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sqlglot.dialects.presto

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    Dialect,
  8    NormalizationStrategy,
  9    binary_from_function,
 10    bool_xor_sql,
 11    date_trunc_to_time,
 12    datestrtodate_sql,
 13    encode_decode_sql,
 14    build_formatted_time,
 15    if_sql,
 16    left_to_substring_sql,
 17    no_ilike_sql,
 18    no_pivot_sql,
 19    no_timestamp_sql,
 20    regexp_extract_sql,
 21    rename_func,
 22    right_to_substring_sql,
 23    sha256_sql,
 24    strposition_sql,
 25    struct_extract_sql,
 26    timestamptrunc_sql,
 27    timestrtotime_sql,
 28    ts_or_ds_add_cast,
 29    unit_to_str,
 30    sequence_sql,
 31    build_regexp_extract,
 32    explode_to_unnest_sql,
 33)
 34from sqlglot.dialects.hive import Hive
 35from sqlglot.dialects.mysql import MySQL
 36from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, seq_get
 37from sqlglot.optimizer.scope import find_all_in_scope
 38from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 39from sqlglot.transforms import unqualify_columns
 40from sqlglot.generator import unsupported_args
 41
 42DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = t.Union[exp.DateAdd, exp.TimestampAdd, exp.DateSub]
 43
 44
 45def _initcap_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Initcap) -> str:
 46    regex = r"(\w)(\w*)"
 47    return f"REGEXP_REPLACE({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, '{regex}', x -> UPPER(x[1]) || LOWER(x[2]))"
 48
 49
 50def _no_sort_array(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
 51    if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false():
 52        comparator = "(a, b) -> CASE WHEN a < b THEN 1 WHEN a > b THEN -1 ELSE 0 END"
 53    else:
 54        comparator = None
 55    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this, comparator)
 56
 57
 58def _schema_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Schema) -> str:
 59    if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.PartitionedByProperty):
 60        columns = ", ".join(f"'{c.name}'" for c in expression.expressions)
 61        return f"ARRAY[{columns}]"
 62
 63    if expression.parent:
 64        for schema in expression.parent.find_all(exp.Schema):
 65            column_defs = schema.find_all(exp.ColumnDef)
 66            if column_defs and isinstance(schema.parent, exp.Property):
 67                expression.expressions.extend(column_defs)
 68
 69    return self.schema_sql(expression)
 70
 71
 72def _quantile_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Quantile) -> str:
 73    self.unsupported("Presto does not support exact quantiles")
 74    return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))
 75
 76
 77def _str_to_time_sql(
 78    self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.StrToDate | exp.StrToTime | exp.TsOrDsToDate
 79) -> str:
 80    return self.func("DATE_PARSE", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))
 81
 82
 83def _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str:
 84    time_format = self.format_time(expression)
 85    if time_format and time_format not in (Presto.TIME_FORMAT, Presto.DATE_FORMAT):
 86        return self.sql(exp.cast(_str_to_time_sql(self, expression), exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
 87    return self.sql(
 88        exp.cast(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), exp.DataType.Type.DATE)
 89    )
 90
 91
 92def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
 93    expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
 94    unit = unit_to_str(expression)
 95    return self.func("DATE_ADD", unit, expression.expression, expression.this)
 96
 97
 98def _ts_or_ds_diff_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsDiff) -> str:
 99    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
100    expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
101    unit = unit_to_str(expression)
102    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit, expr, this)
103
104
105def _build_approx_percentile(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
106    if len(args) == 4:
107        return exp.ApproxQuantile(
108            this=seq_get(args, 0),
109            weight=seq_get(args, 1),
110            quantile=seq_get(args, 2),
111            accuracy=seq_get(args, 3),
112        )
113    if len(args) == 3:
114        return exp.ApproxQuantile(
115            this=seq_get(args, 0), quantile=seq_get(args, 1), accuracy=seq_get(args, 2)
116        )
117    return exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list(args)
118
119
120def _build_from_unixtime(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
121    if len(args) == 3:
122        return exp.UnixToTime(
123            this=seq_get(args, 0),
124            hours=seq_get(args, 1),
125            minutes=seq_get(args, 2),
126        )
127    if len(args) == 2:
128        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), zone=seq_get(args, 1))
129
130    return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
131
132
133def _first_last_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Func) -> str:
134    """
135    Trino doesn't support FIRST / LAST as functions, but they're valid in the context
136    of MATCH_RECOGNIZE, so we need to preserve them in that case. In all other cases
137    they're converted into an ARBITRARY call.
138
139    Reference: https://trino.io/docs/current/sql/match-recognize.html#logical-navigation-functions
140    """
141    if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.MatchRecognize, exp.Select), exp.MatchRecognize):
142        return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
143
144    return rename_func("ARBITRARY")(self, expression)
145
146
147def _unix_to_time_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
148    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
149    timestamp = self.sql(expression, "this")
150    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
151        return rename_func("FROM_UNIXTIME")(self, expression)
152
153    return f"FROM_UNIXTIME(CAST({timestamp} AS DOUBLE) / POW(10, {scale}))"
154
155
156def _to_int(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
157    if not expression.type:
158        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
159
160        annotate_types(expression, dialect=self.dialect)
161    if expression.type and expression.type.this not in exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES:
162        return exp.cast(expression, to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT)
163    return expression
164
165
166def _build_to_char(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeToStr:
167    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
168    if isinstance(fmt, exp.Literal):
169        # We uppercase this to match Teradata's format mapping keys
170        fmt.set("this", fmt.this.upper())
171
172    # We use "teradata" on purpose here, because the time formats are different in Presto.
173    # See https://prestodb.io/docs/current/functions/teradata.html?highlight=to_char#to_char
174    return build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "teradata")(args)
175
176
177def _date_delta_sql(
178    name: str, negate_interval: bool = False
179) -> t.Callable[[Presto.Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_SUB], str]:
180    def _delta_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_SUB) -> str:
181        interval = _to_int(self, expression.expression)
182        return self.func(
183            name,
184            unit_to_str(expression),
185            interval * (-1) if negate_interval else interval,
186            expression.this,
187        )
188
189    return _delta_sql
190
191
192def _explode_to_unnest_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
193    explode = expression.this
194    if isinstance(explode, exp.Explode):
195        exploded_type = explode.this.type
196        alias = expression.args.get("alias")
197
198        # This attempts a best-effort transpilation of LATERAL VIEW EXPLODE on a struct array
199        if (
200            isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
201            and isinstance(exploded_type, exp.DataType)
202            and exploded_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY)
203            and exploded_type.expressions
204            and exploded_type.expressions[0].is_type(exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT)
205        ):
206            # When unnesting a ROW in Presto, it produces N columns, so we need to fix the alias
207            alias.set("columns", [c.this.copy() for c in exploded_type.expressions[0].expressions])
208    elif isinstance(explode, exp.Inline):
209        explode.replace(exp.Explode(this=explode.this.copy()))
210
211    return explode_to_unnest_sql(self, expression)
212
213
214def _amend_exploded_column_table(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
215    # We check for expression.type because the columns can be amended only if types were inferred
216    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select) and expression.type:
217        for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []:
218            alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
219            if (
220                not isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode)
221                or not isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
222                or len(alias.columns) != 1
223            ):
224                continue
225
226            new_table = alias.this
227            old_table = alias.columns[0].name.lower()
228
229            # When transpiling a LATERAL VIEW EXPLODE Spark query, the exploded fields may be qualified
230            # with the struct column, resulting in invalid Presto references that need to be amended
231            for column in find_all_in_scope(expression, exp.Column):
232                if column.db.lower() == old_table:
233                    column.set("table", column.args["db"].pop())
234                elif column.table.lower() == old_table:
235                    column.set("table", new_table.copy())
236                elif column.name.lower() == old_table and isinstance(column.parent, exp.Dot):
237                    column.parent.replace(exp.column(column.parent.expression, table=new_table))
238
239    return expression
240
241
242class Presto(Dialect):
243    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
244    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
245    TIME_FORMAT = MySQL.TIME_FORMAT
246    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True
247    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
248    TYPED_DIVISION = True
249    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
250    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = None
251    SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT = False
252
253    TIME_MAPPING = MySQL.TIME_MAPPING
254
255    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/17
256    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/12289
257    # https://github.com/prestodb/presto/issues/2863
258    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
259
260    # The result of certain math functions in Presto/Trino is of type
261    # equal to the input type e.g: FLOOR(5.5/2) -> DECIMAL, FLOOR(5/2) -> BIGINT
262    ANNOTATORS = {
263        **Dialect.ANNOTATORS,
264        exp.Floor: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
265        exp.Ceil: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
266        exp.Mod: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expression"),
267        exp.Round: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
268        exp.Sign: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
269        exp.Abs: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
270        exp.Rand: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this")
271        if e.this
272        else self._set_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE),
273    }
274
275    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
276        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
277        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
278            (prefix + q, q)
279            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
280            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
281        ]
282
283        KEYWORDS = {
284            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
285            "DEALLOCATE PREPARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
286            "DESCRIBE INPUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
287            "DESCRIBE OUTPUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
288            "RESET SESSION": TokenType.COMMAND,
289            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
290            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
291            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
292            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
293            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
294            "TDIGEST": TokenType.TDIGEST,
295            "HYPERLOGLOG": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
296        }
297        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
298        KEYWORDS.pop("QUALIFY")
299
300    class Parser(parser.Parser):
301        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
302
303        FUNCTIONS = {
304            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
305            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
306            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
307            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _build_approx_percentile,
308            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
309            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
310            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
311            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
312            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
313            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
314            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
315                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
316            ),
317            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
318                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
319            ),
320            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
321            "DATE_PARSE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
322            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
323            "DAY_OF_WEEK": exp.DayOfWeekIso.from_arg_list,
324            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
325                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
326            ),
327            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
328            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _build_from_unixtime,
329            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
330                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
331            ),
332            "LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
333            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
334            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
