# sqlglot.dialects.redshift API documentation

Edit on GitHub

# sqlglot.dialects.redshift

View Source

      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, transforms
      6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      7    NormalizationStrategy,
      8    concat_to_dpipe_sql,
      9    concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
     10    date_delta_sql,
     11    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
     12    json_extract_segments,
     13    no_tablesample_sql,
     14    rename_func,
     15)
     16from sqlglot.dialects.postgres import Postgres
     17from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
     18from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     19
     20if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
     21    from sqlglot._typing import E
     22
     23
     24def _build_date_delta(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     25    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
     26        expr = expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
     27        if expr_type is exp.TsOrDsAdd:
     28            expr.set("return_type", exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
     29
     30        return expr
     31
     32    return _builder
     33
     34
     35class Redshift(Postgres):
     36    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
     37    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     38
     39    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     40    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
     41
     42    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'"
     43    TIME_MAPPING = {
     44        **Postgres.TIME_MAPPING,
     45        "MON": "%b",
     46        "HH": "%H",
     47    }
     48
     49    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
     50        FUNCTIONS = {
     51            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     52            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
     53                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     54                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     55                unit=exp.var("month"),
     56                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
     57            ),
     58            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     59            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     60            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     61            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     62            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     63            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     64            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
     65        }
     66
     67        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     68            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     69            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
     70            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, transaction=True),
     71        }
     72
     73        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
     74
     75        def _parse_table(
     76            self,
     77            schema: bool = False,
     78            joins: bool = False,
     79            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     80            parse_bracket: bool = False,
     81            is_db_reference: bool = False,
     82            parse_partition: bool = False,
     83        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     84            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
     85            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
     86            table = super()._parse_table(
     87                schema=schema,
     88                joins=joins,
     89                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
     90                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
     91                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
     92            )
     93
     94            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
     95
     96        def _parse_convert(
     97            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
     98        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     99            to = self._parse_types()
    100            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    101            this = self._parse_bitwise()
    102            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
    103
    104        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
    105            index = self._index - 1
    106            func = self._parse_function()
    107
    108            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
    109                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
    110            self._retreat(index)
    111            return None
    112
    113    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
    114        BIT_STRINGS = []
    115        HEX_STRINGS = []
    116        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    117
    118        KEYWORDS = {
    119            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    120            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
    121            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
    122            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    123            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
    124            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    125        }
    126        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
    127
    128        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
    129        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
    130        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
    131
    132    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
    133        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
    134        QUERY_HINTS = False
    135        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
    136        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
    137        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
    138        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    139        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
    140        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
    141
    142        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    143            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    144            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
    145            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
    146            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
    147            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    148            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
    149            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
    150        }
    151
    152        TRANSFORMS = {
    153            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    154            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
    155            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
    156            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
    157            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    158            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
    159                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("transaction") else "GETDATE()"
    160            ),
    161            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    162            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    163            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
    164            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
    165            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
    166            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
