# sqlglot.dialects.snowflake API documentation

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# sqlglot.dialects.snowflake

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import typing as t
       4
       5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
       6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
       7    Dialect,
       8    NormalizationStrategy,
       9    binary_from_function,
      10    date_delta_sql,
      11    date_trunc_to_time,
      12    datestrtodate_sql,
      13    build_formatted_time,
      14    if_sql,
      15    inline_array_sql,
      16    max_or_greatest,
      17    min_or_least,
      18    rename_func,
      19    timestamptrunc_sql,
      20    timestrtotime_sql,
      21    var_map_sql,
      22)
      23from sqlglot.helper import flatten, is_float, is_int, seq_get
      24from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
      25
      26if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      27    from sqlglot._typing import E
      28
      29
      30# from https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_timestamp.html
      31def _build_datetime(
      32    name: str, kind: exp.DataType.Type, safe: bool = False
      33) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.Func]:
      34    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
      35        value = seq_get(args, 0)
      36        int_value = value is not None and is_int(value.name)
      37
      38        if isinstance(value, exp.Literal):
      39            # Converts calls like `TO_TIME('01:02:03')` into casts
      40            if len(args) == 1 and value.is_string and not int_value:
      41                return exp.cast(value, kind)
      42
      43            # Handles `TO_TIMESTAMP(str, fmt)` and `TO_TIMESTAMP(num, scale)` as special
      44            # cases so we can transpile them, since they're relatively common
      45            if kind == exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP:
      46                if int_value:
      47                    return exp.UnixToTime(this=value, scale=seq_get(args, 1))
      48                if not is_float(value.this):
      49                    return build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "snowflake")(args)
      50
      51        if kind == exp.DataType.Type.DATE and not int_value:
      52            formatted_exp = build_formatted_time(exp.TsOrDsToDate, "snowflake")(args)
      53            formatted_exp.set("safe", safe)
      54            return formatted_exp
      55
      56        return exp.Anonymous(this=name, expressions=args)
      57
      58    return _builder
      59
      60
      61def _build_object_construct(args: t.List) -> t.Union[exp.StarMap, exp.Struct]:
      62    expression = parser.build_var_map(args)
      63
      64    if isinstance(expression, exp.StarMap):
      65        return expression
      66
      67    return exp.Struct(
      68        expressions=[
      69            exp.PropertyEQ(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(expression.keys, expression.values)
      70        ]
      71    )
      72
      73
      74def _build_datediff(args: t.List) -> exp.DateDiff:
      75    return exp.DateDiff(
      76        this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0))
      77    )
      78
      79
      80def _build_date_time_add(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
      81    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
      82        return expr_type(
      83            this=seq_get(args, 2),
      84            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
      85            unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0)),
      86        )
      87
      88    return _builder
      89
      90
      91# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/div0
      92def _build_if_from_div0(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
      93    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
      94    true = exp.Literal.number(0)
      95    false = exp.Div(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))
      96    return exp.If(this=cond, true=true, false=false)
      97
      98
      99# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
     100def _build_if_from_zeroifnull(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
     101    cond = exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Null())
     102    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Literal.number(0), false=seq_get(args, 0))
     103
     104
     105# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
     106def _build_if_from_nullifzero(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
     107    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
     108    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Null(), false=seq_get(args, 0))
     109
     110
     111def _regexpilike_sql(self: Snowflake.Generator, expression: exp.RegexpILike) -> str:
     112    flag = expression.text("flag")
     113
     114    if "i" not in flag:
     115        flag += "i"
     116
     117    return self.func(
     118        "REGEXP_LIKE", expression.this, expression.expression, exp.Literal.string(flag)
     119    )
     120
     121
     122def _build_convert_timezone(args: t.List) -> t.Union[exp.Anonymous, exp.AtTimeZone]:
     123    if len(args) == 3:
     124        return exp.Anonymous(this="CONVERT_TIMEZONE", expressions=args)
     125    return exp.AtTimeZone(this=seq_get(args, 1), zone=seq_get(args, 0))
     126
     127
     128def _build_regexp_replace(args: t.List) -> exp.RegexpReplace:
     129    regexp_replace = exp.RegexpReplace.from_arg_list(args)
     130
     131    if not regexp_replace.args.get("replacement"):
     132        regexp_replace.set("replacement", exp.Literal.string(""))
     133
     134    return regexp_replace
     135
     136
     137def _show_parser(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[Snowflake.Parser], exp.Show]:
     138    def _parse(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> exp.Show:
     139        return self._parse_show_snowflake(*args, **kwargs)
     140
     141    return _parse
     142
     143
     144DATE_PART_MAPPING = {
     145    "Y": "YEAR",
     146    "YY": "YEAR",
     147    "YYY": "YEAR",
     148    "YYYY": "YEAR",
     149    "YR": "YEAR",
     150    "YEARS": "YEAR",
     151    "YRS": "YEAR",
     152    "MM": "MONTH",
     153    "MON": "MONTH",
     154    "MONS": "MONTH",
     155    "MONTHS": "MONTH",
     156    "D": "DAY",
     157    "DD": "DAY",
     158    "DAYS": "DAY",
     159    "DAYOFMONTH": "DAY",
     160    "WEEKDAY": "DAYOFWEEK",
     161    "DOW": "DAYOFWEEK",
     162    "DW": "DAYOFWEEK",
     163    "WEEKDAY_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     164    "DOW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     165    "DW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     166    "YEARDAY": "DAYOFYEAR",
     167    "DOY": "DAYOFYEAR",
     168    "DY": "DAYOFYEAR",
     169    "W": "WEEK",
     170    "WK": "WEEK",
     171    "WEEKOFYEAR": "WEEK",
     172    "WOY": "WEEK",
     173    "WY": "WEEK",
     174    "WEEK_ISO": "WEEKISO",
     175    "WEEKOFYEARISO": "WEEKISO",
     176    "WEEKOFYEAR_ISO": "WEEKISO",
     177    "Q": "QUARTER",
     178    "QTR": "QUARTER",
     179    "QTRS": "QUARTER",
     180    "QUARTERS": "QUARTER",
     181    "H": "HOUR",
     182    "HH": "HOUR",
     183    "HR": "HOUR",
     184    "HOURS": "HOUR",
     185    "HRS": "HOUR",
     186    "M": "MINUTE",
     187    "MI": "MINUTE",
     188    "MIN": "MINUTE",
     189    "MINUTES": "MINUTE",
     190    "MINS": "MINUTE",
     191    "S": "SECOND",
     192    "SEC": "SECOND",
     193    "SECONDS": "SECOND",
     194    "SECS": "SECOND",
     195    "MS": "MILLISECOND",
     196    "MSEC": "MILLISECOND",
     197    "MILLISECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
     198    "US": "MICROSECOND",
     199    "USEC": "MICROSECOND",
     200    "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
     201    "NS": "NANOSECOND",
     202    "NSEC": "NANOSECOND",
     203    "NANOSEC": "NANOSECOND",
     204    "NSECOND": "NANOSECOND",
     205    "NSECONDS": "NANOSECOND",
     206    "NANOSECS": "NANOSECOND",
     207    "EPOCH": "EPOCH_SECOND",
     208    "EPOCH_SECONDS": "EPOCH_SECOND",
     209    "EPOCH_MILLISECONDS": "EPOCH_MILLISECOND",
     210    "EPOCH_MICROSECONDS": "EPOCH_MICROSECOND",
     211    "EPOCH_NANOSECONDS": "EPOCH_NANOSECOND",
     212    "TZH": "TIMEZONE_HOUR",
     213    "TZM": "TIMEZONE_MINUTE",
     214}
     215
     216
     217@t.overload
     218def _map_date_part(part: exp.Expression) -> exp.Var:
     219    pass
     220
     221
     222@t.overload
     223def _map_date_part(part: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     224    pass
     225
     226
     227def _map_date_part(part):
     228    mapped = DATE_PART_MAPPING.get(part.name.upper()) if part else None
     229    return exp.var(mapped) if mapped else part
     230
     231
     232def _date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
     233    trunc = date_trunc_to_time(args)
     234    trunc.set("unit", _map_date_part(trunc.args["unit"]))
     235    return trunc
     236
     237
     238def _build_timestamp_from_parts(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
     239    if len(args) == 2:
     240        # Other dialects don't have the TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS(date, time) concept,
     241        # so we parse this into Anonymous for now instead of introducing complexity
     242        return exp.Anonymous(this="TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS", expressions=args)
     243
     244    return exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list(args)
     245
     246
     247def _unqualify_unpivot_columns(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     248    """
     249    Snowflake doesn't allow columns referenced in UNPIVOT to be qualified,
     250    so we need to unqualify them.
     251
     252    Example:
     253        >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
     254        >>> expr = parse_one("SELECT * FROM m_sales UNPIVOT(sales FOR month IN (m_sales.jan, feb, mar, april))")
     255        >>> print(_unqualify_unpivot_columns(expr).sql(dialect="snowflake"))
     256        SELECT * FROM m_sales UNPIVOT(sales FOR month IN (jan, feb, mar, april))
     257    """
     258    if isinstance(expression, exp.Pivot) and expression.unpivot:
     259        expression = transforms.unqualify_columns(expression)
     260
     261    return expression
     262
     263
     264def _flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     265    assert isinstance(expression, exp.Create)
     266
     267    def _flatten_structured_type(expression: exp.DataType) -> exp.DataType:
     268        if expression.this in exp.DataType.NESTED_TYPES:
     269            expression.set("expressions", None)
     270        return expression
     271
     272    props = expression.args.get("properties")
     273    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Schema) and not (props and props.find(exp.IcebergProperty)):
     274        for schema_expression in expression.this.expressions:
     275            if isinstance(schema_expression, exp.ColumnDef):
     276                column_type = schema_expression.kind
     277                if isinstance(column_type, exp.DataType):
     278                    column_type.transform(_flatten_structured_type, copy=False)
     279
     280    return expression
     281
     282
     283class Snowflake(Dialect):
     284    # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/identifiers-syntax
     285    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     286    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
     287    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
     288    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     289    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
     290    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True
     291    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
     292
     293    TIME_MAPPING = {
     294        "YYYY": "%Y",
     295        "yyyy": "%Y",
     296        "YY": "%y",
     297        "yy": "%y",
     298        "MMMM": "%B",
     299        "mmmm": "%B",
     300        "MON": "%b",
     301        "mon": "%b",
     302        "MM": "%m",
     303        "mm": "%m",
     304        "DD": "%d",
     305        "dd": "%-d",
     306        "DY": "%a",
     307        "dy": "%w",
     308        "HH24": "%H",
     309        "hh24": "%H",
     310        "HH12": "%I",
     311        "hh12": "%I",
     312        "MI": "%M",
     313        "mi": "%M",
     314        "SS": "%S",
     315        "ss": "%S",
     316        "FF": "%f",
     317        "ff": "%f",
     318        "FF6": "%f",
     319        "ff6": "%f",
     320    }
     321
     322    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
     323        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
     324        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
     325        if (
     326            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
     327            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
     328            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
     329        ):
     330            return expression  # type: ignore
     331
     332        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)
     333
     334    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     335        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
     336
     337        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
     338            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
     339            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     340        }
     341
     342        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
     343        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
     344
     345        FUNCTIONS = {
     346            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     347            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
     348            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
     349            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
     350                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
     351            ),
     352            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
     353                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
     354                start=seq_get(args, 0),
     355                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
     356                step=seq_get(args, 2),
     357            ),
     358            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     359            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     360            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
     361            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": _build_convert_timezone,
     362            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     363            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
     364            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     365            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     366            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
     367            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     368            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
     369                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
     370            ),
     371            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
     372            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
     373                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
     374            ),
     375            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     376            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
     377                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
     378            ),
     379            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
     380            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
     381            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
     382            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": exp.RegexpExtract.from_arg_list,
     383            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     384            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
     385            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
     386            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     387            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     388            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
     389            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
     390            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