335            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
336            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
337                this=seq_get(args, 0),
338                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
339                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
340            ),
341            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
342            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
343            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
344            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
345            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
346                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), occurrence=seq_get(args, 2)
347            ),
348            "TO_CHAR": _build_to_char,
349            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
350            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
351                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
352            ),
353            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
354            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
355            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
356        }
357
358        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
359        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
360
361    class Generator(generator.Generator):
362        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
363        JOIN_HINTS = False
364        TABLE_HINTS = False
365        QUERY_HINTS = False
366        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
367        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
368        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
369        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
370        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
371        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
372        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
373        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
374        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
375        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
376        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
377        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
378        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
379        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
380        ARRAY_SIZE_NAME = "CARDINALITY"
381
382        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
383            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
384            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
385            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
386        }
387
388        TYPE_MAPPING = {
389            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
390            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
391            exp.DataType.Type.BIT: "BOOLEAN",
392            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
393            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
394            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
395            exp.DataType.Type.HLLSKETCH: "HYPERLOGLOG",
396            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
397            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
398            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
399            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
400            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
401            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
402        }
403
404        TRANSFORMS = {
405            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
406            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
407            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
408            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
409            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
410            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
411            exp.ArrayAny: rename_func("ANY_MATCH"),
412            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
413            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
414            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("ARRAY_JOIN"),
415            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
416            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
417            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_AND", e.this, e.expression),
418            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
419                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT", e.this, e.expression
420            ),
421            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_NOT", e.this),
422            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_OR", e.this, e.expression),
423            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
424                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT", e.this, e.expression
425            ),
426            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_XOR", e.this, e.expression),
427            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
428            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
429            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
430            exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
431            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
432            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
433                "DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(e), e.expression, e.this
434            ),
435            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
436            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
437            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
438            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD", negate_interval=True),
439            exp.DayOfWeek: lambda self, e: f"(({self.func('DAY_OF_WEEK', e.this)} % 7) + 1)",
440            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("DAY_OF_WEEK"),
441            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
442            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
443            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
444            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
445            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
446            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
447            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
448            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
449            exp.GenerateSeries: sequence_sql,
450            exp.GenerateDateArray: sequence_sql,
451            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
452            exp.If: if_sql(),
453            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
454            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
455            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
456            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
457            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
458            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
459            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
460                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE")
461            ),
462            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
463            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
464            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
465            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
466            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
467            exp.RegexpExtractAll: regexp_extract_sql,
468            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
469            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
470            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
471            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
472                [
473                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
474                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
475                    transforms.explode_projection_to_unnest(1),
476                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
477                    _amend_exploded_column_table,
478                ]
479            ),
480            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
481            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(self, e, supports_occurrence=True),
482            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
483            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
484            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
485            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
486            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unnest_generate_series]),
487            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
488            exp.TimestampAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
489            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
490            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
491            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
492            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
493                "TO_UNIXTIME", self.func("DATE_PARSE", e.this, Presto.TIME_FORMAT)
494            ),
495            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
496            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
497            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
498            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
499            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
500            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
501            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
502            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
503            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
504            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
505            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
506            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
507            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
508            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
509            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
510            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
511            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
512            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
513                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
514            ),
515            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
516            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
517            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
518            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
519        }
520
521        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
522            "alter",
523            "and",
524            "as",
525            "between",
526            "by",
527            "case",
528            "cast",
529            "constraint",
530            "create",
531            "cross",
532            "current_time",
533            "current_timestamp",
534            "deallocate",
535            "delete",
536            "describe",
537            "distinct",
538            "drop",
539            "else",
540            "end",
541            "escape",
542            "except",
543            "execute",
544            "exists",
545            "extract",
546            "false",
547            "for",
548            "from",
549            "full",
550            "group",
551            "having",
552            "in",
553            "inner",
554            "insert",
555            "intersect",
556            "into",
557            "is",
558            "join",
559            "left",
560            "like",
561            "natural",
562            "not",
563            "null",
564            "on",
565            "or",
566            "order",
567            "outer",
568            "prepare",
569            "right",
570            "select",
571            "table",
572            "then",
573            "true",
574            "union",
575            "using",
576            "values",
577            "when",
578            "where",
579            "with",
580        }
581
582        def md5_sql(self, expression: exp.MD5) -> str:
583            this = expression.this
584
585            if not this.type:
586                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
587
588                this = annotate_types(this)
589
590            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
591                this = exp.Encode(this=this, charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8"))
592
593            return self.func("LOWER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", self.sql(this))))
594
595        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
596            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
597            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
598            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
599            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
600            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
601            this = expression.this
602            value_as_text = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
603            value_as_timestamp = (
604                exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP) if this.is_string else this
605            )
606
607            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
608
609            formatted_value = self.func(
610                "DATE_FORMAT", value_as_timestamp, self.format_time(expression)
611            )
612            parse_with_tz = self.func(
613                "PARSE_DATETIME",
614                formatted_value,
615                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
616            )
617            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
618            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
619
620        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
621            if expression.args.get("safe"):
622                return self.func(
623                    "ELEMENT_AT",
624                    expression.this,
625                    seq_get(
626                        apply_index_offset(
627                            expression.this,
628                            expression.expressions,
629                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
630                        ),
631                        0,
632                    ),
633                )
634            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
635
636        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
637            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
638
639            expression = annotate_types(expression)
