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
237            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
238            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
239            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
240            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
241            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
242            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
243            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
244                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
245            ),
246            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
247                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
248            ),
249            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
250            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
251                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
252            ),
253            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
254            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
255            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
256            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
257            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
258            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
259            "LIST_VALUE": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
260            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
261            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
262            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
263                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
264            ),
265            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
266            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
267            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
268                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
269            ),
270            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
271            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
272                this=seq_get(args, 0),
273                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
274                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
275                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
276            ),
277            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
278            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
279            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
280            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
281            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
282            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
283            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
284            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
285            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
286            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
287            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
288            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
289            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
290        }
291
292        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
293
294        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
295        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
296
297        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
298            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
299            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
300        }
301
302        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
303            TokenType.SEMI,
304            TokenType.ANTI,
305        }
306
307        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
308            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
309            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
310                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
311                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
312                else None
313            ),
314        }
315
316        TYPE_CONVERTER = {
317            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
318            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
319        }
320
321        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
322            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
323            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
324            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
325                if sample.args.get("size"):
326                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
327                else:
328                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
329
330            return sample
331
332        def _parse_bracket(
333            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
334        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
335            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
336            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
337                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
338
339            return bracket
340
341        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
342            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
343                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
344
345            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
346            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
347
348        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
349            return self._parse_field_def()
350
351        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
352            if len(aggregations) == 1:
353                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
354            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
355
356    class Generator(generator.Generator):
357        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
358        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
359        JOIN_HINTS = False
360        TABLE_HINTS = False
361        QUERY_HINTS = False
362        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
363        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
364        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
365        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
366        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
367        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
368        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
369        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
370        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
371        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
372        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
373        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
374        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
375        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
376        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
377        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
378        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
379
380        TRANSFORMS = {
381            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
382            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
383            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
384            exp.ArrayContainsAll: rename_func("ARRAY_HAS_ALL"),
385            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
386            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
387            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
388            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
389            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
390            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
391            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
392            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
393            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
394            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
395            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
396            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
397            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
398            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
399            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
400            exp.Date: _date_sql,
401            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
402            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
403            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
404            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
405                "DATE_DIFF", f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'", e.expression, e.this
406            ),
407            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
408            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
409            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
410            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
411            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
412            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
413            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
414            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
415            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
416            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
417            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
418            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
419            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
420            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
421            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
422            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
423            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
424            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
425                "DATEDIFF",
426                "'month'",
427                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
428                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
429            ),
430            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON"),
431            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
432            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
433            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
434            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
435            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
436            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
437            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
438                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
439                e.this,
440                e.expression,
441                e.args.get("replacement"),
442                e.args.get("modifiers"),
443            ),
444            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
445            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
446            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
447            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
448            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