     391            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
     392            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     393            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
     394                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     395                format=seq_get(args, 1),
     396                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
     397                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
     398            ),
     399            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
     400            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     401            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
     402            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     403            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
     404            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
     405            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
     406        }
     407
     408        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     409            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     410            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
     411            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
     412        }
     413        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
     414
     415        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
     416
     417        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     418            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     419            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
     420            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
     421        }
     422
     423        ALTER_PARSERS = {
     424            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
     425            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_set(tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG")),
     426            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
     427                exp.Set,
     428                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
     429                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
     430                unset=True,
     431            ),
     432            "SWAP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_swap(),
     433        }
     434
     435        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     436            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     437            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
     438        }
     439
     440        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
     441            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
     442            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location(),
     443        }
     444
     445        SHOW_PARSERS = {
     446            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     447            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     448            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     449            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     450            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     451            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     452            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     453            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     454            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     455            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     456            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     457            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     458            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     459            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     460            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     461            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     462            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
     463            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     464            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     465        }
     466
     467        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     468            TokenType.DOT,
     469            TokenType.MOD,
     470            TokenType.SLASH,
     471        }
     472
     473        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
     474
     475        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
     476
     477        def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     478            this = super()._parse_column_ops(this)
     479
     480            casts = []
     481            json_path = []
     482
     483            while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
     484                path = super()._parse_column_ops(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
     485
     486                # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
     487                # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the 2nd argument of GET_PATH
     488                while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
     489                    casts.append(path.to)
     490                    path = path.this
     491
     492                if path:
     493                    json_path.append(path.sql(dialect="snowflake", copy=False))
     494
     495            if json_path:
     496                this = self.expression(
     497                    exp.JSONExtract,
     498                    this=this,
     499                    expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path))),
     500                )
     501
     502                while casts:
     503                    this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
     504
     505            return this
     506
     507        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
     508        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
     509        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     510            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
     511
     512            if not this:
     513                return None
     514
     515            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     516            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
     517            this = _map_date_part(this)
     518            name = this.name.upper()
     519
     520            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
     521                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
     522                    scale = 10**3
     523                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
     524                    scale = 10**6
     525                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
     526                    scale = 10**9
     527                else:
     528                    scale = None
     529
     530                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
     531                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
     532
     533                if scale:
     534                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
     535
     536                return to_unix
     537
     538            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
     539
     540        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     541            if is_map:
     542                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
     543                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
     544                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
     545                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
     546
     547            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_conjunction(), explicit=True))
     548
     549        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
     550            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
     551            if not lateral:
     552                return lateral
     553
     554            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
     555                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
     556                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
     557                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
     558                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
     559                elif not table_alias:
     560                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
     561
     562            return lateral
     563
     564        def _parse_at_before(self, table: exp.Table) -> exp.Table:
     565            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
     566            index = self._index
     567            if self._match_texts(("AT", "BEFORE")):
     568                this = self._prev.text.upper()
     569                kind = (
     570                    self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
     571                    and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
     572                    and self._prev.text.upper()
     573                )
     574                expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
     575
     576                if expression:
     577                    self._match_r_paren()
     578                    when = self.expression(
     579                        exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
     580                    )
     581                    table.set("when", when)
     582                else:
     583                    self._retreat(index)
     584
     585            return table
     586
     587        def _parse_table_parts(
     588            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
     589        ) -> exp.Table:
     590            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
     591            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
     592                table = self._parse_string()
     593            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
     594                table = self._parse_location_path()
     595            else:
     596                table = None
     597
     598            if table:
     599                file_format = None
     600                pattern = None
     601
     602                self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
     603                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
     604                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
     605                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
     606                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
     607                        )
     608                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
     609                        pattern = self._parse_string()
     610                    else:
     611                        break
     612
     613                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     614
     615                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
     616            else:
     617                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
     618
     619            return self._parse_at_before(table)
     620
     621        def _parse_id_var(
     622            self,
     623            any_token: bool = True,
     624            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     625        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     626            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
     627                identifier = (
     628                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     629                    or self._parse_string()
     630                )
     631                self._match_r_paren()
     632                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
     633
     634            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     635
     636        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
     637            scope = None
     638            scope_kind = None
     639
     640            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
     641            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
     642            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
     643
     644            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
     645
     646            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
     647
     648            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
     649                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
     650                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
     651                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
     652                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
     653                    if self._curr:
     654                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     655                elif self._curr:
     656                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
     657                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     658
     659            return self.expression(
     660                exp.Show,
     661                **{
     662                    "terse": terse,
     663                    "this": this,
     664                    "history": history,
     665                    "like": like,
     666                    "scope": scope,
     667                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
     668                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
     669                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
     670                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
     671                },
     672            )
     673
     674        def _parse_alter_table_swap(self) -> exp.SwapTable:
     675            self._match_text_seq("WITH")
     676            return self.expression(exp.SwapTable, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
     677
     678        def _parse_location(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
     679            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     680            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
     681
     682        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
     683            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
     684
     685            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
     686            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator.
     687            while self._is_connected() and not self._match(TokenType.COMMA, advance=False):
     688                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
     689
     690            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))
     691
     692    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     693        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
     694        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
     695        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
     696        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
     697
     698        KEYWORDS = {
     699            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     700            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
     701            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     702            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     703            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     704            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
     705            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
     706            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     707            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
     708            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     709            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     710            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
     711            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
     712            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
     713            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
     714            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
     715            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
     716            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     717            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
     718            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