640            values: t.List[str] = []
641            schema: t.List[str] = []
642            unknown_type = False
643
644            for e in expression.expressions:
645                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
646                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
647                        unknown_type = True
648                    else:
649                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
650                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
651                else:
652                    values.append(self.sql(e))
653
654            size = len(expression.expressions)
655
656            if not size or len(schema) != size:
657                if unknown_type:
658                    self.unsupported(
659                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
660                    )
661                return self.func("ROW", *values)
662            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
663
664        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
665            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
666                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
667            return super().interval_sql(expression)
668
669        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
670            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
671            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
672            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
673
674        def offset_limit_modifiers(
675            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
676        ) -> t.List[str]:
677            return [
678                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
679                self.sql(limit),
680            ]
681
682        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
683            """
684            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
685            so we need to remove them
686            """
687            kind = expression.args["kind"]
688            schema = expression.this
689            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
690                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
691            return super().create_sql(expression)
692
693        def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str:
694            """
695            Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need
696            to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more
697            than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.
698            """
699            tables = expression.args.get("tables") or [expression.this]
700            if len(tables) > 1:
701                return super().delete_sql(expression)
702
703            table = tables[0]
704            expression.set("this", table)
705            expression.set("tables", None)
706
707            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
708                table_alias = table.args.get("alias")
709                if table_alias:
710                    table_alias.pop()
711                    expression = t.cast(exp.Delete, expression.transform(unqualify_columns))
712
713            return super().delete_sql(expression)
714
715        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract) -> str:
716            is_json_extract = self.dialect.settings.get("variant_extract_is_json_extract", True)
717
718            # Generate JSON_EXTRACT unless the user has configured that a Snowflake / Databricks
719            # VARIANT extract (e.g. col:x.y) should map to dot notation (i.e ROW access) in Presto/Trino
720            if not expression.args.get("variant_extract") or is_json_extract:
721                return self.func(
722                    "JSON_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, *expression.expressions
723                )
724
725            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
726
727            # Convert the JSONPath extraction `JSON_EXTRACT(col, '$.x.y) to a ROW access col.x.y
728            segments = []
729            for path_key in expression.expression.expressions[1:]:
730                if not isinstance(path_key, exp.JSONPathKey):
731                    # Cannot transpile subscripts, wildcards etc to dot notation
732                    self.unsupported(
733                        f"Cannot transpile JSONPath segment '{path_key}' to ROW access"
734                    )
735                    continue
736                key = path_key.this
737                if not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(key):
738                    key = f'"{key}"'
739                segments.append(f".{key}")
740
741            expr = "".join(segments)
742
743            return f"{this}{expr}"
744
745        def groupconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
746            return self.func(
747                "ARRAY_JOIN",
748                self.func("ARRAY_AGG", expression.this),
749                expression.args.get("separator"),
750            )
class Presto(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect):
243class Presto(Dialect):
244    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
245    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
246    TIME_FORMAT = MySQL.TIME_FORMAT
247    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True
248    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
249    TYPED_DIVISION = True
250    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
251    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = None
252    SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT = False
253
254    TIME_MAPPING = MySQL.TIME_MAPPING
255
256    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/17
257    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/12289
258    # https://github.com/prestodb/presto/issues/2863
259    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
260
261    # The result of certain math functions in Presto/Trino is of type
262    # equal to the input type e.g: FLOOR(5.5/2) -> DECIMAL, FLOOR(5/2) -> BIGINT
263    ANNOTATORS = {
264        **Dialect.ANNOTATORS,
265        exp.Floor: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
266        exp.Ceil: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
267        exp.Mod: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expression"),
268        exp.Round: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
269        exp.Sign: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
270        exp.Abs: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
271        exp.Rand: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this")
272        if e.this
273        else self._set_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE),
274    }
275
276    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
277        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
278        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
279            (prefix + q, q)
280            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
281            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
282        ]
283
284        KEYWORDS = {
285            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
286            "DEALLOCATE PREPARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
287            "DESCRIBE INPUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
288            "DESCRIBE OUTPUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
289            "RESET SESSION": TokenType.COMMAND,
290            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
291            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
292            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
293            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
294            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
295            "TDIGEST": TokenType.TDIGEST,
296            "HYPERLOGLOG": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
297        }
298        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
299        KEYWORDS.pop("QUALIFY")
300
301    class Parser(parser.Parser):
302        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
303
304        FUNCTIONS = {
305            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
306            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
307            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
308            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _build_approx_percentile,
309            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
310            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
311            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
312            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
313            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
314            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
315            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
316                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
317            ),
318            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
319                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
320            ),
321            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
322            "DATE_PARSE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
323            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
324            "DAY_OF_WEEK": exp.DayOfWeekIso.from_arg_list,
325            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
326                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
327            ),
328            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
329            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _build_from_unixtime,
330            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
331                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
332            ),
333            "LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
334            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
335            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
336            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
337            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
338                this=seq_get(args, 0),
339                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
340                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
341            ),
342            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
343            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
344            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
345            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
346            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
347                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), occurrence=seq_get(args, 2)
348            ),
349            "TO_CHAR": _build_to_char,
350            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
351            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
352                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
353            ),
354            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
355            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
356            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
357        }
358
359        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
360        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
361
362    class Generator(generator.Generator):
363        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
364        JOIN_HINTS = False
365        TABLE_HINTS = False
366        QUERY_HINTS = False
367        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
368        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
369        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
370        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
371        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
372        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
373        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
374        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
375        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
376        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
377        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
378        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
379        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
380        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
381        ARRAY_SIZE_NAME = "CARDINALITY"
382
383        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
384            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
385            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
386            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
387        }
388
389        TYPE_MAPPING = {
390            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
391            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
392            exp.DataType.Type.BIT: "BOOLEAN",
393            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
394            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
395            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
396            exp.DataType.Type.HLLSKETCH: "HYPERLOGLOG",
397            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
398            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
399            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
400            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
401            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
402            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
403        }
404
405        TRANSFORMS = {
406            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
407            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
408            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
409            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
410            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
411            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
412            exp.ArrayAny: rename_func("ANY_MATCH"),
413            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
414            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
415            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("ARRAY_JOIN"),
416            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
417            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
418            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_AND", e.this, e.expression),
419            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
420                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT", e.this, e.expression
421            ),
422            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_NOT", e.this),
423            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_OR", e.this, e.expression),
424            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
425                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT", e.this, e.expression