449            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
450            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
451            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
452            exp.StrToTime: str_to_time_sql,
453            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
454                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
455            ),
456            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
457            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
458            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
459            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
460                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
461            ),
462            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
463            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
464            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
465            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
466                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
467            ),
468            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
469            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
470            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
471            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
472            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
473            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
474                "DATE_DIFF",
475                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
476                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
477                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
478            ),
479            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
480                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
481            ),
482            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
483            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
484            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
485            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
486            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
487        }
488
489        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
490            exp.JSONPathKey,
491            exp.JSONPathRoot,
492            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
493            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
494        }
495
496        TYPE_MAPPING = {
497            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
498            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
499            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
500            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
501            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
502            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
503            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
504            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
505            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
506            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
507            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
508            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
509            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
510            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
511        }
512
513        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
514        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
515            "array",
516            "analyse",
517            "union",
518            "all",
519            "when",
520            "in_p",
521            "default",
522            "create_p",
523            "window",
524            "asymmetric",
525            "to",
526            "else",
527            "localtime",
528            "from",
529            "end_p",
530            "select",
531            "current_date",
532            "foreign",
533            "with",
534            "grant",
535            "session_user",
536            "or",
537            "except",
538            "references",
539            "fetch",
540            "limit",
541            "group_p",
542            "leading",
543            "into",
544            "collate",
545            "offset",
546            "do",
547            "then",
548            "localtimestamp",
549            "check_p",
550            "lateral_p",
551            "current_role",
552            "where",
553            "asc_p",
554            "placing",
555            "desc_p",
556            "user",
557            "unique",
558            "initially",
559            "column",
560            "both",
561            "some",
562            "as",
563            "any",
564            "only",
565            "deferrable",
566            "null_p",
567            "current_time",
568            "true_p",
569            "table",
570            "case",
571            "trailing",
572            "variadic",
573            "for",
574            "on",
575            "distinct",
576            "false_p",
577            "not",
578            "constraint",
579            "current_timestamp",
580            "returning",
581            "primary",
582            "intersect",
583            "having",
584            "analyze",
585            "current_user",
586            "and",
587            "cast",
588            "symmetric",
589            "using",
590            "order",
591            "current_catalog",
592        }
593
594        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
595
596        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
597        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
598        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
599            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
600            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
601        }
602
603        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
604        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
605        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
606        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
607
608        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
609            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
610            if nano is not None:
611                expression.set(
612                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
613                )
614
615            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
616
617        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
618            sec = expression.args["sec"]
619
620            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
621            if milli is not None:
622                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
623
624            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
625            if nano is not None:
626                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
627
628            if milli or nano:
629                expression.set("sec", sec)
630
631            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
632
633        def tablesample_sql(
634            self,
635            expression: exp.TableSample,
636            sep: str = " AS ",
637            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
638        ) -> str:
639            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
640                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
641                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
642
643            if expression.args.get("size"):
644                method = expression.args.get("method")
645                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
646                    self.unsupported(
647                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
648                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
649                    )
650                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
651
652            return super().tablesample_sql(
653                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
654            )
655
656        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
657            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
658            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
659
660            if unit.startswith("week"):
661                multiplier = 7
662            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
663                multiplier = 90
664
665            if multiplier:
666                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
667
668            return super().interval_sql(expression)
669
670        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
671            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
672                return self.sql(expression, "this")
673            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
674
675        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
676            if (
677                expression.side == "LEFT"
678                and not expression.args.get("on")
679                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
680            ):
681                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
682                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
683                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
684
685            return super().join_sql(expression)
686
687        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
688            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
689            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
690                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
691                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
692
693            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)
694
695        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
696            this = expression.this
697            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
698                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
699
700            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
701
702            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
703                if not this.type:
704                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
705
706                    this = annotate_types(this)
707
708                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
709                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
710
711            return bracket
712
713        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
714            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
715
716            func = expression.this
717            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
718                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
719                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
720                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
721                if order_col:
722                    func.set("expression", func.this)
723                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
724
725            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
726
727            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default NULL ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last"

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SAFE_DIVISION = True

Whether division by zero throws an error (False) or returns NULL (True).