     719            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     720            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     721            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     722            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
     723        }
     724
     725        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     726            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     727            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     728        }
     729
     730        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
     731
     732        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
     733
     734    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     735        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     736        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
     737        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
     738        JOIN_HINTS = False
     739        TABLE_HINTS = False
     740        QUERY_HINTS = False
     741        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
     742        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
     743        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
     744        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
     745        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     746        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
     747        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     748
     749        TRANSFORMS = {
     750            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     751            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
     752            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
     753            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
     754            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
     755            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
     756            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
     757            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     758                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
     759            ),
     760            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
     761            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
     762            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     763            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     764            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     765            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     766            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     767            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     768            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
     769            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
     770            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     771                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
     772            ),
     773            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
     774                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
     775            ),
     776            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
     777            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
     778            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func("GET_PATH", e.this, e.expression),
     779            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
     780                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
     781            ),
     782            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
     783            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
     784            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
     785            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
     786            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     787            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     788            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     789            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
     790            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
     791                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     792            ),
     793            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
     794                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     795            ),
     796            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
     797            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
     798            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     799            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     800                [
     801                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     802                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
     803                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     804                ]
     805            ),
     806            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     807            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     808            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
     809            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     810                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     811            ),
     812            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     813            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
     814            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
     815            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     816                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
     817            ),
     818            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
     819            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     820            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     821                "TO_CHAR", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), self.format_time(e)
     822            ),
     823            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
     824            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
     825            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
     826            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
     827            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     828            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     829            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
     830                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
     831            ),
     832            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
     833            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     834            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     835            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
     836        }
     837
     838        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     839            exp.JSONPathKey,
     840            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     841            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     842        }
     843
     844        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     845            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     846            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
     847            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
     848            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
     849        }
     850
     851        STAR_MAPPING = {
     852            "except": "EXCLUDE",
     853            "replace": "RENAME",
     854        }
     855
     856        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     857            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     858            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     859            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     860        }
     861
     862        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
     863            exp.Struct,
     864        }
     865
     866        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
     867            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
     868                values_as_table = False
     869
     870            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
     871
     872        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     873            expressions = expression.expressions
     874            if (
     875                expressions
     876                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
     877                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
     878            ):
     879                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
     880                return "OBJECT"
     881
     882            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
     883
     884        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
     885            return self.func(
     886                "TO_NUMBER",
     887                expression.this,
     888                expression.args.get("format"),
     889                expression.args.get("precision"),
     890                expression.args.get("scale"),
     891            )
     892
     893        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     894            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     895            if milli is not None:
     896                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
     897                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
     898
     899            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
     900
     901        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
     902            value = expression.this
     903
     904            if value.type is None:
     905                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     906
     907                value = annotate_types(value)
     908
     909            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
     910                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
     911
     912            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
     913            return self.cast_sql(expression)
     914
     915        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
     916            if not expression.expression:
     917                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
     918
     919            return super().log_sql(expression)
     920
     921        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
     922            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     923            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
     924
     925            columns = [
     926                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
     927                exp.to_identifier("key"),
     928                exp.to_identifier("path"),
     929                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
     930                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
     931                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
     932                exp.to_identifier("this"),
     933            ]
     934
     935            if unnest_alias:
     936                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
     937            else:
     938                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
     939
     940            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
     941            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
     942            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
     943            return f"{explode}{alias}"
     944
     945        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     946            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
     947            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
     948            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
     949            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
     950
     951            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
     952            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
     953
     954            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
     955            if scope_kind:
     956                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
     957
     958            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
     959            if starts_with:
     960                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
     961
     962            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
     963
     964            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
     965            if from_:
     966                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
     967
     968            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
     969
     970        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
     971            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
     972            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
     973            group = expression.args.get("group")
     974            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
     975            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
     976            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
     977
     978            return self.func(
     979                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
     980                expression.this,
     981                expression.expression,
     982                position,
     983                occurrence,
     984                parameters,
     985                group,
     986            )
     987
     988        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
     989            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     990                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     991            return super().except_op(expression)
     992
     993        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
     994            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     995                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     996            return super().intersect_op(expression)
     997
     998        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
     999            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1000            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1001            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1002            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1003            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1004            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1005            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
    1006
    1007        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1008            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1009        ) -> str:
    1010            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1011            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1012            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1013            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1014            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
    1015
    1016        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
    1017            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1018            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"
    1019
    1020        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    1021            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")
    1022
    1023        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1024            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    1025
    1026        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1027            keys = []
    1028            values = []
    1029
    1030            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1031                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1032                    keys.append(
    1033                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1034                    )
    1035                    values.append(e.expression)
    1036                else:
    1037                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1038                    values.append(e)
    1039
    1040            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))