426            ),
427            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_XOR", e.this, e.expression),
428            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
429            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
430            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
431            exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
432            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
433            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
434                "DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(e), e.expression, e.this
435            ),
436            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
437            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
438            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
439            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD", negate_interval=True),
440            exp.DayOfWeek: lambda self, e: f"(({self.func('DAY_OF_WEEK', e.this)} % 7) + 1)",
441            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("DAY_OF_WEEK"),
442            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
443            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
444            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
445            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
446            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
447            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
448            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
449            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
450            exp.GenerateSeries: sequence_sql,
451            exp.GenerateDateArray: sequence_sql,
452            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
453            exp.If: if_sql(),
454            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
455            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
456            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
457            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
458            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
459            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
460            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
461                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE")
462            ),
463            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
464            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
465            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
466            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
467            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
468            exp.RegexpExtractAll: regexp_extract_sql,
469            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
470            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
471            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
472            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
473                [
474                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
475                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
476                    transforms.explode_projection_to_unnest(1),
477                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
478                    _amend_exploded_column_table,
479                ]
480            ),
481            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
482            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(self, e, supports_occurrence=True),
483            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
484            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
485            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
486            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
487            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unnest_generate_series]),
488            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
489            exp.TimestampAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
490            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
491            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
492            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
493            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
494                "TO_UNIXTIME", self.func("DATE_PARSE", e.this, Presto.TIME_FORMAT)
495            ),
496            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
497            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
498            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
499            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
500            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
501            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
502            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
503            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
504            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
505            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
506            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
507            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
508            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
509            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
510            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
511            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
512            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
513            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
514                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
515            ),
516            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
517            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
518            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
519            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
520        }
521
522        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
523            "alter",
524            "and",
525            "as",
526            "between",
527            "by",
528            "case",
529            "cast",
530            "constraint",
531            "create",
532            "cross",
533            "current_time",
534            "current_timestamp",
535            "deallocate",
536            "delete",
537            "describe",
538            "distinct",
539            "drop",
540            "else",
541            "end",
542            "escape",
543            "except",
544            "execute",
545            "exists",
546            "extract",
547            "false",
548            "for",
549            "from",
550            "full",
551            "group",
552            "having",
553            "in",
554            "inner",
555            "insert",
556            "intersect",
557            "into",
558            "is",
559            "join",
560            "left",
561            "like",
562            "natural",
563            "not",
564            "null",
565            "on",
566            "or",
567            "order",
568            "outer",
569            "prepare",
570            "right",
571            "select",
572            "table",
573            "then",
574            "true",
575            "union",
576            "using",
577            "values",
578            "when",
579            "where",
580            "with",
581        }
582
583        def md5_sql(self, expression: exp.MD5) -> str:
584            this = expression.this
585
586            if not this.type:
587                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
588
589                this = annotate_types(this)
590
591            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
592                this = exp.Encode(this=this, charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8"))
593
594            return self.func("LOWER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", self.sql(this))))
595
596        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
597            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
598            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
599            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
600            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
601            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
602            this = expression.this
603            value_as_text = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
604            value_as_timestamp = (
605                exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP) if this.is_string else this
606            )
607
608            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
609
610            formatted_value = self.func(
611                "DATE_FORMAT", value_as_timestamp, self.format_time(expression)
612            )
613            parse_with_tz = self.func(
614                "PARSE_DATETIME",
615                formatted_value,
616                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
617            )
618            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
619            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
620
621        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
622            if expression.args.get("safe"):
623                return self.func(
624                    "ELEMENT_AT",
625                    expression.this,
626                    seq_get(
627                        apply_index_offset(
628                            expression.this,
629                            expression.expressions,
630                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
631                        ),
632                        0,
633                    ),
634                )
635            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
636
637        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
638            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
639
640            expression = annotate_types(expression)
641            values: t.List[str] = []
642            schema: t.List[str] = []
643            unknown_type = False
644
645            for e in expression.expressions:
646                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
647                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
648                        unknown_type = True
649                    else:
650                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
651                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
652                else:
653                    values.append(self.sql(e))
654
655            size = len(expression.expressions)
656
657            if not size or len(schema) != size:
658                if unknown_type:
659                    self.unsupported(
660                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
661                    )
662                return self.func("ROW", *values)
663            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
664
665        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
666            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
667                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
668            return super().interval_sql(expression)
669
670        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
671            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
672            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
673            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
674
675        def offset_limit_modifiers(
676            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
677        ) -> t.List[str]:
678            return [
679                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
680                self.sql(limit),
681            ]
682
683        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
684            """
685            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
686            so we need to remove them
687            """
688            kind = expression.args["kind"]
689            schema = expression.this
690            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
691                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
692            return super().create_sql(expression)
693
694        def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str:
695            """
696            Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need
697            to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more
698            than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.
699            """
700            tables = expression.args.get("tables") or [expression.this]
701            if len(tables) > 1:
702                return super().delete_sql(expression)
703
704            table = tables[0]
705            expression.set("this", table)
706            expression.set("tables", None)
707
708            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
709                table_alias = table.args.get("alias")
710                if table_alias:
711                    table_alias.pop()
712                    expression = t.cast(exp.Delete, expression.transform(unqualify_columns))
713
714            return super().delete_sql(expression)
715
716        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract) -> str:
717            is_json_extract = self.dialect.settings.get("variant_extract_is_json_extract", True)
718
719            # Generate JSON_EXTRACT unless the user has configured that a Snowflake / Databricks
720            # VARIANT extract (e.g. col:x.y) should map to dot notation (i.e ROW access) in Presto/Trino
721            if not expression.args.get("variant_extract") or is_json_extract:
722                return self.func(
723                    "JSON_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, *expression.expressions
724                )
725
726            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
727
728            # Convert the JSONPath extraction `JSON_EXTRACT(col, '$.x.y) to a ROW access col.x.y
729            segments = []
730            for path_key in expression.expression.expressions[1:]:
731                if not isinstance(path_key, exp.JSONPathKey):
732                    # Cannot transpile subscripts, wildcards etc to dot notation
733                    self.unsupported(
734                        f"Cannot transpile JSONPath segment '{path_key}' to ROW access"
735                    )
736                    continue
737                key = path_key.this
738                if not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(key):
739                    key = f'"{key}"'
740                segments.append(f".{key}")
741
742            expr = "".join(segments)
743
744            return f"{this}{expr}"
745
746        def groupconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
747            return self.func(
748                "ARRAY_JOIN",
749                self.func("ARRAY_AGG", expression.this),
750                expression.args.get("separator"),
751            )
INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default NULL ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last"

TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %T'"
STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True

Whether CONCAT's arguments must be strings.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether SEMI or ANTI joins are supported.

TYPED_DIVISION = True

Whether the behavior of a / b depends on the types of a and b. False means a / b is always float division. True means a / b is integer division if both a and b are integers.

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

LOG_BASE_FIRST: Optional[bool] = None

Whether the base comes first in the LOG function. Possible values: True, False, None (two arguments are not supported by LOG)

SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT = False

Whether the DEFAULT keyword is supported in the VALUES clause.

TIME_MAPPING = {'%M': '%B', '%c': '%-m', '%e': '%-d', '%h': '%I', '%i': '%M', '%s': '%S', '%u': '%W', '%k': '%-H', '%l': '%-I', '%T': '%H:%M:%S', '%W': '%A'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime formats.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

ANNOTATORS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Alias'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseNot'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Neg'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Not'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAlias'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unary'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Add'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseLeftShift'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseRightShift'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Connector'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DPipe'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distance'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Div'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Dot'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Escape'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GT'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GTE'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Glob'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILikeAny'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Is'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Kwarg'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LT'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LTE'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Like'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeAny'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mod'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mul'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeNEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlaps'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PropertyEQ'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SimilarTo'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Slice'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sub'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Between'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Boolean'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDateStr'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToTimeStr'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDateStr'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>: <function annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Anonymous'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Bracket'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distinct'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Filter'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Interval'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Null'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unnest'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'Presto.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Presto.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Presto.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'M': {0: True}, 'c': {0: True}, 'e': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'i': {0: True}, 's': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}, 'l': {0: True}, 'T': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'M': {0: True}, 'c': {0: True}, 'e': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'i': {0: True}, 's': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}, 'l': {0: True}, 'T': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%B': '%M', '%-m': '%c', '%-d': '%e', '%I': '%h', '%M': '%i', '%S': '%s', '%W': '%u', '%-H': '%k', '%-I': '%l', '%H:%M:%S': '%T', '%A': '%W'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'B': {0: True}, '-': {'m': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}, 'H': {':': {'%': {'M': {':': {'%': {'S': {0: True}}}}}}}, 'A': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = "x'"
HEX_END: Optional[str] = "'"
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = "U&'"
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
class Presto.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer):
276    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
277        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
278        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
279            (prefix + q, q)
280            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
281            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
282        ]
283
284        KEYWORDS = {
285            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
286            "DEALLOCATE PREPARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
287            "DESCRIBE INPUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
288            "DESCRIBE OUTPUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
289            "RESET SESSION": TokenType.COMMAND,
290            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
291            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
292            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
293            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
294            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
295            "TDIGEST": TokenType.TDIGEST,
296            "HYPERLOGLOG": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
297        }
298        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
299        KEYWORDS.pop("QUALIFY")
HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
UNICODE_STRINGS = [("U&'", "'"), ("u&'", "'")]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_SCHEMA': <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NAMESPACE': <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT256': <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'UINT128': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'UINT256': <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'DEALLOCATE PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DESCRIBE INPUT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DESCRIBE OUTPUT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RESET SESSION': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'START': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE': <TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>, 'IPADDRESS': <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, 'IPPREFIX': <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, 'TDIGEST': <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, 'HYPERLOGLOG': <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>}
class Presto.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser):
301    class Parser(parser.Parser):
302        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
303
304        FUNCTIONS = {
305            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
306            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
307            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
308            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _build_approx_percentile,
309            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
310            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
311            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
312            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
313            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
314            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
315            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
316                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
317            ),
318            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
319                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
320            ),
321            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
322            "DATE_PARSE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
323            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
324            "DAY_OF_WEEK": exp.DayOfWeekIso.from_arg_list,
325            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
326                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
327            ),
328            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
329            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _build_from_unixtime,
330            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
331                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
332            ),
333            "LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
334            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
335            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
336            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
337            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
338                this=seq_get(args, 0),
339                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
340                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
341            ),
342            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
343            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
344            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
345            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
346            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
347                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), occurrence=seq_get(args, 2)
348            ),
349            "TO_CHAR": _build_to_char,
350            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
351            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
352                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
353            ),
354            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
355            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
356            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
357        }
358
359        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
360        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function build_convert_timezone>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_SCHEMA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentSchema'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_BIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateBin'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FEATURES_AT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FeaturesAtTime'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'INT64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>>, 'IS_ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsAscii'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'J_S_O_N_B_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONCast'>>, 'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'J_S_O_N_VALUE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHAR_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHARACTER_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <function build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function _build_to_char>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNICODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLElement'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRPOS': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARINDEX': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'LOCATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ARBITRARY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_PERCENTILE': <function _build_approx_percentile>, 'BITWISE_AND': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_NOT': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_OR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'CARDINALITY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'DATE_FORMAT': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_PARSE': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'ELEMENT_AT': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'FROM_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'FROM_UNIXTIME': <function _build_from_unixtime>, 'FROM_UTF8': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'ROW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'SEQUENCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'SET_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'SPLIT_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'TO_UNIXTIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TO_UTF8': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA256': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA512': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CEIL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FLOOR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NORMALIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OVERLAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ALTERABLES
ALIAS_TOKENS
ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
ASSIGNMENT
DISJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
BITWISE
TERM
FACTOR
EXPONENT
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
JOIN_HINTS
LAMBDAS
COLUMN_OPERATORS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
STATEMENT_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
RANGE_PARSERS
PROPERTY_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
TYPE_CONVERTERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
DESCRIBE_STYLES
ANALYZE_STYLES
ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS
PARTITION_KEYWORDS
AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS
OPERATION_MODIFIERS
RECURSIVE_CTE_SEARCH_KIND
MODIFIABLES
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
STRING_ALIASES
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
class Presto.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator):
362    class Generator(generator.Generator):
363        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
364        JOIN_HINTS = False
365        TABLE_HINTS = False
366        QUERY_HINTS = False
367        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
368        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
369        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
370        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
371        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
372        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
373        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
374        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
375        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
376        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
377        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
378        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
379        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
380        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
381        ARRAY_SIZE_NAME = "CARDINALITY"
382
383        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
384            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
385            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
386            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
387        }
388
389        TYPE_MAPPING = {
390            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
391            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
392            exp.DataType.Type.BIT: "BOOLEAN",
393            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
394            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
395            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
396            exp.DataType.Type.HLLSKETCH: "HYPERLOGLOG",
397            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
398            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
399            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