    167            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    168            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    169            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
    170            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
    171            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    172                [
    173                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    174                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    175                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
    176                ]
    177            ),
    178            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
    179            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
    180            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
    181            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
    182            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
    183            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    184            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    185            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
    186            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
    187        }
    188
    189        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
    190        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
    191
    192        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
    193        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
    194
    195        # Redshift supports ANY_VALUE(..)
    196        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
    197
    198        # Redshift supports LAST_DAY(..)
    199        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
    200
    201        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    202            "aes128",
    203            "aes256",
    204            "all",
    205            "allowoverwrite",
    206            "analyse",
    207            "analyze",
    208            "and",
    209            "any",
    210            "array",
    211            "as",
    212            "asc",
    213            "authorization",
    214            "az64",
    215            "backup",
    216            "between",
    217            "binary",
    218            "blanksasnull",
    219            "both",
    220            "bytedict",
    221            "bzip2",
    222            "case",
    223            "cast",
    224            "check",
    225            "collate",
    226            "column",
    227            "constraint",
    228            "create",
    229            "credentials",
    230            "cross",
    231            "current_date",
    232            "current_time",
    233            "current_timestamp",
    234            "current_user",
    235            "current_user_id",
    236            "default",
    237            "deferrable",
    238            "deflate",
    239            "defrag",
    240            "delta",
    241            "delta32k",
    242            "desc",
    243            "disable",
    244            "distinct",
    245            "do",
    246            "else",
    247            "emptyasnull",
    248            "enable",
    249            "encode",
    250            "encrypt     ",
    251            "encryption",
    252            "end",
    253            "except",
    254            "explicit",
    255            "false",
    256            "for",
    257            "foreign",
    258            "freeze",
    259            "from",
    260            "full",
    261            "globaldict256",
    262            "globaldict64k",
    263            "grant",
    264            "group",
    265            "gzip",
    266            "having",
    267            "identity",
    268            "ignore",
    269            "ilike",
    270            "in",
    271            "initially",
    272            "inner",
    273            "intersect",
    274            "interval",
    275            "into",
    276            "is",
    277            "isnull",
    278            "join",
    279            "leading",
    280            "left",
    281            "like",
    282            "limit",
    283            "localtime",
    284            "localtimestamp",
    285            "lun",
    286            "luns",
    287            "lzo",
    288            "lzop",
    289            "minus",
    290            "mostly16",
    291            "mostly32",
    292            "mostly8",
    293            "natural",
    294            "new",
    295            "not",
    296            "notnull",
    297            "null",
    298            "nulls",
    299            "off",
    300            "offline",
    301            "offset",
    302            "oid",
    303            "old",
    304            "on",
    305            "only",
    306            "open",
    307            "or",
    308            "order",
    309            "outer",
    310            "overlaps",
    311            "parallel",
    312            "partition",
    313            "percent",
    314            "permissions",
    315            "pivot",
    316            "placing",
    317            "primary",
    318            "raw",
    319            "readratio",
    320            "recover",
    321            "references",
    322            "rejectlog",
    323            "resort",
    324            "respect",
    325            "restore",
    326            "right",
    327            "select",
    328            "session_user",
    329            "similar",
    330            "snapshot",
    331            "some",
    332            "sysdate",
    333            "system",
    334            "table",
    335            "tag",
    336            "tdes",
    337            "text255",
    338            "text32k",
    339            "then",
    340            "timestamp",
    341            "to",
    342            "top",
    343            "trailing",
    344            "true",
    345            "truncatecolumns",
    346            "type",
    347            "union",
    348            "unique",
    349            "unnest",
    350            "unpivot",
    351            "user",
    352            "using",
    353            "verbose",
    354            "wallet",
    355            "when",
    356            "where",
    357            "with",
    358            "without",
    359        }
    360
    361        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    362            args = expression.expressions
    363            num_args = len(args)
    364
    365            if num_args > 1:
    366                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
    367                return ""
    368
    369            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
    370            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
    371            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
    372
    373        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    374            """Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it"""
    375            return self.properties(properties, prefix=" ", suffix="")
    376
    377        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    378            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
    379                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
    380                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    381
    382            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    383
    384        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    385            """
    386            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
    387            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
    388            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
    389            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
    390            """
    391            if expression.is_type("text"):
    392                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    393                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
    394
    395                if not precision:
    396                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
    397
    398            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