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A NULL arg in CONCAT yields NULL by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]:
178    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
179        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
180            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
181            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
182            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
183            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
184            path_text = path.name
185            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
186                return path
187
188        return super().to_json_path(path)
tokenizer_class = <class 'DuckDB.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'DuckDB.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'DuckDB.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class DuckDB.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer):
190    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
191        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
192
193        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
194        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
195
196        KEYWORDS = {
197            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
198            "//": TokenType.DIV,
199            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
200            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
201            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
202            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
203            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
204            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
205            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
206            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
207            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
208            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
209            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
210            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
211            "STRING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
212            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
213            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
214            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
215            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
216            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
217            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
218            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
219            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
220        }
221
222        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
223            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
224            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
225        }
HEREDOC_STRINGS = ['$']
HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '//': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'ATTACH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BITSTRING': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'LOGICAL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'PIVOT_WIDER': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'POSITIONAL': <TokenType.POSITIONAL: 'POSITIONAL'>, 'SIGNED': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'UBIGINT': <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, 'UINTEGER': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'USMALLINT': <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, 'UTINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, 'TIMESTAMP_S': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, 'TIMESTAMP_MS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_US': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}
class DuckDB.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser):
227    class Parser(parser.Parser):
228        BITWISE = {
229            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
230            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
231        }
232
233        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
234
235        FUNCTIONS = {
236            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
237            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
238            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
239            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
240            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
241            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
242            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
243            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
244                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
245            ),
246            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
247                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
248            ),
249            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
250            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
251                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
252            ),
253            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
254            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
255            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
256            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
257            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
258            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
259            "LIST_VALUE": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
260            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
261            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
262            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
263                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
264            ),
265            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
266            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
267            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
268                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
269            ),
270            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
271            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
272                this=seq_get(args, 0),
273                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
274                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
275                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
276            ),
277            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
278            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
279            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
280            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
281            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
282            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
283            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
284            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
285            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
286            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
287            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
288            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
289            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
290        }
291
292        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
293
294        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
295        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
296
297        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
298            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
299            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
300        }
301
302        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
303            TokenType.SEMI,
304            TokenType.ANTI,
305        }
306
307        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
308            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
309            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
310                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
311                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
312                else None
313            ),
314        }
315
316        TYPE_CONVERTER = {
317            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
318            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
319        }
320
321        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
322            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
323            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
324            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
325                if sample.args.get("size"):
326                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
327                else:
328                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
329
330            return sample
331
332        def _parse_bracket(
333            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
334        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
335            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
336            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
337                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
338
339            return bracket
340
341        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
342            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
343                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
344
345            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
346            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
347
348        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
349            return self._parse_field_def()
350
351        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
352            if len(aggregations) == 1:
353                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
354            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>, <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>}
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {'STRUCT', 'STRUCT_PACK'}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'DATETRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'EPOCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'EPOCH_MS': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_STRING': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIST_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'LIST_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'LIST_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'LIST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_make_timestamp>, 'MEDIAN': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'QUANTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'QUANTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'REGEXP_MATCHES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'STRFTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRING_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STRING_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'STRPTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRUCT_PACK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STR_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STR_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'RANGE': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NEXT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAP': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>}
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
TYPE_CONVERTER = {<Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: <function build_default_decimal_type.<locals>._builder>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ID_VAR_TOKENS
INTERVAL_VARS
ALIAS_TOKENS
ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
ASSIGNMENT
DISJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
TERM
FACTOR
EXPONENT
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
JOIN_HINTS
LAMBDAS
COLUMN_OPERATORS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
STATEMENT_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
RANGE_PARSERS
PROPERTY_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
STRING_ALIASES
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
UNION_MODIFIERS
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
COLON_IS_JSON_EXTRACT
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