400            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
401            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
402            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
403        }
404
405        TRANSFORMS = {
406            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
407            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
408            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
409            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
410            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
411            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
412            exp.ArrayAny: rename_func("ANY_MATCH"),
413            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
414            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
415            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("ARRAY_JOIN"),
416            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
417            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
418            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_AND", e.this, e.expression),
419            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
420                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT", e.this, e.expression
421            ),
422            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_NOT", e.this),
423            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_OR", e.this, e.expression),
424            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
425                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT", e.this, e.expression
426            ),
427            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_XOR", e.this, e.expression),
428            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
429            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
430            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
431            exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
432            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
433            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
434                "DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(e), e.expression, e.this
435            ),
436            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
437            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
438            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
439            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD", negate_interval=True),
440            exp.DayOfWeek: lambda self, e: f"(({self.func('DAY_OF_WEEK', e.this)} % 7) + 1)",
441            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("DAY_OF_WEEK"),
442            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
443            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
444            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
445            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
446            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
447            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
448            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
449            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
450            exp.GenerateSeries: sequence_sql,
451            exp.GenerateDateArray: sequence_sql,
452            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
453            exp.If: if_sql(),
454            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
455            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
456            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
457            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
458            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
459            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
460            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
461                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE")
462            ),
463            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
464            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
465            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
466            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
467            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
468            exp.RegexpExtractAll: regexp_extract_sql,
469            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
470            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
471            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
472            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
473                [
474                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
475                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
476                    transforms.explode_projection_to_unnest(1),
477                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
478                    _amend_exploded_column_table,
479                ]
480            ),
481            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
482            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(self, e, supports_occurrence=True),
483            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
484            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
485            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
486            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
487            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unnest_generate_series]),
488            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
489            exp.TimestampAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
490            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
491            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
492            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
493            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
494                "TO_UNIXTIME", self.func("DATE_PARSE", e.this, Presto.TIME_FORMAT)
495            ),
496            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
497            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
498            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
499            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
500            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
501            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
502            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
503            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
504            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
505            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
506            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
507            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
508            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
509            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
510            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
511            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
512            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
513            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
514                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
515            ),
516            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
517            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
518            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
519            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
520        }
521
522        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
523            "alter",
524            "and",
525            "as",
526            "between",
527            "by",
528            "case",
529            "cast",
530            "constraint",
531            "create",
532            "cross",
533            "current_time",
534            "current_timestamp",
535            "deallocate",
536            "delete",
537            "describe",
538            "distinct",
539            "drop",
540            "else",
541            "end",
542            "escape",
543            "except",
544            "execute",
545            "exists",
546            "extract",
547            "false",
548            "for",
549            "from",
550            "full",
551            "group",
552            "having",
553            "in",
554            "inner",
555            "insert",
556            "intersect",
557            "into",
558            "is",
559            "join",
560            "left",
561            "like",
562            "natural",
563            "not",
564            "null",
565            "on",
566            "or",
567            "order",
568            "outer",
569            "prepare",
570            "right",
571            "select",
572            "table",
573            "then",
574            "true",
575            "union",
576            "using",
577            "values",
578            "when",
579            "where",
580            "with",
581        }
582
583        def md5_sql(self, expression: exp.MD5) -> str:
584            this = expression.this
585
586            if not this.type:
587                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
588
589                this = annotate_types(this)
590
591            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
592                this = exp.Encode(this=this, charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8"))
593
594            return self.func("LOWER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", self.sql(this))))
595
596        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
597            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
598            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
599            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
600            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
601            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
602            this = expression.this
603            value_as_text = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
604            value_as_timestamp = (
605                exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP) if this.is_string else this
606            )
607
608            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
609
610            formatted_value = self.func(
611                "DATE_FORMAT", value_as_timestamp, self.format_time(expression)
612            )
613            parse_with_tz = self.func(
614                "PARSE_DATETIME",
615                formatted_value,
616                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
617            )
618            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
619            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
620
621        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
622            if expression.args.get("safe"):
623                return self.func(
624                    "ELEMENT_AT",
625                    expression.this,
626                    seq_get(
627                        apply_index_offset(
628                            expression.this,
629                            expression.expressions,
630                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
631                        ),
632                        0,
633                    ),
634                )
635            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
636
637        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
638            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
639
640            expression = annotate_types(expression)
641            values: t.List[str] = []
642            schema: t.List[str] = []
643            unknown_type = False
644
645            for e in expression.expressions:
646                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
647                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
648                        unknown_type = True
649                    else:
650                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
651                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
652                else:
653                    values.append(self.sql(e))
654
655            size = len(expression.expressions)
656
657            if not size or len(schema) != size:
658                if unknown_type:
659                    self.unsupported(
660                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
661                    )
662                return self.func("ROW", *values)
663            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
664
665        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
666            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
667                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
668            return super().interval_sql(expression)
669
670        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
671            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
672            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
673            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
674
675        def offset_limit_modifiers(
676            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
677        ) -> t.List[str]:
678            return [
679                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
680                self.sql(limit),
681            ]
682
683        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
684            """
685            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
686            so we need to remove them
687            """
688            kind = expression.args["kind"]
689            schema = expression.this
690            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
691                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
692            return super().create_sql(expression)
693
694        def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str:
695            """
696            Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need
697            to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more
698            than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.
699            """
700            tables = expression.args.get("tables") or [expression.this]
701            if len(tables) > 1:
702                return super().delete_sql(expression)
703
704            table = tables[0]
705            expression.set("this", table)
706            expression.set("tables", None)
707
708            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
709                table_alias = table.args.get("alias")
710                if table_alias:
711                    table_alias.pop()
712                    expression = t.cast(exp.Delete, expression.transform(unqualify_columns))
713
714            return super().delete_sql(expression)
715
716        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract) -> str:
717            is_json_extract = self.dialect.settings.get("variant_extract_is_json_extract", True)
718
719            # Generate JSON_EXTRACT unless the user has configured that a Snowflake / Databricks
720            # VARIANT extract (e.g. col:x.y) should map to dot notation (i.e ROW access) in Presto/Trino
721            if not expression.args.get("variant_extract") or is_json_extract:
722                return self.func(
723                    "JSON_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, *expression.expressions
724                )
725
726            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
727
728            # Convert the JSONPath extraction `JSON_EXTRACT(col, '$.x.y) to a ROW access col.x.y
729            segments = []
730            for path_key in expression.expression.expressions[1:]:
731                if not isinstance(path_key, exp.JSONPathKey):
732                    # Cannot transpile subscripts, wildcards etc to dot notation
733                    self.unsupported(
734                        f"Cannot transpile JSONPath segment '{path_key}' to ROW access"
735                    )
736                    continue
737                key = path_key.this
738                if not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(key):
739                    key = f'"{key}"'
740                segments.append(f".{key}")
741
742            expr = "".join(segments)
743
744            return f"{this}{expr}"
745
746        def groupconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
747            return self.func(
748                "ARRAY_JOIN",
749                self.func("ARRAY_AGG", expression.this),
750                expression.args.get("separator"),
751            )

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
HEX_FUNC = 'TO_HEX'
PARSE_JSON_NAME = 'JSON_PARSE'
PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
ARRAY_SIZE_NAME = 'CARDINALITY'
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IncludeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StorageHandlerProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingTemplateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ForceProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.BLOB: 'BLOB'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.BIT: 'BIT'>: 'BOOLEAN', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>: 'HYPERLOGLOG', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>: 'ROW', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>: 'TIME'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeColumns'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeWith'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingTemplateProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingData'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ForceProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseLeftShift'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseNot'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseRightShift'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromTimeZone'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function sequence_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function sequence_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Group'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function no_ilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>: <function _initcap_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lateral'>: <function _explode_to_unnest_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>: <function left_to_substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function no_pivot_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>: <function _quantile_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function regexp_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll'>: <function regexp_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>: <function right_to_substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Schema'>: <function _schema_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _no_sort_array>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function _str_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Table'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _ts_or_ds_add_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function _ts_or_ds_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.With'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function sha256_sql>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'from', 'execute', 'table', 'values', 'constraint', 'insert', 'having', 'by', 'false', 'intersect', 'current_timestamp', 'for', 'alter', 'not', 'true', 'end', 'cross', 'right', 'and', 'delete', 'into', 'describe', 'inner', 'create', 'full', 'distinct', 'except', 'using', 'current_time', 'union', 'with', 'null', 'drop', 'cast', 'order', 'between', 'deallocate', 'like', 'exists', 'in', 'group', 'select', 'as', 'where', 'is', 'case', 'escape', 'natural', 'join', 'else', 'left', 'or', 'extract', 'prepare', 'on', 'outer', 'when', 'then'}
def md5_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MD5) -> str:
583        def md5_sql(self, expression: exp.MD5) -> str:
584            this = expression.this
585
586            if not this.type:
587                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
588
589                this = annotate_types(this)
590
591            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
592                this = exp.Encode(this=this, charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8"))
593
594            return self.func("LOWER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", self.sql(this))))
def strtounix_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix) -> str:
596        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
597            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
598            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
599            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
600            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
601            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
602            this = expression.this
603            value_as_text = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
604            value_as_timestamp = (
605                exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP) if this.is_string else this
606            )
607
608            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
609
610            formatted_value = self.func(
611                "DATE_FORMAT", value_as_timestamp, self.format_time(expression)
612            )
613            parse_with_tz = self.func(
614                "PARSE_DATETIME",
615                formatted_value,
616                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
617            )
618            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
619            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str:
621        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
622            if expression.args.get("safe"):
623                return self.func(
624                    "ELEMENT_AT",
625                    expression.this,
626                    seq_get(
627                        apply_index_offset(
628                            expression.this,
629                            expression.expressions,
630                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
631                        ),
632                        0,
633                    ),
634                )
635            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
def struct_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Struct) -> str:
637        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
638            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
639
640            expression = annotate_types(expression)
641            values: t.List[str] = []
642            schema: t.List[str] = []
643            unknown_type = False
644
645            for e in expression.expressions:
646                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
647                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
648                        unknown_type = True
649                    else:
650                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
651                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
652                else:
653                    values.append(self.sql(e))
654
655            size = len(expression.expressions)
656
657            if not size or len(schema) != size:
658                if unknown_type:
659                    self.unsupported(
660                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
661                    )
662                return self.func("ROW", *values)
663            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval) -> str:
665        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
666            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
667                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
668            return super().interval_sql(expression)
def transaction_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Transaction) -> str:
670        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
671            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
672            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
673            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
def offset_limit_modifiers( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: Union[sqlglot.expressions.Fetch, sqlglot.expressions.Limit, NoneType]) -> List[str]:
675        def offset_limit_modifiers(
676            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
677        ) -> t.List[str]:
678            return [
679                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
680                self.sql(limit),
681            ]
def create_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create) -> str:
683        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
684            """
685            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
686            so we need to remove them
687            """
688            kind = expression.args["kind"]
689            schema = expression.this
690            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
691                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
692            return super().create_sql(expression)

Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: CREATE VIEW x (cola) then (cola) is the expression), so we need to remove them

def delete_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Delete) -> str:
694        def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str:
695            """
696            Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need
697            to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more
698            than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.
699            """
700            tables = expression.args.get("tables") or [expression.this]
701            if len(tables) > 1:
702                return super().delete_sql(expression)
703
704            table = tables[0]
705            expression.set("this", table)
706            expression.set("tables", None)
707
708            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
709                table_alias = table.args.get("alias")
710                if table_alias:
711                    table_alias.pop()
712                    expression = t.cast(exp.Delete, expression.transform(unqualify_columns))
713
714            return super().delete_sql(expression)

Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.

def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract) -> str:
716        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract) -> str:
717            is_json_extract = self.dialect.settings.get("variant_extract_is_json_extract", True)
718
719            # Generate JSON_EXTRACT unless the user has configured that a Snowflake / Databricks
720            # VARIANT extract (e.g. col:x.y) should map to dot notation (i.e ROW access) in Presto/Trino
721            if not expression.args.get("variant_extract") or is_json_extract:
722                return self.func(
723                    "JSON_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, *expression.expressions
724                )
725
726            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
727
728            # Convert the JSONPath extraction `JSON_EXTRACT(col, '$.x.y) to a ROW access col.x.y
729            segments = []
730            for path_key in expression.expression.expressions[1:]:
731                if not isinstance(path_key, exp.JSONPathKey):
732                    # Cannot transpile subscripts, wildcards etc to dot notation
733                    self.unsupported(
734                        f"Cannot transpile JSONPath segment '{path_key}' to ROW access"
735                    )
736                    continue
737                key = path_key.this
738                if not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(key):
739                    key = f'"{key}"'
740                segments.append(f".{key}")
741
742            expr = "".join(segments)
743
744            return f"{this}{expr}"
def groupconcat_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat) -> str:
746        def groupconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
747            return self.func(
748                "ARRAY_JOIN",
749                self.func("ARRAY_AGG", expression.this),
750                expression.args.get("separator"),
751            )
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
LIMIT_FETCH
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
VALUES_AS_TABLE
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
ENSURE_BOOLS
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
INSERT_OVERWRITE
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
TRY_SUPPORTED
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE
STAR_EXCEPT
WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
QUOTE_JSON_PATH
SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN
SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
ALTER_SET_TYPE
ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
PARAMETER_TOKEN
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
pretty
identify
normalize
pad
unsupported_level
max_unsupported
leading_comma
max_text_width
comments
dialect
normalize_functions
unsupported_messages
generate
preprocess
unsupported
sep
seg
pad_comment
maybe_comment
wrap
no_identify
normalize_func
indent
sql
uncache_sql
cache_sql
characterset_sql
column_parts
column_sql
columnposition_sql
columndef_sql
columnconstraint_sql
computedcolumnconstraint_sql
autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
compresscolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
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