DATE_PART_MAPPING = {'Y': 'YEAR', 'YY': 'YEAR', 'YYY': 'YEAR', 'YYYY': 'YEAR', 'YR': 'YEAR', 'YEARS': 'YEAR', 'YRS': 'YEAR', 'MM': 'MONTH', 'MON': 'MONTH', 'MONS': 'MONTH', 'MONTHS': 'MONTH', 'D': 'DAY', 'DD': 'DAY', 'DAYS': 'DAY', 'DAYOFMONTH': 'DAY', 'WEEKDAY': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DOW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'WEEKDAY_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DOW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'YEARDAY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DOY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'W': 'WEEK', 'WK': 'WEEK', 'WEEKOFYEAR': 'WEEK', 'WOY': 'WEEK', 'WY': 'WEEK', 'WEEK_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEARISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEAR_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'Q': 'QUARTER', 'QTR': 'QUARTER', 'QTRS': 'QUARTER', 'QUARTERS': 'QUARTER', 'H': 'HOUR', 'HH': 'HOUR', 'HR': 'HOUR', 'HOURS': 'HOUR', 'HRS': 'HOUR', 'M': 'MINUTE', 'MI': 'MINUTE', 'MIN': 'MINUTE', 'MINUTES': 'MINUTE', 'MINS': 'MINUTE', 'S': 'SECOND', 'SEC': 'SECOND', 'SECONDS': 'SECOND', 'SECS': 'SECOND', 'MS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSEC': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECONDS': 'MILLISECOND', 'US': 'MICROSECOND', 'USEC': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'NS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECOND': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECONDS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSECS': 'NANOSECOND', 'EPOCH': 'EPOCH_SECOND', 'EPOCH_SECONDS': 'EPOCH_SECOND', 'EPOCH_MILLISECONDS': 'EPOCH_MILLISECOND', 'EPOCH_MICROSECONDS': 'EPOCH_MICROSECOND', 'EPOCH_NANOSECONDS': 'EPOCH_NANOSECOND', 'TZH': 'TIMEZONE_HOUR', 'TZM': 'TIMEZONE_MINUTE'}
class Snowflake(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