class DuckDB.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator):
356    class Generator(generator.Generator):
357        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
358        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
359        JOIN_HINTS = False
360        TABLE_HINTS = False
361        QUERY_HINTS = False
362        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
363        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
364        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
365        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
366        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
367        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
368        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
369        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
370        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
371        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
372        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
373        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
374        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
375        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
376        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
377        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
378        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
379
380        TRANSFORMS = {
381            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
382            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
383            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
384            exp.ArrayContainsAll: rename_func("ARRAY_HAS_ALL"),
385            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
386            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
387            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
388            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
389            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
390            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
391            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
392            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
393            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
394            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
395            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
396            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
397            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
398            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
399            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
400            exp.Date: _date_sql,
401            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
402            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
403            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
404            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
405                "DATE_DIFF", f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'", e.expression, e.this
406            ),
407            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
408            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
409            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
410            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
411            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
412            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
413            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
414            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
415            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
416            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
417            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
418            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
419            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
420            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
421            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
422            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
423            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
424            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
425                "DATEDIFF",
426                "'month'",
427                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
428                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
429            ),
430            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON"),
431            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
432            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
433            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
434            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
435            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
436            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
437            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
438                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
439                e.this,
440                e.expression,
441                e.args.get("replacement"),
442                e.args.get("modifiers"),
443            ),
444            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
445            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
446            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
447            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
448            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
449            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
450            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
451            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
452            exp.StrToTime: str_to_time_sql,
453            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
454                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
455            ),
456            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
457            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
458            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
459            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
460                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
461            ),
462            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
463            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
464            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
465            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
466                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
467            ),
468            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
469            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
470            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
471            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
472            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
473            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
474                "DATE_DIFF",
475                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
476                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
477                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
478            ),
479            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
480                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
481            ),
482            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
483            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
484            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
485            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
486            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
487        }
488
489        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
490            exp.JSONPathKey,
491            exp.JSONPathRoot,
492            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
493            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
494        }
495
496        TYPE_MAPPING = {
497            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
498            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
499            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
500            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
501            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
502            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
503            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
504            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
505            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
506            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
507            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
508            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
509            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
510            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
511        }
512
513        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
514        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
515            "array",
516            "analyse",
517            "union",
518            "all",
519            "when",
520            "in_p",
521            "default",
522            "create_p",
523            "window",
524            "asymmetric",
525            "to",
526            "else",
527            "localtime",
528            "from",
529            "end_p",
530            "select",
531            "current_date",
532            "foreign",
533            "with",
534            "grant",
535            "session_user",
536            "or",
537            "except",
538            "references",
539            "fetch",
540            "limit",
541            "group_p",
542            "leading",
543            "into",
544            "collate",
545            "offset",
546            "do",
547            "then",
548            "localtimestamp",
549            "check_p",
550            "lateral_p",
551            "current_role",
552            "where",
553            "asc_p",
554            "placing",
555            "desc_p",
556            "user",
557            "unique",
558            "initially",
559            "column",
560            "both",
561            "some",
562            "as",
563            "any",
564            "only",
565            "deferrable",
566            "null_p",
567            "current_time",
568            "true_p",
569            "table",
570            "case",
571            "trailing",
572            "variadic",
573            "for",
574            "on",
575            "distinct",
576            "false_p",
577            "not",
578            "constraint",
579            "current_timestamp",
580            "returning",
581            "primary",
582            "intersect",
583            "having",
584            "analyze",
585            "current_user",
586            "and",
587            "cast",
588            "symmetric",
589            "using",
590            "order",
591            "current_catalog",
592        }
593
594        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
595
596        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
597        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
598        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
599            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
600            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
601        }
602
603        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
604        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
605        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
606        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
607
608        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
609            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
610            if nano is not None:
611                expression.set(
612                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
613                )
614
615            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
616
617        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
618            sec = expression.args["sec"]
619
620            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
621            if milli is not None:
622                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
623
624            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
625            if nano is not None:
626                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
627
628            if milli or nano:
629                expression.set("sec", sec)
630
631            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
632
633        def tablesample_sql(
634            self,
635            expression: exp.TableSample,
636            sep: str = " AS ",
637            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
638        ) -> str:
639            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
640                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
641                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
642
643            if expression.args.get("size"):
644                method = expression.args.get("method")
645                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
646                    self.unsupported(
647                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
648                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
649                    )
650                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
651
652            return super().tablesample_sql(
653                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
654            )
655
656        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
657            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
658            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
659
660            if unit.startswith("week"):
661                multiplier = 7
662            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
663                multiplier = 90
664
665            if multiplier:
666                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
667
668            return super().interval_sql(expression)
669
670        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
671            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
672                return self.sql(expression, "this")
673            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
674
675        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
676            if (
677                expression.side == "LEFT"
678                and not expression.args.get("on")
679                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
680            ):
681                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
682                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
683                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
684
685            return super().join_sql(expression)
686
687        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
688            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
689            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
690                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
691                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
692
693            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)
694
695        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
696            this = expression.this
697            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
698                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
699
700            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
701
702            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
703                if not this.type:
704                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
705
706                    this = annotate_types(this)
707
708                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
709                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
710
711            return bracket
712
713        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
714            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
715
716            func = expression.this
717            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
718                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
719                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
720                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
721                if order_col:
722                    func.set("expression", func.this)
723                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
724
725            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
726
727            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = '$'
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = 'USING SAMPLE'
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
STAR_EXCEPT = 'EXCLUDE'
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function no_comment_column_constraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TagColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function approx_count_distinct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_unless_query>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>: <function _array_sort_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function _json_format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function regexp_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function no_safe_divide_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _sort_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function str_position_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function str_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function _struct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _ts_or_ds_add_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'BLOB', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.UINT: 'UINT'>: 'UINTEGER', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>: 'TIMESTAMP_S', <Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_MS', <Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'placing', 'asymmetric', 'when', 'localtimestamp', 'select', 'constraint', 'references', 'symmetric', 'table', 'using', 'cast', 'for', 'session_user', 'returning', 'user', 'where', 'all', 'order', 'create_p', 'primary', 'any', 'leading', 'fetch', 'false_p', 'current_catalog', 'case', 'having', 'some', 'to', 'in_p', 'lateral_p', 'default', 'true_p', 'limit', 'desc_p', 'grant', 'or', 'both', 'array', 'offset', 'unique', 'and', 'not', 'then', 'current_time', 'else', 'from', 'group_p', 'as', 'current_role', 'on', 'distinct', 'collate', 'current_date', 'only', 'null_p', 'current_user', 'asc_p', 'check_p', 'localtime', 'union', 'window', 'initially', 'variadic', 'analyze', 'except', 'end_p', 'into', 'deferrable', 'trailing', 'analyse', 'intersect', 'with', 'foreign', 'column', 'do', 'current_timestamp'}
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>}
def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts) -> str:
608        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
609            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
610            if nano is not None:
611                expression.set(
612                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
613                )
614
615            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
617        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
618            sec = expression.args["sec"]
619
620            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
621            if milli is not None:
622                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
623
624            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
625            if nano is not None:
626                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
627
628            if milli or nano:
629                expression.set("sec", sec)
630
631            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
def tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, sep: str = ' AS ', tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
633        def tablesample_sql(
634            self,
635            expression: exp.TableSample,
636            sep: str = " AS ",
637            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
638        ) -> str:
639            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
640                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
641                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
642
643            if expression.args.get("size"):
644                method = expression.args.get("method")
645                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
646                    self.unsupported(
647                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
648                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
649                    )
650                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
651
652            return super().tablesample_sql(
653                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
654            )
def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval) -> str:
656        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
657            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
658            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
659
660            if unit.startswith("week"):
661                multiplier = 7
662            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
663                multiplier = 90
664
665            if multiplier:
666                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
667
668            return super().interval_sql(expression)
def columndef_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef, sep: str = ' ') -> str:
670        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
671            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
672                return self.sql(expression, "this")
673            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
def join_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Join) -> str:
675        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
676            if (
677                expression.side == "LEFT"
678                and not expression.args.get("on")
679                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
680            ):
681                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
682                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
683                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
684
685            return super().join_sql(expression)
def generateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries) -> str:
687        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
688            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
689            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
690                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
691                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
692
693            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)
def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str:
695        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
696            this = expression.this
697            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
698                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
699
700            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
701
702            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
703                if not this.type:
704                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
705
706                    this = annotate_types(this)
707
708                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
709                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
710
711            return bracket
def withingroup_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup) -> str:
713        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
714            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
715
716            func = expression.this
717            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
718                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
719                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
720                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
721                if order_col:
722                    func.set("expression", func.this)
723                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
724
725            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
726
727            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
EXPLICIT_UNION
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
VALUES_AS_TABLE
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
ENSURE_BOOLS
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
INSERT_OVERWRITE
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
OUTER_UNION_MODIFIERS
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
HEX_FUNC
WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
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