class Redshift(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres): View Source

     36class Redshift(Postgres):
     37    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
     38    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     39
     40    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     41    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
     42
     43    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'"
     44    TIME_MAPPING = {
     45        **Postgres.TIME_MAPPING,
     46        "MON": "%b",
     47        "HH": "%H",
     48    }
     49
     50    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
     51        FUNCTIONS = {
     52            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     53            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
     54                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     55                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     56                unit=exp.var("month"),
     57                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
     58            ),
     59            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     60            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     61            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     62            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     63            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     64            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     65            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
     66        }
     67
     68        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     69            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     70            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
     71            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, transaction=True),
     72        }
     73
     74        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
     75
     76        def _parse_table(
     77            self,
     78            schema: bool = False,
     79            joins: bool = False,
     80            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     81            parse_bracket: bool = False,
     82            is_db_reference: bool = False,
     83            parse_partition: bool = False,
     84        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     85            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
     86            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
     87            table = super()._parse_table(
     88                schema=schema,
     89                joins=joins,
     90                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
     91                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
     92                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
     93            )
     94
     95            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
     96
     97        def _parse_convert(
     98            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
     99        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    100            to = self._parse_types()
    101            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    102            this = self._parse_bitwise()
    103            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
    104
    105        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
    106            index = self._index - 1
    107            func = self._parse_function()
    108
    109            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
    110                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
    111            self._retreat(index)
    112            return None
    113
    114    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
    115        BIT_STRINGS = []
    116        HEX_STRINGS = []
    117        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    118
    119        KEYWORDS = {
    120            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    121            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
    122            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
    123            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    124            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
    125            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    126        }
    127        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
    128
    129        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
    130        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
    131        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
    132
    133    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
    134        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
    135        QUERY_HINTS = False
    136        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
    137        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
    138        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
    139        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    140        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
    141        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
    142
    143        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    144            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    145            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
    146            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
    147            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
    148            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    149            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
    150            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
    151        }
    152
    153        TRANSFORMS = {
    154            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    155            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
    156            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
    157            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
    158            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    159            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
    160                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("transaction") else "GETDATE()"
    161            ),
    162            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    163            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    164            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
    165            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
    166            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
    167            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
    168            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    169            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    170            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
    171            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
    172            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    173                [
    174                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    175                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    176                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
    177                ]
    178            ),
    179            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
    180            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
    181            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
    182            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
    183            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
    184            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    185            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    186            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
    187            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
    188        }
    189
    190        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
    191        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
    192
    193        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
    194        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
    195
    196        # Redshift supports ANY_VALUE(..)
    197        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
    198
    199        # Redshift supports LAST_DAY(..)
    200        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
    201
    202        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    203            "aes128",
    204            "aes256",
    205            "all",
    206            "allowoverwrite",
    207            "analyse",
    208            "analyze",
    209            "and",
    210            "any",
    211            "array",
    212            "as",
    213            "asc",
    214            "authorization",
    215            "az64",
    216            "backup",
    217            "between",
    218            "binary",
    219            "blanksasnull",
    220            "both",
    221            "bytedict",
    222            "bzip2",
    223            "case",
    224            "cast",
    225            "check",
    226            "collate",
    227            "column",
    228            "constraint",
    229            "create",
    230            "credentials",
    231            "cross",
    232            "current_date",
    233            "current_time",
    234            "current_timestamp",
    235            "current_user",
    236            "current_user_id",
    237            "default",
    238            "deferrable",
    239            "deflate",
    240            "defrag",
    241            "delta",
    242            "delta32k",
    243            "desc",
    244            "disable",
    245            "distinct",
    246            "do",
    247            "else",
    248            "emptyasnull",
    249            "enable",
    250            "encode",
    251            "encrypt     ",
    252            "encryption",
    253            "end",
    254            "except",
    255            "explicit",
    256            "false",
    257            "for",
    258            "foreign",
    259            "freeze",
    260            "from",
    261            "full",
    262            "globaldict256",
    263            "globaldict64k",
    264            "grant",
    265            "group",
    266            "gzip",
    267            "having",
    268            "identity",
    269            "ignore",
    270            "ilike",
    271            "in",
    272            "initially",
    273            "inner",
    274            "intersect",
    275            "interval",
    276            "into",
    277            "is",
    278            "isnull",
    279            "join",
    280            "leading",
    281            "left",
    282            "like",
    283            "limit",
    284            "localtime",
    285            "localtimestamp",
    286            "lun",
    287            "luns",
    288            "lzo",
    289            "lzop",
    290            "minus",
    291            "mostly16",
    292            "mostly32",
    293            "mostly8",
    294            "natural",
    295            "new",
    296            "not",
    297            "notnull",
    298            "null",
    299            "nulls",
    300            "off",
    301            "offline",
    302            "offset",
    303            "oid",
    304            "old",
    305            "on",
    306            "only",
    307            "open",
    308            "or",
    309            "order",
    310            "outer",
    311            "overlaps",
    312            "parallel",
    313            "partition",
    314            "percent",
    315            "permissions",
    316            "pivot",
    317            "placing",
    318            "primary",
    319            "raw",
    320            "readratio",
    321            "recover",
    322            "references",
    323            "rejectlog",
    324            "resort",
    325            "respect",
    326            "restore",
    327            "right",
    328            "select",
    329            "session_user",
    330            "similar",
    331            "snapshot",
    332            "some",
    333            "sysdate",
    334            "system",
    335            "table",
    336            "tag",
    337            "tdes",
    338            "text255",
    339            "text32k",
    340            "then",
    341            "timestamp",
    342            "to",
    343            "top",
    344            "trailing",
    345            "true",
    346            "truncatecolumns",
    347            "type",
    348            "union",
    349            "unique",
    350            "unnest",
    351            "unpivot",
    352            "user",
    353            "using",
    354            "verbose",
    355            "wallet",
    356            "when",
    357            "where",
    358            "with",
    359            "without",
    360        }
    361
    362        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    363            args = expression.expressions
    364            num_args = len(args)
    365
    366            if num_args > 1:
    367                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
    368                return ""
    369
    370            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
    371            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
    372            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
    373
    374        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    375            """Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it"""
    376            return self.properties(properties, prefix=" ", suffix="")
    377
    378        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    379            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
    380                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
    381                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    382
    383            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    384
    385        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    386            """
    387            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
    388            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
    389            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
    390            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
    391            """
    392            if expression.is_type("text"):
    393                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    394                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
    395
    396                if not precision:
    397                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
    398
    399            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

INDEX_OFFSET = 0

The base index offset for arrays.

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'AM': '%p', 'PM': '%p', 'D': '%u', 'DD': '%d', 'DDD': '%j', 'FMDD': '%-d', 'FMDDD': '%-j', 'FMHH12': '%-I', 'FMHH24': '%-H', 'FMMI': '%-M', 'FMMM': '%-m', 'FMSS': '%-S', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'MI': '%M', 'MM': '%m', 'OF': '%z', 'SS': '%S', 'TMDay': '%A', 'TMDy': '%a', 'TMMon': '%b', 'TMMonth': '%B', 'TZ': '%Z', 'US': '%f', 'WW': '%U', 'YY': '%y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'MON': '%b', 'HH': '%H'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\n`) to its unescaped version (`` ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Redshift.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Redshift.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Redshift.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%p': 'PM', '%u': 'D', '%d': 'DD', '%j': 'DDD', '%-d': 'FMDD', '%-j': 'FMDDD', '%-I': 'FMHH12', '%-H': 'FMHH24', '%-M': 'FMMI', '%-m': 'FMMM', '%-S': 'FMSS', '%I': 'HH12', '%H': 'HH', '%M': 'MI', '%m': 'MM', '%z': 'OF', '%S': 'SS', '%A': 'TMDay', '%a': 'TMDy', '%b': 'MON', '%B': 'TMMonth', '%Z': 'TZ', '%f': 'US', '%U': 'WW', '%y': 'YY', '%Y': 'YYYY'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'p': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'z': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'a': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'Z': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}, 'U': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  SAFE_DIVISION
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  to_json_path
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  parser
  generator
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres
  TYPED_DIVISION
  CONCAT_COALESCE
  NULL_ORDERING

class Redshift.Parser(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser): View Source

     50    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
     51        FUNCTIONS = {
     52            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     53            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
     54                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     55                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     56                unit=exp.var("month"),
     57                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
     58            ),
     59            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     60            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     61            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     62            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     63            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     64            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     65            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
     66        }
     67
     68        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     69            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     70            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
     71            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, transaction=True),
     72        }
     73
     74        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
     75
     76        def _parse_table(
     77            self,
     78            schema: bool = False,
     79            joins: bool = False,
     80            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     81            parse_bracket: bool = False,
     82            is_db_reference: bool = False,
     83            parse_partition: bool = False,
     84        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     85            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
     86            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
     87            table = super()._parse_table(
     88                schema=schema,
     89                joins=joins,
     90                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
     91                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
     92                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
     93            )
     94
     95            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
     96
     97        def _parse_convert(
     98            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
     99        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    100            to = self._parse_types()
    101            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    102            this = self._parse_bitwise()
    103            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
    104
    105        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
    106            index = self._index - 1
    107            func = self._parse_function()
    108
    109            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
    110                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
    111            self._retreat(index)
    112            return None

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function build_timestamp_trunc>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_to_timestamp>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'DATEADD': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'LISTAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'STRTOL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NEXT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'APPROXIMATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ID_VAR_TOKENS
  INTERVAL_VARS
  TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  TERM
  FACTOR
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
  UNION_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  FUNCTION_PARSERS
  BITWISE
  EXPONENT
  RANGE_PARSERS
  STATEMENT_PARSERS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  COLUMN_OPERATORS

class Redshift.Tokenizer(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Tokenizer): View Source

    114    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
    115        BIT_STRINGS = []
    116        HEX_STRINGS = []
    117        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    118
    119        KEYWORDS = {
    120            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    121            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
    122            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
    123            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    124            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
    125            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    126        }
    127        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
    128
    129        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
    130        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
    131        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")

BIT_STRINGS = []
HEX_STRINGS = []
STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\', "'"]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, '~': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, '@@': <TokenType.DAT: 'DAT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, '|/': <TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: 'PIPE_SLASH'>, '||/': <TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: 'DPIPE_SLASH'>, 'BEGIN TRANSACTION': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BIGSERIAL': <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CONSTRAINT TRIGGER': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DO': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'HSTORE': <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'REFRESH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REINDEX': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RESET': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REVOKE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SERIAL': <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, 'SMALLSERIAL': <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, 'NAME': <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, 'CSTRING': <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, 'OID': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'OPERATOR': <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, 'REGCLASS': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCOLLATION': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCONFIG': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGDICTIONARY': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGNAMESPACE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPER': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPERATOR': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROC': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROCEDURE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGROLE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGTYPE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'HLLSKETCH': <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, 'SUPER': <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNLOAD': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VARBYTE': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, "'": <TokenType.QUOTE: 'QUOTE'>, '`': <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, '"': <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, '$': <TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: 'HEREDOC_STRING'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  RAW_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  QUOTES
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Tokenizer
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER
  HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS

class Redshift.Generator(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator): View Source

    133    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
    134        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
    135        QUERY_HINTS = False
    136        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
    137        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
    138        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
    139        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    140        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
    141        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
    142
    143        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    144            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    145            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
    146            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
    147            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
    148            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    149            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
    150            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
    151        }
    152
    153        TRANSFORMS = {
    154            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    155            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
    156            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
    157            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
    158            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    159            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
    160                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("transaction") else "GETDATE()"
    161            ),
    162            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    163            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    164            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
    165            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
    166            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
    167            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
    168            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    169            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    170            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
    171            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
    172            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    173                [
    174                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    175                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    176                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
    177                ]
    178            ),
    179            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
    180            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
    181            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
    182            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
    183            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
    184            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    185            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    186            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
    187            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
    188        }
    189
    190        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
    191        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
    192
    193        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
    194        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
    195
    196        # Redshift supports ANY_VALUE(..)
    197        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
    198
    199        # Redshift supports LAST_DAY(..)
    200        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
    201
    202        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    203            "aes128",
    204            "aes256",
    205            "all",
    206            "allowoverwrite",
    207            "analyse",
    208            "analyze",
    209            "and",
    210            "any",
    211            "array",
    212            "as",
    213            "asc",
    214            "authorization",
    215            "az64",
    216            "backup",
    217            "between",
    218            "binary",
    219            "blanksasnull",
    220            "both",
    221            "bytedict",
    222            "bzip2",
    223            "case",
    224            "cast",
    225            "check",
    226            "collate",
    227            "column",
    228            "constraint",
    229            "create",
    230            "credentials",
    231            "cross",
    232            "current_date",
    233            "current_time",
    234            "current_timestamp",
    235            "current_user",
    236            "current_user_id",
    237            "default",
    238            "deferrable",
    239            "deflate",
    240            "defrag",
    241            "delta",
    242            "delta32k",
    243            "desc",
    244            "disable",
    245            "distinct",
    246            "do",
    247            "else",
    248            "emptyasnull",
    249            "enable",
    250            "encode",
    251            "encrypt     ",
    252            "encryption",
    253            "end",
    254            "except",
    255            "explicit",
    256            "false",
    257            "for",
    258            "foreign",
    259            "freeze",
    260            "from",
    261            "full",
    262            "globaldict256",
    263            "globaldict64k",
    264            "grant",
    265            "group",
    266            "gzip",
    267            "having",
    268            "identity",
    269            "ignore",
    270            "ilike",
    271            "in",
    272            "initially",
    273            "inner",
    274            "intersect",
    275            "interval",
    276            "into",
    277            "is",
    278            "isnull",
    279            "join",
    280            "leading",
    281            "left",
    282            "like",
    283            "limit",
    284            "localtime",
    285            "localtimestamp",
    286            "lun",
    287            "luns",
    288            "lzo",
    289            "lzop",
    290            "minus",
    291            "mostly16",
    292            "mostly32",
    293            "mostly8",
    294            "natural",
    295            "new",
    296            "not",
    297            "notnull",
    298            "null",
    299            "nulls",
    300            "off",
    301            "offline",
    302            "offset",
    303            "oid",
    304            "old",
    305            "on",
    306            "only",
    307            "open",
    308            "or",
    309            "order",
    310            "outer",
    311            "overlaps",
    312            "parallel",
    313            "partition",
    314            "percent",
    315            "permissions",
    316            "pivot",
    317            "placing",
    318            "primary",
    319            "raw",
    320            "readratio",
    321            "recover",
    322            "references",
    323            "rejectlog",
    324            "resort",
    325            "respect",
    326            "restore",
    327            "right",
    328            "select",
    329            "session_user",
    330            "similar",
    331            "snapshot",
    332            "some",
    333            "sysdate",
    334            "system",
    335            "table",
    336            "tag",
    337            "tdes",
    338            "text255",
    339            "text32k",
    340            "then",
    341            "timestamp",
    342            "to",
    343            "top",
    344            "trailing",
    345            "true",
    346            "truncatecolumns",
    347            "type",
    348            "union",
    349            "unique",
    350            "unnest",
    351            "unpivot",
    352            "user",
    353            "using",
    354            "verbose",
    355            "wallet",
    356            "when",
    357            "where",
    358            "with",
    359            "without",
    360        }
    361
    362        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    363            args = expression.expressions
    364            num_args = len(args)
    365
    366            if num_args > 1:
    367                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
    368                return ""
    369
    370            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
    371            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
    372            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
    373
    374        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    375            """Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it"""
    376            return self.properties(properties, prefix=" ", suffix="")
    377
    378        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    379            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
    380                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
    381                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    382
    383            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    384
    385        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    386            """
    387            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
    388            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
    389            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
    390            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
    391            """
    392            if expression.is_type("text"):
    393                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    394                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
    395
    396                if not precision:
    397                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
    398
    399            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'SMALLINT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'DOUBLE PRECISION', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>: 'TIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function json_path_key_only_name>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContained'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function filter_array_using_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function no_paren_current_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>: <function no_map_from_entries_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Merge'>: <function merge_without_target_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function str_position_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function no_trycast_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function concat_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint'>: <function generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TableSample'>: <function no_tablesample_sql>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'mostly32', 'null', 'deferrable', 'cross', 'both', 'globaldict64k', 'raw', 'grant', 'default', 'bytedict', 'do', 'blanksasnull', 'analyse', 'current_user', 'references', 'end', 'pivot', 'text255', 'top', 'asc', 'as', 'percent', 'text32k', 'limit', 'rejectlog', 'column', 'order', 'emptyasnull', 'lzo', 'restore', 'bzip2', 'offline', 'type', 'using', 'lun', 'on', 'cast', 'timestamp', 'verbose', 'new', 'only', 'snapshot', 'allowoverwrite', 'credentials', 'identity', 'ignore', 'partition', 'in', 'current_timestamp', 'group', 'recover', 'check', 'disable', 'some', 'between', 'intersect', 'offset', 'readratio', 'lzop', 'resort', 'system', 'then', 'truncatecolumns', 'aes256', 'collate', 'localtime', 'unnest', 'with', 'gzip', 'unpivot', 'natural', 'user', 'create', 'full', 'union', 'or', 'globaldict256', 'all', 'current_time', 'analyze', 'primary', 'where', 'deflate', 'old', 'off', 'encryption', 'aes128', 'authorization', 'select', 'mostly16', 'without', 'freeze', 'luns', 'table', 'true', 'binary', 'nulls', 'interval', 'any', 'current_date', 'left', 'else', 'encode', 'isnull', 'open', 'is', 'to', 'except', 'enable', 'distinct', 'explicit', 'from', 'like', 'minus', 'permissions', 'defrag', 'outer', 'and', 'for', 'delta', 'right', 'encrypt ', 'case', 'similar', 'delta32k', 'parallel', 'into', 'placing', 'backup', 'ilike', 'mostly8', 'initially', 'wallet', 'leading', 'foreign', 'oid', 'desc', 'trailing', 'array', 'notnull', 'constraint', 'respect', 'when', 'tag', 'not', 'having', 'az64', 'current_user_id', 'inner', 'false', 'tdes', 'join', 'localtimestamp', 'session_user', 'unique', 'overlaps', 'sysdate'}
def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest ) -> str: View Source

    362        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    363            args = expression.expressions
    364            num_args = len(args)
    365
    366            if num_args > 1:
    367                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
    368                return ""
    369
    370            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
    371            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
    372            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg

def with_properties(self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties ) -> str: View Source

    374        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    375            """Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it"""
    376            return self.properties(properties, prefix=" ", suffix="")

Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it

def cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str: View Source

    378        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    379            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
    380                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
    381                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    382
    383            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)

def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType ) -> str: View Source

    385        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    386            """
    387            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
    388            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
    389            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
    390            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
    391            """
    392            if expression.is_type("text"):
    393                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    394                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
    395
    396                if not precision:
    397                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
    398
    399            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  EXPLICIT_UNION
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_FETCH
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
  JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
  OUTER_UNION_MODIFIERS
  STAR_MAPPING
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  STRUCT_DELIMITER
  NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  except_sql
  except_op
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  intersect_sql
  intersect_op
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  queryoption_sql
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  set_operations
  union_sql
  union_op
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  currentdate_sql
  currenttimestamp_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  renametable_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  altertable_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  operator_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  generateseries_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
  JOIN_HINTS
  TABLE_HINTS
  PARAMETER_TOKEN
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
  PROPERTIES_LOCATION
  bracket_sql
  matchagainst_sql