     284class Snowflake(Dialect):
     285    # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/identifiers-syntax
     286    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     287    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
     288    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
     289    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     290    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
     291    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True
     292    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
     293
     294    TIME_MAPPING = {
     295        "YYYY": "%Y",
     296        "yyyy": "%Y",
     297        "YY": "%y",
     298        "yy": "%y",
     299        "MMMM": "%B",
     300        "mmmm": "%B",
     301        "MON": "%b",
     302        "mon": "%b",
     303        "MM": "%m",
     304        "mm": "%m",
     305        "DD": "%d",
     306        "dd": "%-d",
     307        "DY": "%a",
     308        "dy": "%w",
     309        "HH24": "%H",
     310        "hh24": "%H",
     311        "HH12": "%I",
     312        "hh12": "%I",
     313        "MI": "%M",
     314        "mi": "%M",
     315        "SS": "%S",
     316        "ss": "%S",
     317        "FF": "%f",
     318        "ff": "%f",
     319        "FF6": "%f",
     320        "ff6": "%f",
     321    }
     322
     323    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
     324        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
     325        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
     326        if (
     327            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
     328            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
     329            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
     330        ):
     331            return expression  # type: ignore
     332
     333        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)
     334
     335    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     336        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
     337
     338        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
     339            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
     340            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     341        }
     342
     343        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
     344        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
     345
     346        FUNCTIONS = {
     347            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     348            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
     349            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
     350            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
     351                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
     352            ),
     353            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
     354                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
     355                start=seq_get(args, 0),
     356                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
     357                step=seq_get(args, 2),
     358            ),
     359            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     360            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     361            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
     362            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": _build_convert_timezone,
     363            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     364            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
     365            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     366            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     367            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
     368            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     369            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
     370                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
     371            ),
     372            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
     373            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
     374                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
     375            ),
     376            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     377            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
     378                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
     379            ),
     380            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
     381            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
     382            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
     383            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": exp.RegexpExtract.from_arg_list,
     384            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     385            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
     386            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
     387            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     388            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     389            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
     390            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
     391            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
     392            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
     393            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     394            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
     395                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     396                format=seq_get(args, 1),
     397                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
     398                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
     399            ),
     400            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
     401            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     402            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
     403            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     404            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
     405            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
     406            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
     407        }
     408
     409        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     410            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     411            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
     412            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
     413        }
     414        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
     415
     416        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
     417
     418        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     419            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     420            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
     421            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
     422        }
     423
     424        ALTER_PARSERS = {
     425            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
     426            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_set(tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG")),
     427            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
     428                exp.Set,
     429                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
     430                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
     431                unset=True,
     432            ),
     433            "SWAP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_swap(),
     434        }
     435
     436        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     437            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     438            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
     439        }
     440
     441        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
     442            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
     443            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location(),
     444        }
     445
     446        SHOW_PARSERS = {
     447            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     448            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     449            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     450            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     451            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     452            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     453            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     454            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     455            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     456            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     457            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     458            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     459            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     460            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     461            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     462            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     463            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
     464            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     465            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     466        }
     467
     468        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     469            TokenType.DOT,
     470            TokenType.MOD,
     471            TokenType.SLASH,
     472        }
     473
     474        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
     475
     476        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
     477
     478        def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     479            this = super()._parse_column_ops(this)
     480
     481            casts = []
     482            json_path = []
     483
     484            while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
     485                path = super()._parse_column_ops(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
     486
     487                # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
     488                # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the 2nd argument of GET_PATH
     489                while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
     490                    casts.append(path.to)
     491                    path = path.this
     492
     493                if path:
     494                    json_path.append(path.sql(dialect="snowflake", copy=False))
     495
     496            if json_path:
     497                this = self.expression(
     498                    exp.JSONExtract,
     499                    this=this,
     500                    expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path))),
     501                )
     502
     503                while casts:
     504                    this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
     505
     506            return this
     507
     508        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
     509        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
     510        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     511            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
     512
     513            if not this:
     514                return None
     515
     516            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     517            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
     518            this = _map_date_part(this)
     519            name = this.name.upper()
     520
     521            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
     522                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
     523                    scale = 10**3
     524                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
     525                    scale = 10**6
     526                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
     527                    scale = 10**9
     528                else:
     529                    scale = None
     530
     531                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
     532                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
     533
     534                if scale:
     535                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
     536
     537                return to_unix
     538
     539            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
     540
     541        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     542            if is_map:
     543                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
     544                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
     545                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
     546                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
     547
     548            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_conjunction(), explicit=True))
     549
     550        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
     551            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
     552            if not lateral:
     553                return lateral
     554
     555            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
     556                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
     557                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
     558                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
     559                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
     560                elif not table_alias:
     561                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
     562
     563            return lateral
     564
     565        def _parse_at_before(self, table: exp.Table) -> exp.Table:
     566            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
     567            index = self._index
     568            if self._match_texts(("AT", "BEFORE")):
     569                this = self._prev.text.upper()
     570                kind = (
     571                    self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
     572                    and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
     573                    and self._prev.text.upper()
     574                )
     575                expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
     576
     577                if expression:
     578                    self._match_r_paren()
     579                    when = self.expression(
     580                        exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
     581                    )
     582                    table.set("when", when)
     583                else:
     584                    self._retreat(index)
     585
     586            return table
     587
     588        def _parse_table_parts(
     589            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
     590        ) -> exp.Table:
     591            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
     592            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
     593                table = self._parse_string()
     594            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
     595                table = self._parse_location_path()
     596            else:
     597                table = None
     598
     599            if table:
     600                file_format = None
     601                pattern = None
     602
     603                self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
     604                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
     605                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
     606                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
     607                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
     608                        )
     609                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
     610                        pattern = self._parse_string()
     611                    else:
     612                        break
     613
     614                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     615
     616                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
     617            else:
     618                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
     619
     620            return self._parse_at_before(table)
     621
     622        def _parse_id_var(
     623            self,
     624            any_token: bool = True,
     625            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     626        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     627            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
     628                identifier = (
     629                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     630                    or self._parse_string()
     631                )
     632                self._match_r_paren()
     633                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
     634
     635            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     636
     637        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
     638            scope = None
     639            scope_kind = None
     640
     641            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
     642            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
     643            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
     644
     645            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
     646
     647            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
     648
     649            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
     650                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
     651                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
     652                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
     653                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
     654                    if self._curr:
     655                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     656                elif self._curr:
     657                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
     658                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     659
     660            return self.expression(
     661                exp.Show,
     662                **{
     663                    "terse": terse,
     664                    "this": this,
     665                    "history": history,
     666                    "like": like,
     667                    "scope": scope,
     668                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
     669                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
     670                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
     671                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
     672                },
     673            )
     674
     675        def _parse_alter_table_swap(self) -> exp.SwapTable:
     676            self._match_text_seq("WITH")
     677            return self.expression(exp.SwapTable, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
     678
     679        def _parse_location(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
     680            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     681            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
     682
     683        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
     684            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
     685
     686            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
     687            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator.
     688            while self._is_connected() and not self._match(TokenType.COMMA, advance=False):
     689                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
     690
     691            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))
     692
     693    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     694        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
     695        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
     696        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
     697        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
     698
     699        KEYWORDS = {
     700            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     701            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
     702            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     703            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     704            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     705            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
     706            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
     707            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     708            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
     709            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     710            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     711            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
     712            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
     713            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
     714            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
     715            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
     716            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
     717            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     718            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
     719            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
     720            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     721            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     722            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     723            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
     724        }
     725
     726        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     727            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     728            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     729        }
     730
     731        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
     732
     733        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
     734
     735    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     736        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     737        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
     738        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
     739        JOIN_HINTS = False
     740        TABLE_HINTS = False
     741        QUERY_HINTS = False
     742        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
     743        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
     744        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
     745        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
     746        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     747        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
     748        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     749
     750        TRANSFORMS = {
     751            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     752            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
     753            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
     754            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
     755            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
     756            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
     757            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
     758            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     759                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
     760            ),
     761            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
     762            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
     763            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     764            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     765            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     766            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     767            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     768            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     769            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
     770            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
     771            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     772                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
     773            ),
     774            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
     775                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
     776            ),
     777            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
     778            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
     779            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func("GET_PATH", e.this, e.expression),
     780            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
     781                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
     782            ),
     783            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
     784            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
     785            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
     786            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
     787            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     788            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     789            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     790            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
     791            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
     792                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     793            ),
     794            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
     795                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     796            ),
     797            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
     798            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
     799            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     800            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     801                [
     802                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     803                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
     804                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     805                ]
     806            ),
     807            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     808            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     809            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
     810            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     811                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     812            ),
     813            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     814            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
     815            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
     816            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     817                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
     818            ),
     819            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
     820            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     821            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     822                "TO_CHAR", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), self.format_time(e)
     823            ),
     824            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
     825            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
     826            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
     827            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
     828            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     829            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     830            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
     831                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
     832            ),
     833            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
     834            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     835            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     836            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
     837        }
     838
     839        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     840            exp.JSONPathKey,
     841            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     842            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     843        }
     844
     845        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     846            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     847            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
     848            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
     849            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
     850        }
     851
     852        STAR_MAPPING = {
     853            "except": "EXCLUDE",
     854            "replace": "RENAME",
     855        }
     856
     857        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     858            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     859            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     860            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     861        }
     862
     863        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
     864            exp.Struct,
     865        }
     866
     867        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
     868            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
     869                values_as_table = False
     870
     871            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
     872
     873        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     874            expressions = expression.expressions
     875            if (
     876                expressions
     877                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
     878                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
     879            ):
     880                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
     881                return "OBJECT"
     882
     883            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
     884
     885        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
     886            return self.func(
     887                "TO_NUMBER",
     888                expression.this,
     889                expression.args.get("format"),
     890                expression.args.get("precision"),
     891                expression.args.get("scale"),
     892            )
     893
     894        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     895            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     896            if milli is not None:
     897                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
     898                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
     899
     900            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
     901
     902        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
     903            value = expression.this
     904
     905            if value.type is None:
     906                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     907
     908                value = annotate_types(value)
     909
     910            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
     911                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
     912
     913            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
     914            return self.cast_sql(expression)
     915
     916        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
     917            if not expression.expression:
     918                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
     919
     920            return super().log_sql(expression)
     921
     922        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
     923            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     924            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
     925
     926            columns = [
     927                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
     928                exp.to_identifier("key"),
     929                exp.to_identifier("path"),
     930                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
     931                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
     932                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
     933                exp.to_identifier("this"),
     934            ]
     935
     936            if unnest_alias:
     937                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
     938            else:
     939                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
     940
     941            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
     942            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
     943            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
     944            return f"{explode}{alias}"
     945
     946        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     947            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
     948            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
     949            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
     950            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
     951
     952            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
     953            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
     954
     955            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
     956            if scope_kind:
     957                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
     958
     959            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
     960            if starts_with:
     961                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
     962
     963            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
     964
     965            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
     966            if from_:
     967                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
     968
     969            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
     970
     971        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
     972            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
     973            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
     974            group = expression.args.get("group")
     975            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
     976            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
     977            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
     978
     979            return self.func(
     980                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
     981                expression.this,
     982                expression.expression,
     983                position,
     984                occurrence,
     985                parameters,
     986                group,
     987            )
     988
     989        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
     990            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     991                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     992            return super().except_op(expression)
     993
     994        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
     995            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     996                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     997            return super().intersect_op(expression)
     998
     999        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1000            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1001            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1002            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1003            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1004            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1005            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1006            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
    1007
    1008        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1009            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1010        ) -> str:
    1011            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1012            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1013            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1014            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1015            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
    1016
    1017        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
    1018            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1019            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"
    1020
    1021        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    1022            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")
    1023
    1024        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1025            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    1026
    1027        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1028            keys = []
    1029            values = []
    1030
    1031            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1032                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1033                    keys.append(
    1034                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1035                    )
    1036                    values.append(e.expression)
    1037                else:
    1038                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1039                    values.append(e)
    1040
    1041            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE: 'UPPERCASE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_large'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True

Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override any projection aliases in the subquery.

For example, WITH y(c) AS ( SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0 ) SELECT c FROM y;

    will be rewritten as

    WITH y(c) AS (
        SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    ) SELECT c FROM y;

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'YYYY': '%Y', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'yy': '%y', 'MMMM': '%B', 'mmmm': '%B', 'MON': '%b', 'mon': '%b', 'MM': '%m', 'mm': '%m', 'DD': '%d', 'dd': '%-d', 'DY': '%a', 'dy': '%w', 'HH24': '%H', 'hh24': '%H', 'HH12': '%I', 'hh12': '%I', 'MI': '%M', 'mi': '%M', 'SS': '%S', 'ss': '%S', 'FF': '%f', 'ff': '%f', 'FF6': '%f', 'ff6': '%f'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

def quote_identifier(self, expression: ~E, identify: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    323    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    324        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
    325        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
    326        if (
    327            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    328            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
    329            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
    330        ):
    331            return expression  # type: ignore
    332
    333        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)

Adds quotes to a given identifier.

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
- identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\n`) to its unescaped version (`` ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Snowflake.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Snowflake.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Snowflake.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'm': {'m': {'m': {'m': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'o': {'n': {0: True}}, 'i': {0: True}}, 'D': {'D': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}, 'd': {'d': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'h': {'h': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'F': {'F': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}, 'f': {'f': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'm': {'m': {'m': {'m': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'o': {'n': {0: True}}, 'i': {0: True}}, 'D': {'D': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}, 'd': {'d': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'h': {'h': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'F': {'F': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}, 'f': {'f': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%Y': 'yyyy', '%y': 'yy', '%B': 'mmmm', '%b': 'mon', '%m': 'mm', '%d': 'DD', '%-d': 'dd', '%a': 'DY', '%w': 'dy', '%H': 'hh24', '%I': 'hh12', '%M': 'mi', '%S': 'ss', '%f': 'ff6'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'Y': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}}, 'a': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}}}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = "x'"
HEX_END: Optional[str] = "'"
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  INDEX_OFFSET
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  TYPED_DIVISION
  SAFE_DIVISION
  CONCAT_COALESCE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  to_json_path
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class Snowflake.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    335    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    336        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
    337
    338        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
    339            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
    340            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
    341        }
    342
    343        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
    344        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
    345
    346        FUNCTIONS = {
    347            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    348            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
    349            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    350            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
    351                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
    352            ),
    353            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
    354                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
    355                start=seq_get(args, 0),
    356                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
    357                step=seq_get(args, 2),
    358            ),
    359            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    360            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    361            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
    362            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": _build_convert_timezone,
    363            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
    364            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
    365            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
    366            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
    367            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
    368            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    369            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
    370                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
    371            ),
    372            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
    373            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
    374                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
    375            ),
    376            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
    377            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    378                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    379            ),
    380            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
    381            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
    382            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
    383            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": exp.RegexpExtract.from_arg_list,
    384            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    385            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
    386            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
    387            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
    388            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
    389            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
    390            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
    391            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
    392            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
    393            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
    394            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
    395                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    396                format=seq_get(args, 1),
    397                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
    398                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
    399            ),
    400            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
    401            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    402            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
    403            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    404            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
    405            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
    406            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
    407        }
    408
    409        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    410            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    411            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    412            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
    413        }
    414        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    415
    416        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
    417
    418        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    419            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    420            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
    421            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
    422        }
    423
    424        ALTER_PARSERS = {
    425            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
    426            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_set(tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG")),
    427            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
    428                exp.Set,
    429                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
    430                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
    431                unset=True,
    432            ),
    433            "SWAP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_swap(),
    434        }
    435
    436        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    437            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    438            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
    439        }
    440
    441        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    442            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    443            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location(),
    444        }
    445
    446        SHOW_PARSERS = {
    447            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
    448            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
    449            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
    450            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
    451            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
    452            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
    453            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
    454            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
    455            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
    456            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
    457            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
    458            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
    459            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
    460            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
    461            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
    462            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
    463            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
    464            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
    465            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
    466        }
    467
    468        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    469            TokenType.DOT,
    470            TokenType.MOD,
    471            TokenType.SLASH,
    472        }
    473
    474        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
    475
    476        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
    477
    478        def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    479            this = super()._parse_column_ops(this)
    480
    481            casts = []
    482            json_path = []
    483
    484            while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
    485                path = super()._parse_column_ops(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
    486
    487                # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
    488                # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the 2nd argument of GET_PATH
    489                while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
    490                    casts.append(path.to)
    491                    path = path.this
    492
    493                if path:
    494                    json_path.append(path.sql(dialect="snowflake", copy=False))
    495
    496            if json_path:
    497                this = self.expression(
    498                    exp.JSONExtract,
    499                    this=this,
    500                    expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path))),
    501                )
    502
    503                while casts:
    504                    this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
    505
    506            return this
    507
    508        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
    509        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
    510        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    511            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
    512
    513            if not this:
    514                return None
    515
    516            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    517            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
    518            this = _map_date_part(this)
    519            name = this.name.upper()
    520
    521            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
    522                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
    523                    scale = 10**3
    524                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
    525                    scale = 10**6
    526                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
    527                    scale = 10**9
    528                else:
    529                    scale = None
    530
    531                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
    532                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
    533
    534                if scale:
    535                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
    536
    537                return to_unix
    538
    539            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
    540
    541        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    542            if is_map:
    543                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
    544                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
    545                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
    546                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
    547
    548            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_conjunction(), explicit=True))
    549
    550        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
    551            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
    552            if not lateral:
    553                return lateral
    554
    555            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
    556                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
    557                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
    558                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
    559                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
    560                elif not table_alias:
    561                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
    562
    563            return lateral
    564
    565        def _parse_at_before(self, table: exp.Table) -> exp.Table:
    566            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
    567            index = self._index
    568            if self._match_texts(("AT", "BEFORE")):
    569                this = self._prev.text.upper()
    570                kind = (
    571                    self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    572                    and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
    573                    and self._prev.text.upper()
    574                )
    575                expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
    576
    577                if expression:
    578                    self._match_r_paren()
    579                    when = self.expression(
    580                        exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
    581                    )
    582                    table.set("when", when)
    583                else:
    584                    self._retreat(index)
    585
    586            return table
    587
    588        def _parse_table_parts(
    589            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
    590        ) -> exp.Table:
    591            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
    592            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
    593                table = self._parse_string()
    594            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
    595                table = self._parse_location_path()
    596            else:
    597                table = None
    598
    599            if table:
    600                file_format = None
    601                pattern = None
    602
    603                self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    604                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    605                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
    606                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
    607                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
    608                        )
    609                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
    610                        pattern = self._parse_string()
    611                    else:
    612                        break
    613
    614                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    615
    616                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
    617            else:
    618                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
    619
    620            return self._parse_at_before(table)
    621
    622        def _parse_id_var(
    623            self,
    624            any_token: bool = True,
    625            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    626        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    627            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
    628                identifier = (
    629                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
    630                    or self._parse_string()
    631                )
    632                self._match_r_paren()
    633                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
    634
    635            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
    636
    637        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
    638            scope = None
    639            scope_kind = None
    640
    641            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
    642            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
    643            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
    644
    645            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
    646
    647            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
    648
    649            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
    650                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
    651                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
    652                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
    653                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
    654                    if self._curr:
    655                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
    656                elif self._curr:
    657                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
    658                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
    659
    660            return self.expression(
    661                exp.Show,
    662                **{
    663                    "terse": terse,
    664                    "this": this,
    665                    "history": history,
    666                    "like": like,
    667                    "scope": scope,
    668                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
    669                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
    670                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
    671                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
    672                },
    673            )
    674
    675        def _parse_alter_table_swap(self) -> exp.SwapTable:
    676            self._match_text_seq("WITH")
    677            return self.expression(exp.SwapTable, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
    678
    679        def _parse_location(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
    680            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    681            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
    682
    683        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
    684            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
    685
    686            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
    687            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator.
    688            while self._is_connected() and not self._match(TokenType.COMMA, advance=False):
    689                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
    690
    691            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION: 'MATCH_CONDITION'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function _date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function _build_regexp_replace>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <function _build_timestamp_from_parts>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <function _build_timestamp_from_parts>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'BITXOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BIT_XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BOOLXOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function _build_convert_timezone>, 'DATEADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'DIV0': <function _build_if_from_div0>, 'GET_PATH': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'IFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'LISTAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'MEDIAN': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'NULLIFZERO': <function _build_if_from_nullifzero>, 'OBJECT_CONSTRUCT': <function _build_object_construct>, 'REGEXP_SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'RLIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'SQUARE': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIMEADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'TIMEDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'TIMESTAMPADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'TRY_TO_DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIME': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_VARCHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'ZEROIFNULL': <function _build_if_from_zeroifnull>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_PART': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
TIMESTAMPS = {<TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE_ANY: 'LIKE_ANY'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: 'ILIKE_ANY'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>}
ALTER_PARSERS = {'ADD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ALTER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DELETE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DROP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RENAME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNSET': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SWAP': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>: <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
PROPERTY_PARSERS = {'ALGORITHM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BACKUP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BLOCKCOMPRESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARSET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECKSUM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONTAINS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COPY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATABLOCKSIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFINER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DETERMINISTIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENGINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXECUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTERNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FALLBACK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FREESPACE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOBAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'HEAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ICEBERG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IMMUTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INHERITS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOURNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LANGUAGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAYOUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIFETIME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCATION': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCKING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATERIALIZED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MERGEBLOCKRATIO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MODIFIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MULTISET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ORDER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OUTPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RANGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'READS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REMOTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RETURNS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAMPLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SETTINGS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHARING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SOURCE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STORED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSTEM_VERSIONING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TBLPROPERTIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMPORARY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSIENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'USING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNLOGGED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VOLATILE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
SHOW_PARSERS = {'SCHEMAS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE SCHEMAS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'OBJECTS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE OBJECTS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'VIEWS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE VIEWS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'PRIMARY KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE PRIMARY KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'IMPORTED KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE IMPORTED KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'UNIQUE KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE UNIQUE KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'SEQUENCES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE SEQUENCES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'COLUMNS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'USERS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE USERS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>}
STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>}
FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ['SEQ', 'KEY', 'PATH', 'INDEX', 'VALUE', 'THIS']
SCHEMA_KINDS = {'UNIQUE KEYS', 'SEQUENCES', 'OBJECTS', 'VIEWS', 'TABLES', 'IMPORTED KEYS'}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {'SCHEMAS': {0: True}, 'TERSE': {'SCHEMAS': {0: True}, 'OBJECTS': {0: True}, 'TABLES': {0: True}, 'VIEWS': {0: True}, 'PRIMARY': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'IMPORTED': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'UNIQUE': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'SEQUENCES': {0: True}, 'USERS': {0: True}}, 'OBJECTS': {0: True}, 'TABLES': {0: True}, 'VIEWS': {0: True}, 'PRIMARY': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'IMPORTED': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'UNIQUE': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'SEQUENCES': {0: True}, 'COLUMNS': {0: True}, 'USERS': {0: True}}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  INTERVAL_VARS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  BITWISE
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
  UNION_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class Snowflake.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    693    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    694        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    695        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    696        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
    697        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
    698
    699        KEYWORDS = {
    700            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    701            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
    702            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    703            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    704            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    705            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
    706            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
    707            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
    708            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    709            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    710            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    711            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    712            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    713            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
    714            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
    715            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
    716            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    717            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    718            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
    719            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    720            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    721            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    722            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    723            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    724        }
    725
    726        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    727            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    728            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    729        }
    730
    731        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
    732
    733        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}

STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\', "'"]
HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
RAW_STRINGS = ['$$']
COMMENTS = ['--', '//', ('/*', '*/')]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'BYTEINT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'CHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'ILIKE ANY': <TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: 'ILIKE_ANY'>, 'LIKE ANY': <TokenType.LIKE_ANY: 'LIKE_ANY'>, 'MATCH_CONDITION': <TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION: 'MATCH_CONDITION'>, 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE': <TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>, 'MINUS': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'NCHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'PUT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REMOVE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'SQL_DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'SQL_VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'STORAGE INTEGRATION': <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMP_TZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, "'": <TokenType.QUOTE: 'QUOTE'>, '`': <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, '"': <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}
VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {'$'}
COMMANDS = {<TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  QUOTES
  HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER
  HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class Snowflake.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

     735    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     736        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     737        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
     738        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
     739        JOIN_HINTS = False
     740        TABLE_HINTS = False
     741        QUERY_HINTS = False
     742        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
     743        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
     744        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
     745        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
     746        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     747        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
     748        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     749
     750        TRANSFORMS = {
     751            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     752            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
     753            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
     754            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
     755            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
     756            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
     757            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
     758            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     759                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
     760            ),
     761            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
     762            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
     763            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     764            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     765            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     766            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     767            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     768            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     769            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
     770            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
     771            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     772                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
     773            ),
     774            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
     775                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
     776            ),
     777            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
     778            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
     779            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func("GET_PATH", e.this, e.expression),
     780            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
     781                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
     782            ),
     783            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
     784            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
     785            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
     786            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
     787            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     788            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     789            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     790            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
     791            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
     792                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     793            ),
     794            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
     795                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     796            ),
     797            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
     798            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
     799            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     800            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     801                [
     802                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     803                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
     804                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     805                ]
     806            ),
     807            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     808            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     809            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
     810            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     811                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     812            ),
     813            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     814            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
     815            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
     816            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     817                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
     818            ),
     819            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
     820            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     821            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     822                "TO_CHAR", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), self.format_time(e)
     823            ),
     824            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
     825            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
     826            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
     827            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
     828            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     829            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     830            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
     831                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
     832            ),
     833            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
     834            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     835            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     836            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
     837        }
     838
     839        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     840            exp.JSONPathKey,
     841            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     842            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     843        }
     844
     845        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     846            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     847            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
     848            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
     849            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
     850        }
     851
     852        STAR_MAPPING = {
     853            "except": "EXCLUDE",
     854            "replace": "RENAME",
     855        }
     856
     857        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     858            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     859            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     860            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     861        }
     862
     863        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
     864            exp.Struct,
     865        }
     866
     867        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
     868            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
     869                values_as_table = False
     870
     871            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
     872
     873        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     874            expressions = expression.expressions
     875            if (
     876                expressions
     877                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
     878                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
     879            ):
     880                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
     881                return "OBJECT"
     882
     883            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
     884
     885        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
     886            return self.func(
     887                "TO_NUMBER",
     888                expression.this,
     889                expression.args.get("format"),
     890                expression.args.get("precision"),
     891                expression.args.get("scale"),
     892            )
     893
     894        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     895            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     896            if milli is not None:
     897                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
     898                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
     899
     900            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
     901
     902        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
     903            value = expression.this
     904
     905            if value.type is None:
     906                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     907
     908                value = annotate_types(value)
     909
     910            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
     911                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
     912
     913            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
     914            return self.cast_sql(expression)
     915
     916        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
     917            if not expression.expression:
     918                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
     919
     920            return super().log_sql(expression)
     921
     922        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
     923            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     924            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
     925
     926            columns = [
     927                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
     928                exp.to_identifier("key"),
     929                exp.to_identifier("path"),
     930                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
     931                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
     932                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
     933                exp.to_identifier("this"),
     934            ]
     935
     936            if unnest_alias:
     937                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
     938            else:
     939                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
     940
     941            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
     942            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
     943            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
     944            return f"{explode}{alias}"
     945
     946        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     947            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
     948            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
     949            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
     950            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
     951
     952            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
     953            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
     954
     955            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
     956            if scope_kind:
     957                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
     958
     959            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
     960            if starts_with:
     961                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
     962
     963            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
     964
     965            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
     966            if from_:
     967                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
     968
     969            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
     970
     971        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
     972            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
     973            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
     974            group = expression.args.get("group")
     975            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
     976            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
     977            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
     978
     979            return self.func(
     980                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
     981                expression.this,
     982                expression.expression,
     983                position,
     984                occurrence,
     985                parameters,
     986                group,
     987            )
     988
     989        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
     990            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     991                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     992            return super().except_op(expression)
     993
     994        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
     995            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     996                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     997            return super().intersect_op(expression)
     998
     999        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1000            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1001            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1002            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1003            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1004            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1005            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1006            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
    1007
    1008        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1009            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1010        ) -> str:
    1011            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1012            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1013            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1014            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1015            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
    1016
    1017        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
    1018            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1019            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"
    1020
    1021        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    1022            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")
    1023
    1024        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1025            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    1026
    1027        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1028            keys = []
    1029            values = []
    1030
    1031            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1032                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1033                    keys.append(
    1034                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1035                    )
    1036                    values.append(e.expression)
    1037                else:
    1038                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1039                    values.append(e)
    1040
    1041            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
INSERT_OVERWRITE = ' OVERWRITE INTO'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromTimeZone'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function _regexpilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.NESTED: 'NESTED'>: 'OBJECT', <Type.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>: 'OBJECT', <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'}
STAR_MAPPING = {'except': 'EXCLUDE', 'replace': 'RENAME'}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>}
def values_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: View Source

    867        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
    868            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
    869                values_as_table = False
    870
    871            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)

def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType ) -> str: View Source

    873        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    874            expressions = expression.expressions
    875            if (
    876                expressions
    877                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
    878                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
    879            ):
    880                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
    881                return "OBJECT"
    882
    883            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

def tonumber_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber ) -> str: View Source

    885        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    886            return self.func(
    887                "TO_NUMBER",
    888                expression.this,
    889                expression.args.get("format"),
    890                expression.args.get("precision"),
    891                expression.args.get("scale"),
    892            )

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts ) -> str: View Source

    894        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    895            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    896            if milli is not None:
    897                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
    898                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
    899
    900            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)

def trycast_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast ) -> str: View Source

    902        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    903            value = expression.this
    904
    905            if value.type is None:
    906                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    907
    908                value = annotate_types(value)
    909
    910            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
    911                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
    912
    913            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
    914            return self.cast_sql(expression)

def log_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Log ) -> str: View Source

    916        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
    917            if not expression.expression:
    918                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
    919
    920            return super().log_sql(expression)

def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest ) -> str: View Source

    922        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    923            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    924            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    925
    926            columns = [
    927                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
    928                exp.to_identifier("key"),
    929                exp.to_identifier("path"),
    930                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
    931                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
    932                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
    933                exp.to_identifier("this"),
    934            ]
    935
    936            if unnest_alias:
    937                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
    938            else:
    939                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
    940
    941            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
    942            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
    943            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    944            return f"{explode}{alias}"

def show_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Show ) -> str: View Source

    946        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
    947            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
    948            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
    949            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
    950            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
    951
    952            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
    953            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
    954
    955            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
    956            if scope_kind:
    957                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
    958
    959            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
    960            if starts_with:
    961                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
    962
    963            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
    964
    965            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
    966            if from_:
    967                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
    968
    969            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"

def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract ) -> str: View Source

    971        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    972            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
    973            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
    974            group = expression.args.get("group")
    975            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
    976            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
    977            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
    978
    979            return self.func(
    980                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
    981                expression.this,
    982                expression.expression,
    983                position,
    984                occurrence,
    985                parameters,
    986                group,
    987            )

def except_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Except ) -> str: View Source

    989        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
    990            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
    991                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    992            return super().except_op(expression)

def intersect_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Intersect ) -> str: View Source

    994        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
    995            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
    996                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    997            return super().intersect_op(expression)

def describe_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Describe ) -> str: View Source

     999        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1000            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1001            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1002            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1003            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1004            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1005            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1006            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"

def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint ) -> str: View Source

    1008        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1009            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1010        ) -> str:
    1011            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1012            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1013            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1014            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1015            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

def swaptable_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable ) -> str: View Source

    1017        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
    1018            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1019            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"

def with_properties(self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties ) -> str: View Source

    1021        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    1022            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")

def cluster_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cluster ) -> str: View Source

    1024        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1025            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"

def struct_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Struct ) -> str: View Source

    1027        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1028            keys = []
    1029            values = []
    1030
    1031            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1032                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1033                    keys.append(
    1034                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1035                    )
    1036                    values.append(e.expression)
    1037                else:
    1038                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1039                    values.append(e)
    1040
    1041            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXPLICIT_UNION
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_FETCH
  RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  NVL2_SUPPORTED
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
  SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
  OUTER_UNION_MODIFIERS
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  except_sql
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  intersect_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  queryoption_sql
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  set_operations
  union_sql
  union_op
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  bracket_sql
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  currenttimestamp_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  renametable_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  altertable_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  operator_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  generateseries_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql