# sqlglot.dialects.dialect API documentation

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# sqlglot.dialects.dialect

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import logging
       4import typing as t
       5from enum import Enum, auto
       6from functools import reduce
       7
       8from sqlglot import exp
       9from sqlglot.errors import ParseError
      10from sqlglot.generator import Generator
      11from sqlglot.helper import AutoName, flatten, is_int, seq_get
      12from sqlglot.jsonpath import parse as parse_json_path
      13from sqlglot.parser import Parser
      14from sqlglot.time import TIMEZONES, format_time
      15from sqlglot.tokens import Token, Tokenizer, TokenType
      16from sqlglot.trie import new_trie
      17
      18DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF = t.Union[exp.DateAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateDiff, exp.TsOrDsDiff]
      19DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = t.Union[exp.DateAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateSub]
      20JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE = t.Union[exp.JSONExtract, exp.JSONExtractScalar]
      21
      22
      23if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      24    from sqlglot._typing import B, E, F
      25
      26logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot")
      27
      28
      29class Dialects(str, Enum):
      30    """Dialects supported by SQLGLot."""
      31
      32    DIALECT = ""
      33
      34    ATHENA = "athena"
      35    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
      36    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
      37    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
      38    DORIS = "doris"
      39    DRILL = "drill"
      40    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
      41    HIVE = "hive"
      42    MYSQL = "mysql"
      43    ORACLE = "oracle"
      44    POSTGRES = "postgres"
      45    PRESTO = "presto"
      46    PRQL = "prql"
      47    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
      48    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
      49    SPARK = "spark"
      50    SPARK2 = "spark2"
      51    SQLITE = "sqlite"
      52    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
      53    TABLEAU = "tableau"
      54    TERADATA = "teradata"
      55    TRINO = "trino"
      56    TSQL = "tsql"
      57
      58
      59class NormalizationStrategy(str, AutoName):
      60    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
      61
      62    LOWERCASE = auto()
      63    """Unquoted identifiers are lowercased."""
      64
      65    UPPERCASE = auto()
      66    """Unquoted identifiers are uppercased."""
      67
      68    CASE_SENSITIVE = auto()
      69    """Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes."""
      70
      71    CASE_INSENSITIVE = auto()
      72    """Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes."""
      73
      74
      75class _Dialect(type):
      76    classes: t.Dict[str, t.Type[Dialect]] = {}
      77
      78    def __eq__(cls, other: t.Any) -> bool:
      79        if cls is other:
      80            return True
      81        if isinstance(other, str):
      82            return cls is cls.get(other)
      83        if isinstance(other, Dialect):
      84            return cls is type(other)
      85
      86        return False
      87
      88    def __hash__(cls) -> int:
      89        return hash(cls.__name__.lower())
      90
      91    @classmethod
      92    def __getitem__(cls, key: str) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
      93        return cls.classes[key]
      94
      95    @classmethod
      96    def get(
      97        cls, key: str, default: t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]] = None
      98    ) -> t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]]:
      99        return cls.classes.get(key, default)
     100
     101    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs):
     102        klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs)
     103        enum = Dialects.__members__.get(clsname.upper())
     104        cls.classes[enum.value if enum is not None else clsname.lower()] = klass
     105
     106        klass.TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.TIME_MAPPING)
     107        klass.FORMAT_TRIE = (
     108            new_trie(klass.FORMAT_MAPPING) if klass.FORMAT_MAPPING else klass.TIME_TRIE
     109        )
     110        klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING = {v: k for k, v in klass.TIME_MAPPING.items()}
     111        klass.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
     112
     113        base = seq_get(bases, 0)
     114        base_tokenizer = (getattr(base, "tokenizer_class", Tokenizer),)
     115        base_parser = (getattr(base, "parser_class", Parser),)
     116        base_generator = (getattr(base, "generator_class", Generator),)
     117
     118        klass.tokenizer_class = klass.__dict__.get(
     119            "Tokenizer", type("Tokenizer", base_tokenizer, {})
     120        )
     121        klass.parser_class = klass.__dict__.get("Parser", type("Parser", base_parser, {}))
     122        klass.generator_class = klass.__dict__.get(
     123            "Generator", type("Generator", base_generator, {})
     124        )
     125
     126        klass.QUOTE_START, klass.QUOTE_END = list(klass.tokenizer_class._QUOTES.items())[0]
     127        klass.IDENTIFIER_START, klass.IDENTIFIER_END = list(
     128            klass.tokenizer_class._IDENTIFIERS.items()
     129        )[0]
     130
     131        def get_start_end(token_type: TokenType) -> t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], t.Optional[str]]:
     132            return next(
     133                (
     134                    (s, e)
     135                    for s, (e, t) in klass.tokenizer_class._FORMAT_STRINGS.items()
     136                    if t == token_type
     137                ),
     138                (None, None),
     139            )
     140
     141        klass.BIT_START, klass.BIT_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BIT_STRING)
     142        klass.HEX_START, klass.HEX_END = get_start_end(TokenType.HEX_STRING)
     143        klass.BYTE_START, klass.BYTE_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BYTE_STRING)
     144        klass.UNICODE_START, klass.UNICODE_END = get_start_end(TokenType.UNICODE_STRING)
     145
     146        if "\\" in klass.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES:
     147            klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {
     148                "\\a": "\a",
     149                "\\b": "\b",
     150                "\\f": "\f",
     151                "\\n": "\n",
     152                "\\r": "\r",
     153                "\\t": "\t",
     154                "\\v": "\v",
     155                "\\\\": "\\",
     156                **klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES,
     157            }
     158
     159        klass.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {v: k for k, v in klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES.items()}
     160
     161        if enum not in ("", "bigquery"):
     162            klass.generator_class.SELECT_KINDS = ()
     163
     164        if enum not in ("", "databricks", "hive", "spark", "spark2"):
     165            modifier_transforms = klass.generator_class.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.copy()
     166            for modifier in ("cluster", "distribute", "sort"):
     167                modifier_transforms.pop(modifier, None)
     168
     169            klass.generator_class.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = modifier_transforms
     170
     171        if not klass.SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN:
     172            klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {
     173                TokenType.ANTI,
     174                TokenType.SEMI,
     175            }
     176
     177        return klass
     178
     179
     180class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
     181    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
     182    """The base index offset for arrays."""
     183
     184    WEEK_OFFSET = 0
     185    """First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday."""
     186
     187    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
     188    """Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases."""
     189
     190    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
     191    """Whether the table alias comes after tablesample."""
     192
     193    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False
     194    """Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage."""
     195
     196    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE
     197    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
     198
     199    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
     200    """Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit."""
     201
     202    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
     203    """Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator."""
     204
     205    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
     206    """Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings."""
     207
     208    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
     209    """Whether user-defined data types are supported."""
     210
     211    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True
     212    """Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported."""
     213
     214    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
     215    """
     216    Determines how function names are going to be normalized.
     217    Possible values:
     218        "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase.
     219        "lower": Convert names to lowercase.
     220        False: Disables function name normalization.
     221    """
     222
     223    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = True
     224    """
     225    Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function.
     226    Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)
     227    """
     228
     229    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
     230    """
     231    Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set.
     232    Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`
     233    """
     234
     235    TYPED_DIVISION = False
     236    """
     237    Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`.
     238    False means `a / b` is always float division.
     239    True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.
     240    """
     241
     242    SAFE_DIVISION = False
     243    """Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`)."""
     244
     245    CONCAT_COALESCE = False
     246    """A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string."""
     247
     248    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
     249    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
     250    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
     251
     252    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     253    """Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats."""
     254
     255    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
     256    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
     257    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     258    """
     259    Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`.
     260    If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.
     261    """
     262
     263    UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     264    """Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\\n`) to its unescaped version (`\n`)."""
     265
     266    PSEUDOCOLUMNS: t.Set[str] = set()
     267    """
     268    Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect.
     269    For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.
     270    """
     271
     272    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False
     273    """
     274    Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the
     275    HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override
     276    any projection aliases in the subquery.
     277
     278    For example,
     279        WITH y(c) AS (
     280            SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0
     281        ) SELECT c FROM y;
     282
     283        will be rewritten as
     284
     285        WITH y(c) AS (
     286            SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
     287        ) SELECT c FROM y;
     288    """
     289
     290    # --- Autofilled ---
     291
     292    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
     293    parser_class = Parser
     294    generator_class = Generator
     295
     296    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
     297    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     298    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     299
     300    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     301    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     302
     303    ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     304
     305    # Delimiters for string literals and identifiers
     306    QUOTE_START = "'"
     307    QUOTE_END = "'"
     308    IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
     309    IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
     310
     311    # Delimiters for bit, hex, byte and unicode literals
     312    BIT_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     313    BIT_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     314    HEX_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     315    HEX_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     316    BYTE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     317    BYTE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     318    UNICODE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     319    UNICODE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     320
     321    @classmethod
     322    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
     323        """
     324        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
     325
     326        Args:
     327            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
     328                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
     329                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
     330
     331        Example:
     332            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
     333            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
     334
     335        Returns:
     336            The corresponding Dialect instance.
     337        """
     338
     339        if not dialect:
     340            return cls()
     341        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
     342            return dialect()
     343        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
     344            return dialect
     345        if isinstance(dialect, str):
     346            try:
     347                dialect_name, *kv_pairs = dialect.split(",")
     348                kwargs = {k.strip(): v.strip() for k, v in (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_pairs)}
     349            except ValueError:
     350                raise ValueError(
     351                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
     352                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
     353                )
     354
     355            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
     356            if not result:
     357                from difflib import get_close_matches
     358
     359                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
     360                if similar:
     361                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
     362
     363                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
     364
     365            return result(**kwargs)
     366
     367        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")
     368
     369    @classmethod
     370    def format_time(
     371        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
     372    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     373        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
     374        if isinstance(expression, str):
     375            return exp.Literal.string(
     376                # the time formats are quoted
     377                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
     378            )
     379
     380        if expression and expression.is_string:
     381            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
     382
     383        return expression
     384
     385    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
     386        normalization_strategy = kwargs.get("normalization_strategy")
     387
     388        if normalization_strategy is None:
     389            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
     390        else:
     391            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())
     392
     393    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
     394        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
     395        return type(self) == other
     396
     397    def __hash__(self) -> int:
     398        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
     399        return hash(type(self))
     400
     401    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
     402        """
     403        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
     404
     405        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
     406        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
     407        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
     408        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
     409
     410        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
     411        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
     412        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
     413
     414        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
     415        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
     416
     417        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
     418        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
     419        """
     420        if (
     421            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
     422            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
     423            and (
     424                not expression.quoted
     425                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     426            )
     427        ):
     428            expression.set(
     429                "this",
     430                (
     431                    expression.this.upper()
     432                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     433                    else expression.this.lower()
     434                ),
     435            )
     436
     437        return expression
     438
     439    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
     440        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
     441        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
     442            return False
     443
     444        unsafe = (
     445            str.islower
     446            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     447            else str.isupper
     448        )
     449        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
     450
     451    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
     452        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
     453
     454        Args:
     455            text: The text to check.
     456            identify:
     457                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
     458                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
     459
     460        Returns:
     461            Whether the given text can be identified.
     462        """
     463        if identify is True or identify == "always":
     464            return True
     465
     466        if identify == "safe":
     467            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
     468
     469        return False
     470
     471    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
     472        """
     473        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
     474
     475        Args:
     476            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
     477            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
     478                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
     479        """
     480        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
     481            name = expression.this
     482            expression.set(
     483                "quoted",
     484                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
     485            )
     486
     487        return expression
     488
     489    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     490        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
     491            path_text = path.name
     492            if path.is_number:
     493                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
     494
     495            try:
     496                return parse_json_path(path_text)
     497            except ParseError as e:
     498                logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
     499
     500        return path
     501
     502    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
     503        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
     504
     505    def parse_into(
     506        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
     507    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
     508        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
     509
     510    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
     511        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)
     512
     513    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
     514        return [
     515            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
     516            for expression in self.parse(sql)
     517        ]
     518
     519    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
     520        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
     521
     522    @property
     523    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
     524        if not hasattr(self, "_tokenizer"):
     525            self._tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
     526        return self._tokenizer
     527
     528    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
     529        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)
     530
     531    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
     532        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)
     533
     534
     535DialectType = t.Union[str, Dialect, t.Type[Dialect], None]
     536
     537
     538def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
     539    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))
     540
     541
     542def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
     543    if expression.args.get("accuracy"):
     544        self.unsupported("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy")
     545    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)
     546
     547
     548def if_sql(
     549    name: str = "IF", false_value: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str] = None
     550) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.If], str]:
     551    def _if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
     552        return self.func(
     553            name,
     554            expression.this,
     555            expression.args.get("true"),
     556            expression.args.get("false") or false_value,
     557        )
     558
     559    return _if_sql
     560
     561
     562def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
     563    this = expression.this
     564    if self.JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION and isinstance(this, exp.Literal) and this.is_string:
     565        this.replace(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
     566
     567    return self.binary(expression, "->" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONExtract) else "->>")
     568
     569
     570def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
     571    return f"[{self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)}]"
     572
     573
     574def inline_array_unless_query(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
     575    elem = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
     576    if isinstance(elem, exp.Expression) and elem.find(exp.Query):
     577        return self.func("ARRAY", elem)
     578    return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
     579
     580
     581def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
     582    return self.like_sql(
     583        exp.Like(this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this), expression=expression.expression)
     584    )
     585
     586
     587def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
     588    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
     589    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"
     590
     591
     592def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
     593    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
     594        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
     595        expression.args["recursive"] = False
     596    return self.with_sql(expression)
     597
     598
     599def no_safe_divide_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SafeDivide) -> str:
     600    n = self.sql(expression, "this")
     601    d = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     602    return f"IF(({d}) <> 0, ({n}) / ({d}), NULL)"
     603
     604
     605def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
     606    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
     607    return self.sql(expression.this)
     608
     609
     610def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
     611    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
     612    return ""
     613
     614
     615def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
     616    return self.cast_sql(expression)
     617
     618
     619def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
     620    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
     621) -> str:
     622    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
     623    return ""
     624
     625
     626def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
     627    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
     628    return ""
     629
     630
     631def str_position_sql(
     632    self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition, generate_instance: bool = False
     633) -> str:
     634    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     635    substr = self.sql(expression, "substr")
     636    position = self.sql(expression, "position")
     637    instance = expression.args.get("instance") if generate_instance else None
     638    position_offset = ""
     639
     640    if position:
     641        # Normalize third 'pos' argument into 'SUBSTR(..) + offset' across dialects
     642        this = self.func("SUBSTR", this, position)
     643        position_offset = f" + {position} - 1"
     644
     645    return self.func("STRPOS", this, substr, instance) + position_offset
     646
     647
     648def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
     649    return (
     650        f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(exp.to_identifier(expression.expression.name))}"
     651    )
     652
     653
     654def var_map_sql(
     655    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
     656) -> str:
     657    keys = expression.args["keys"]
     658    values = expression.args["values"]
     659
     660    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
     661        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
     662        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
     663
     664    args = []
     665    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
     666        args.append(self.sql(key))
     667        args.append(self.sql(value))
     668
     669    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)
     670
     671
     672def build_formatted_time(
     673    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
     674) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     675    """Helper used for time expressions.
     676
     677    Args:
     678        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
     679        dialect: target sql dialect.
     680        default: the default format, True being time.
     681
     682    Returns:
     683        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
     684    """
     685
     686    def _builder(args: t.List):
     687        return exp_class(
     688            this=seq_get(args, 0),
     689            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
     690                seq_get(args, 1)
     691                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
     692            ),
     693        )
     694
     695    return _builder
     696
     697
     698def time_format(
     699    dialect: DialectType = None,
     700) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix], t.Optional[str]]:
     701    def _time_format(self: Generator, expression: exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix) -> t.Optional[str]:
     702        """
     703        Returns the time format for a given expression, unless it's equivalent
     704        to the default time format of the dialect of interest.
     705        """
     706        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
     707        return time_format if time_format != Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).TIME_FORMAT else None
     708
     709    return _time_format
     710
     711
     712def build_date_delta(
     713    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
     714) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     715    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
     716        unit_based = len(args) == 3
     717        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
     718        unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string("DAY")
     719        unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
     720        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
     721
     722    return _builder
     723
     724
     725def build_date_delta_with_interval(
     726    expression_class: t.Type[E],
     727) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
     728    def _builder(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
     729        if len(args) < 2:
     730            return None
     731
     732        interval = args[1]
     733
     734        if not isinstance(interval, exp.Interval):
     735            raise ParseError(f"INTERVAL expression expected but got '{interval}'")
     736
     737        expression = interval.this
     738        if expression and expression.is_string:
     739            expression = exp.Literal.number(expression.this)
     740
     741        return expression_class(this=args[0], expression=expression, unit=unit_to_str(interval))
     742
     743    return _builder
     744
     745
     746def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
     747    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
     748    this = seq_get(args, 1)
     749
     750    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
     751        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
     752    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)
     753
     754
     755def date_add_interval_sql(
     756    data_type: str, kind: str
     757) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
     758    def func(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
     759        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     760        interval = exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression))
     761        return f"{data_type}_{kind}({this}, {self.sql(interval)})"
     762
     763    return func
     764
     765
     766def timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
     767    return self.func("DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(expression), expression.this)
     768
     769
     770def no_timestamp_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Timestamp) -> str:
     771    if not expression.expression:
     772        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     773
     774        target_type = annotate_types(expression).type or exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
     775        return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, target_type))
     776    if expression.text("expression").lower() in TIMEZONES:
     777        return self.sql(
     778            exp.AtTimeZone(
     779                this=exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     780                zone=expression.expression,
     781            )
     782        )
     783    return self.func("TIMESTAMP", expression.this, expression.expression)
     784
     785
     786def locate_to_strposition(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     787    return exp.StrPosition(
     788        this=seq_get(args, 1), substr=seq_get(args, 0), position=seq_get(args, 2)
     789    )
     790
     791
     792def strposition_to_locate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
     793    return self.func(
     794        "LOCATE", expression.args.get("substr"), expression.this, expression.args.get("position")
     795    )
     796
     797
     798def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
     799    return self.sql(
     800        exp.Substring(
     801            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
     802        )
     803    )
     804
     805
     806def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
     807    return self.sql(
     808        exp.Substring(
     809            this=expression.this,
     810            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
     811        )
     812    )
     813
     814
     815def timestrtotime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime) -> str:
     816    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))
     817
     818
     819def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
     820    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
     821
     822
     823# Used for Presto and Duckdb which use functions that don't support charset, and assume utf-8
     824def encode_decode_sql(
     825    self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True
     826) -> str:
     827    charset = expression.args.get("charset")
     828    if charset and charset.name.lower() != "utf-8":
     829        self.unsupported(f"Expected utf-8 character set, got {charset}.")
     830
     831    return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.args.get("replace") if replace else None)
     832
     833
     834def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
     835    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
     836    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
     837
     838
     839def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
     840    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
     841    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
     842
     843
     844def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
     845    cond = expression.this
     846
     847    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
     848        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
     849        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
     850
     851    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond, 1, 0))
     852
     853
     854def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
     855    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
     856    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
     857    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     858    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
     859
     860    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
     861    if not remove_chars and not collation:
     862        return self.trim_sql(expression)
     863
     864    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
     865    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
     866    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
     867    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
     868    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"
     869
     870
     871def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
     872    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))
     873
     874
     875def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat) -> str:
     876    return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=y), expression.expressions))
     877
     878
     879def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str:
     880    delim, *rest_args = expression.expressions
     881    return self.sql(
     882        reduce(
     883            lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=exp.DPipe(this=delim, expression=y)),
     884            rest_args,
     885        )
     886    )
     887
     888
     889def regexp_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
     890    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
     891    if bad_args:
     892        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_EXTRACT does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
     893
     894    return self.func(
     895        "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("group")
     896    )
     897
     898
     899def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
     900    bad_args = list(
     901        filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters", "modifiers"))
     902    )
     903    if bad_args:
     904        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_REPLACE does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
     905
     906    return self.func(
     907        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
     908    )
     909
     910
     911def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
     912    names = []
     913    for agg in aggregations:
     914        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
     915            names.append(agg.alias)
     916        else:
     917            """
     918            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
     919            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
     920            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
     921            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
     922            """
     923            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
     924                lambda node: (
     925                    exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
     926                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
     927                    else node
     928                )
     929            )
     930            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
     931
     932    return names
     933
     934
     935def binary_from_function(expr_type: t.Type[B]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], B]:
     936    return lambda args: expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))
     937
     938
     939# Used to represent DATE_TRUNC in Doris, Postgres and Starrocks dialects
     940def build_timestamp_trunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
     941    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
     942
     943
     944def any_value_to_max_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
     945    return self.func("MAX", expression.this)
     946
     947
     948def bool_xor_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Xor) -> str:
     949    a = self.sql(expression.left)
     950    b = self.sql(expression.right)
     951    return f"({a} AND (NOT {b})) OR ((NOT {a}) AND {b})"
     952
     953
     954def is_parse_json(expression: exp.Expression) -> bool:
     955    return isinstance(expression, exp.ParseJSON) or (
     956        isinstance(expression, exp.Cast) and expression.is_type("json")
     957    )
     958
     959
     960def isnull_to_is_null(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     961    return exp.Paren(this=exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.null()))
     962
     963
     964def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
     965    self: Generator, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
     966) -> str:
     967    start = self.sql(expression, "start") or "1"
     968    increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") or "1"
     969    return f"IDENTITY({start}, {increment})"
     970
     971
     972def arg_max_or_min_no_count(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin], str]:
     973    def _arg_max_or_min_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin) -> str:
     974        if expression.args.get("count"):
     975            self.unsupported(f"Only two arguments are supported in function {name}.")
     976
     977        return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.expression)
     978
     979    return _arg_max_or_min_sql
     980
     981
     982def ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> exp.TsOrDsAdd:
     983    this = expression.this.copy()
     984
     985    return_type = expression.return_type
     986    if return_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE):
     987        # If we need to cast to a DATE, we cast to TIMESTAMP first to make sure we
     988        # can truncate timestamp strings, because some dialects can't cast them to DATE
     989        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
     990
     991    expression.this.replace(exp.cast(this, return_type))
     992    return expression
     993
     994
     995def date_delta_sql(name: str, cast: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF], str]:
     996    def _delta_sql(self: Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF) -> str:
     997        if cast and isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
     998            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
     999
    1000        return self.func(
    1001            name,
    1002            unit_to_var(expression),
    1003            expression.expression,
    1004            expression.this,
    1005        )
    1006
    1007    return _delta_sql
    1008
    1009
    1010def unit_to_str(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1011    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1012
    1013    if isinstance(unit, exp.Placeholder):
    1014        return unit
    1015    if unit:
    1016        return exp.Literal.string(unit.name)
    1017    return exp.Literal.string(default) if default else None
    1018
    1019
    1020def unit_to_var(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1021    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1022
    1023    if isinstance(unit, (exp.Var, exp.Placeholder)):
    1024        return unit
    1025    return exp.Var(this=default) if default else None
    1026
    1027
    1028def no_last_day_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str:
    1029    trunc_curr_date = exp.func("date_trunc", "month", expression.this)
    1030    plus_one_month = exp.func("date_add", trunc_curr_date, 1, "month")
    1031    minus_one_day = exp.func("date_sub", plus_one_month, 1, "day")
    1032
    1033    return self.sql(exp.cast(minus_one_day, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
    1034
    1035
    1036def merge_without_target_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Merge) -> str:
    1037    """Remove table refs from columns in when statements."""
    1038    alias = expression.this.args.get("alias")
    1039
    1040    def normalize(identifier: t.Optional[exp.Identifier]) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1041        return self.dialect.normalize_identifier(identifier).name if identifier else None
    1042
    1043    targets = {normalize(expression.this.this)}
    1044
    1045    if alias:
    1046        targets.add(normalize(alias.this))
    1047
    1048    for when in expression.expressions:
    1049        when.transform(
    1050            lambda node: (
    1051                exp.column(node.this)
    1052                if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and normalize(node.args.get("table")) in targets
    1053                else node
    1054            ),
    1055            copy=False,
    1056        )
    1057
    1058    return self.merge_sql(expression)
    1059
    1060
    1061def build_json_extract_path(
    1062    expr_type: t.Type[F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False
    1063) -> t.Callable[[t.List], F]:
    1064    def _builder(args: t.List) -> F:
    1065        segments: t.List[exp.JSONPathPart] = [exp.JSONPathRoot()]
    1066        for arg in args[1:]:
    1067            if not isinstance(arg, exp.Literal):
    1068                # We use the fallback parser because we can't really transpile non-literals safely
    1069                return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
    1070
    1071            text = arg.name
    1072            if is_int(text):
    1073                index = int(text)
    1074                segments.append(
    1075                    exp.JSONPathSubscript(this=index if zero_based_indexing else index - 1)
    1076                )
    1077            else:
    1078                segments.append(exp.JSONPathKey(this=text))
    1079
    1080        # This is done to avoid failing in the expression validator due to the arg count
    1081        del args[2:]
    1082        return expr_type(
    1083            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1084            expression=exp.JSONPath(expressions=segments),
    1085            only_json_types=arrow_req_json_type,
    1086        )
    1087
    1088    return _builder
    1089
    1090
    1091def json_extract_segments(
    1092    name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: t.Optional[str] = None
    1093) -> t.Callable[[Generator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
    1094    def _json_extract_segments(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    1095        path = expression.expression
    1096        if not isinstance(path, exp.JSONPath):
    1097            return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1098
    1099        segments = []
    1100        for segment in path.expressions:
    1101            path = self.sql(segment)
    1102            if path:
    1103                if isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathPart) and (
    1104                    quoted_index or not isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathSubscript)
    1105                ):
    1106                    path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}"
    1107
    1108                segments.append(path)
    1109
    1110        if op:
    1111            return f" {op} ".join([self.sql(expression.this), *segments])
    1112        return self.func(name, expression.this, *segments)
    1113
    1114    return _json_extract_segments
    1115
    1116
    1117def json_path_key_only_name(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str:
    1118    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.JSONPathWildcard):
    1119        self.unsupported("Unsupported wildcard in JSONPathKey expression")
    1120
    1121    return expression.name
    1122
    1123
    1124def filter_array_using_unnest(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArrayFilter) -> str:
    1125    cond = expression.expression
    1126    if isinstance(cond, exp.Lambda) and len(cond.expressions) == 1:
    1127        alias = cond.expressions[0]
    1128        cond = cond.this
    1129    elif isinstance(cond, exp.Predicate):
    1130        alias = "_u"
    1131    else:
    1132        self.unsupported("Unsupported filter condition")
    1133        return ""
    1134
    1135    unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.this])
    1136    filtered = exp.select(alias).from_(exp.alias_(unnest, None, table=[alias])).where(cond)
    1137    return self.sql(exp.Array(expressions=[filtered]))
    1138
    1139
    1140def to_number_with_nls_param(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1141    return self.func(
    1142        "TO_NUMBER",
    1143        expression.this,
    1144        expression.args.get("format"),
    1145        expression.args.get("nlsparam"),
    1146    )

DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff]
DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateSub]
JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract, sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar]
logger = <Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
class Dialects(builtins.str, enum.Enum): View Source

    30class Dialects(str, Enum):
    31    """Dialects supported by SQLGLot."""
    32
    33    DIALECT = ""
    34
    35    ATHENA = "athena"
    36    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
    37    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
    38    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
    39    DORIS = "doris"
    40    DRILL = "drill"
    41    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
    42    HIVE = "hive"
    43    MYSQL = "mysql"
    44    ORACLE = "oracle"
    45    POSTGRES = "postgres"
    46    PRESTO = "presto"
    47    PRQL = "prql"
    48    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
    49    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
    50    SPARK = "spark"
    51    SPARK2 = "spark2"
    52    SQLITE = "sqlite"
    53    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
    54    TABLEAU = "tableau"
    55    TERADATA = "teradata"
    56    TRINO = "trino"
    57    TSQL = "tsql"

Dialects supported by SQLGLot.

DIALECT = <Dialects.DIALECT: ''>
ATHENA = <Dialects.ATHENA: 'athena'>
BIGQUERY = <Dialects.BIGQUERY: 'bigquery'>
CLICKHOUSE = <Dialects.CLICKHOUSE: 'clickhouse'>
DATABRICKS = <Dialects.DATABRICKS: 'databricks'>
DORIS = <Dialects.DORIS: 'doris'>
DRILL = <Dialects.DRILL: 'drill'>
DUCKDB = <Dialects.DUCKDB: 'duckdb'>
HIVE = <Dialects.HIVE: 'hive'>
MYSQL = <Dialects.MYSQL: 'mysql'>
ORACLE = <Dialects.ORACLE: 'oracle'>
POSTGRES = <Dialects.POSTGRES: 'postgres'>
PRESTO = <Dialects.PRESTO: 'presto'>
PRQL = <Dialects.PRQL: 'prql'>
REDSHIFT = <Dialects.REDSHIFT: 'redshift'>
SNOWFLAKE = <Dialects.SNOWFLAKE: 'snowflake'>
SPARK = <Dialects.SPARK: 'spark'>
SPARK2 = <Dialects.SPARK2: 'spark2'>
SQLITE = <Dialects.SQLITE: 'sqlite'>
STARROCKS = <Dialects.STARROCKS: 'starrocks'>
TABLEAU = <Dialects.TABLEAU: 'tableau'>
TERADATA = <Dialects.TERADATA: 'teradata'>
TRINO = <Dialects.TRINO: 'trino'>
TSQL = <Dialects.TSQL: 'tsql'>

##### Inherited Members

enum.Enum
  name
  value
builtins.str
  encode
  replace
  split
  rsplit
  join
  capitalize
  casefold
  title
  center
  count
  expandtabs
  find
  partition
  index
  ljust
  lower
  lstrip
  rfind
  rindex
  rjust
  rstrip
  rpartition
  splitlines
  strip
  swapcase
  translate
  upper
  startswith
  endswith
  removeprefix
  removesuffix
  isascii
  islower
  isupper
  istitle
  isspace
  isdecimal
  isdigit
  isnumeric
  isalpha
  isalnum
  isidentifier
  isprintable
  zfill
  format
  format_map
  maketrans

class NormalizationStrategy(builtins.str, sqlglot.helper.AutoName): View Source

    60class NormalizationStrategy(str, AutoName):
    61    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
    62
    63    LOWERCASE = auto()
    64    """Unquoted identifiers are lowercased."""
    65
    66    UPPERCASE = auto()
    67    """Unquoted identifiers are uppercased."""
    68
    69    CASE_SENSITIVE = auto()
    70    """Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes."""
    71
    72    CASE_INSENSITIVE = auto()
    73    """Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes."""

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

LOWERCASE = <NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE: 'LOWERCASE'>

Unquoted identifiers are lowercased.

UPPERCASE = <NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE: 'UPPERCASE'>

Unquoted identifiers are uppercased.

CASE_SENSITIVE = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE: 'CASE_SENSITIVE'>

Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes.

CASE_INSENSITIVE = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes.

##### Inherited Members

enum.Enum
  name
  value
builtins.str
  encode
  replace
  split
  rsplit
  join
  capitalize
  casefold
  title
  center
  count
  expandtabs
  find
  partition
  index
  ljust
  lower
  lstrip
  rfind
  rindex
  rjust
  rstrip
  rpartition
  splitlines
  strip
  swapcase
  translate
  upper
  startswith
  endswith
  removeprefix
  removesuffix
  isascii
  islower
  isupper
  istitle
  isspace
  isdecimal
  isdigit
  isnumeric
  isalpha
  isalnum
  isidentifier
  isprintable
  zfill
  format
  format_map
  maketrans

class Dialect: View Source

    181class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
    182    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
    183    """The base index offset for arrays."""
    184
    185    WEEK_OFFSET = 0
    186    """First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday."""
    187
    188    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
    189    """Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases."""
    190
    191    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
    192    """Whether the table alias comes after tablesample."""
    193
    194    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False
    195    """Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage."""
    196
    197    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE
    198    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
    199
    200    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
    201    """Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit."""
    202
    203    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
    204    """Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator."""
    205
    206    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
    207    """Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings."""
    208
    209    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
    210    """Whether user-defined data types are supported."""
    211
    212    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True
    213    """Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported."""
    214
    215    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
    216    """
    217    Determines how function names are going to be normalized.
    218    Possible values:
    219        "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase.
    220        "lower": Convert names to lowercase.
    221        False: Disables function name normalization.
    222    """
    223
    224    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = True
    225    """
    226    Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function.
    227    Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)
    228    """
    229
    230    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
    231    """
    232    Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set.
    233    Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`
    234    """
    235
    236    TYPED_DIVISION = False
    237    """
    238    Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`.
    239    False means `a / b` is always float division.
    240    True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.
    241    """
    242
    243    SAFE_DIVISION = False
    244    """Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`)."""
    245
    246    CONCAT_COALESCE = False
    247    """A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string."""
    248
    249    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
    250    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
    251    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
    252
    253    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    254    """Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats."""
    255
    256    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
    257    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
    258    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    259    """
    260    Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`.
    261    If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.
    262    """
    263
    264    UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    265    """Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\\n`) to its unescaped version (`\n`)."""
    266
    267    PSEUDOCOLUMNS: t.Set[str] = set()
    268    """
    269    Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect.
    270    For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.
    271    """
    272
    273    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False
    274    """
    275    Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the
    276    HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override
    277    any projection aliases in the subquery.
    278
    279    For example,
    280        WITH y(c) AS (
    281            SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    282        ) SELECT c FROM y;
    283
    284        will be rewritten as
    285
    286        WITH y(c) AS (
    287            SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    288        ) SELECT c FROM y;
    289    """
    290
    291    # --- Autofilled ---
    292
    293    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
    294    parser_class = Parser
    295    generator_class = Generator
    296
    297    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
    298    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    299    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    300
    301    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    302    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    303
    304    ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    305
    306    # Delimiters for string literals and identifiers
    307    QUOTE_START = "'"
    308    QUOTE_END = "'"
    309    IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
    310    IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
    311
    312    # Delimiters for bit, hex, byte and unicode literals
    313    BIT_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    314    BIT_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    315    HEX_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    316    HEX_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    317    BYTE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    318    BYTE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    319    UNICODE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    320    UNICODE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    321
    322    @classmethod
    323    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
    324        """
    325        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
    326
    327        Args:
    328            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
    329                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
    330                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
    331
    332        Example:
    333            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
    334            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
    335
    336        Returns:
    337            The corresponding Dialect instance.
    338        """
    339
    340        if not dialect:
    341            return cls()
    342        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    343            return dialect()
    344        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    345            return dialect
    346        if isinstance(dialect, str):
    347            try:
    348                dialect_name, *kv_pairs = dialect.split(",")
    349                kwargs = {k.strip(): v.strip() for k, v in (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_pairs)}
    350            except ValueError:
    351                raise ValueError(
    352                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
    353                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
    354                )
    355
    356            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
    357            if not result:
    358                from difflib import get_close_matches
    359
    360                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
    361                if similar:
    362                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
    363
    364                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
    365
    366            return result(**kwargs)
    367
    368        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")
    369
    370    @classmethod
    371    def format_time(
    372        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    373    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    374        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
    375        if isinstance(expression, str):
    376            return exp.Literal.string(
    377                # the time formats are quoted
    378                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    379            )
    380
    381        if expression and expression.is_string:
    382            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    383
    384        return expression
    385
    386    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
    387        normalization_strategy = kwargs.get("normalization_strategy")
    388
    389        if normalization_strategy is None:
    390            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
    391        else:
    392            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())
    393
    394    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
    395        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
    396        return type(self) == other
    397
    398    def __hash__(self) -> int:
    399        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
    400        return hash(type(self))
    401
    402    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    403        """
    404        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
    405
    406        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
    407        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
    408        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
    409        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
    410
    411        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
    412        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
    413        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
    414
    415        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
    416        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
    417
    418        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
    419        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
    420        """
    421        if (
    422            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    423            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
    424            and (
    425                not expression.quoted
    426                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    427            )
    428        ):
    429            expression.set(
    430                "this",
    431                (
    432                    expression.this.upper()
    433                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    434                    else expression.this.lower()
    435                ),
    436            )
    437
    438        return expression
    439
    440    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
    441        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    442        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
    443            return False
    444
    445        unsafe = (
    446            str.islower
    447            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    448            else str.isupper
    449        )
    450        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
    451
    452    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    453        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    454
    455        Args:
    456            text: The text to check.
    457            identify:
    458                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
    459                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    460
    461        Returns:
    462            Whether the given text can be identified.
    463        """
    464        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    465            return True
    466
    467        if identify == "safe":
    468            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
    469
    470        return False
    471
    472    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    473        """
    474        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
    475
    476        Args:
    477            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
    478            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
    479                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
    480        """
    481        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
    482            name = expression.this
    483            expression.set(
    484                "quoted",
    485                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    486            )
    487
    488        return expression
    489
    490    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    491        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    492            path_text = path.name
    493            if path.is_number:
    494                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
    495
    496            try:
    497                return parse_json_path(path_text)
    498            except ParseError as e:
    499                logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
    500
    501        return path
    502
    503    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    504        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    505
    506    def parse_into(
    507        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    508    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    509        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    510
    511    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
    512        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)
    513
    514    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    515        return [
    516            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
    517            for expression in self.parse(sql)
    518        ]
    519
    520    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    521        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
    522
    523    @property
    524    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    525        if not hasattr(self, "_tokenizer"):
    526            self._tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
    527        return self._tokenizer
    528
    529    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    530        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)
    531
    532    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    533        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)

Dialect(**kwargs) View Source

    386    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
    387        normalization_strategy = kwargs.get("normalization_strategy")
    388
    389        if normalization_strategy is None:
    390            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
    391        else:
    392            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())

INDEX_OFFSET = 0

The base index offset for arrays.

WEEK_OFFSET = 0

First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday.

UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False

Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases.

ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False

Whether the table alias comes after tablesample.

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE: 'LOWERCASE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False

Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit.

DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True

Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator.

STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False

Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True

Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = 'upper'

Determines how function names are going to be normalized.

###### Possible values:

> "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.

LOG_BASE_FIRST: Optional[bool] = True

Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function. Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_small'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

TYPED_DIVISION = False

Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`. False means `a / b` is always float division. True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.

SAFE_DIVISION = False

Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`).

CONCAT_COALESCE = False

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}

Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`. If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\n`) to its unescaped version (`` ).

PSEUDOCOLUMNS: Set[str] = set()

Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect. For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.

PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False

Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override any projection aliases in the subquery.

For example, WITH y(c) AS ( SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0 ) SELECT c FROM y;

    will be rewritten as

    WITH y(c) AS (
        SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    ) SELECT c FROM y;

tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'sqlglot.parser.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'sqlglot.generator.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
@classmethod
def get_or_raise( cls, dialect: Union[str, Dialect , Type[ Dialect ], NoneType]) -> Dialect: View Source

    322    @classmethod
    323    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
    324        """
    325        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
    326
    327        Args:
    328            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
    329                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
    330                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
    331
    332        Example:
    333            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
    334            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
    335
    336        Returns:
    337            The corresponding Dialect instance.
    338        """
    339
    340        if not dialect:
    341            return cls()
    342        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    343            return dialect()
    344        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    345            return dialect
    346        if isinstance(dialect, str):
    347            try:
    348                dialect_name, *kv_pairs = dialect.split(",")
    349                kwargs = {k.strip(): v.strip() for k, v in (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_pairs)}
    350            except ValueError:
    351                raise ValueError(
    352                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
    353                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
    354                )
    355
    356            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
    357            if not result:
    358                from difflib import get_close_matches
    359
    360                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
    361                if similar:
    362                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
    363
    364                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
    365
    366            return result(**kwargs)
    367
    368        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")

Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.

###### Arguments:

- dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.

###### Example:

>     >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
>     >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")

###### Returns:

> The corresponding Dialect instance.

@classmethod
def format_time( cls, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression , NoneType]) -> Optional[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ]: View Source

    370    @classmethod
    371    def format_time(
    372        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    373    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    374        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
    375        if isinstance(expression, str):
    376            return exp.Literal.string(
    377                # the time formats are quoted
    378                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    379            )
    380
    381        if expression and expression.is_string:
    382            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    383
    384        return expression

Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format.

def normalize_identifier(self, expression: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    402    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    403        """
    404        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
    405
    406        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
    407        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
    408        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
    409        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
    410
    411        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
    412        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
    413        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
    414
    415        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
    416        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
    417
    418        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
    419        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
    420        """
    421        if (
    422            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    423            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
    424            and (
    425                not expression.quoted
    426                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    427            )
    428        ):
    429            expression.set(
    430                "this",
    431                (
    432                    expression.this.upper()
    433                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    434                    else expression.this.lower()
    435                ),
    436            )
    437
    438        return expression

Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.

For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive, and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.

There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.

Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags, like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.

SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.

def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool: View Source

    440    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
    441        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    442        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
    443            return False
    444
    445        unsafe = (
    446            str.islower
    447            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    448            else str.isupper
    449        )
    450        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)

Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules.

def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = 'safe') -> bool: View Source

    452    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    453        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    454
    455        Args:
    456            text: The text to check.
    457            identify:
    458                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
    459                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    460
    461        Returns:
    462            Whether the given text can be identified.
    463        """
    464        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    465            return True
    466
    467        if identify == "safe":
    468            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
    469
    470        return False

Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.

###### Arguments:

- text: The text to check.
- identify: `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`. `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.

###### Returns:

> Whether the given text can be identified.

def quote_identifier(self, expression: ~E, identify: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    472    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    473        """
    474        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
    475
    476        Args:
    477            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
    478            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
    479                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
    480        """
    481        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
    482            name = expression.this
    483            expression.set(
    484                "quoted",
    485                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    486            )
    487
    488        return expression

Adds quotes to a given identifier.

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
- identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ]) -> Optional[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ]: View Source

    490    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    491        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    492            path_text = path.name
    493            if path.is_number:
    494                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
    495
    496            try:
    497                return parse_json_path(path_text)
    498            except ParseError as e:
    499                logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
    500
    501        return path

def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ]]: View Source

    503    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    504        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def parse_into( self, expression_type: Union[str, Type[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ], Collection[Union[str, Type[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ]]]], sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ]]: View Source

    506    def parse_into(
    507        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    508    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    509        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def generate( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str: View Source

    511    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
    512        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)

def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[str]: View Source

    514    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    515        return [
    516            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
    517            for expression in self.parse(sql)
    518        ]

def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> List[ sqlglot.tokens.Token ]: View Source

    520    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    521        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)

tokenizer: sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer View Source

    523    @property
    524    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    525        if not hasattr(self, "_tokenizer"):
    526            self._tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
    527        return self._tokenizer

def parser(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.parser.Parser: View Source

    529    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    530        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)

def generator(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.generator.Generator: View Source

    532    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    533        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)

DialectType = typing.Union[str, Dialect, typing.Type[Dialect], NoneType]
def rename_func( name: str) -> Callable[[ sqlglot.generator.Generator , sqlglot.expressions.Expression ], str]: View Source

    539def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    540    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))

def approx_count_distinct_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct ) -> str: View Source

    543def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
    544    if expression.args.get("accuracy"):
    545        self.unsupported("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy")
    546    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)

def if_sql( name: str = 'IF', false_value: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression , NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[ sqlglot.generator.Generator , sqlglot.expressions.If ], str]: View Source

    549def if_sql(
    550    name: str = "IF", false_value: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str] = None
    551) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.If], str]:
    552    def _if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
    553        return self.func(
    554            name,
    555            expression.this,
    556            expression.args.get("true"),
    557            expression.args.get("false") or false_value,
    558        )
    559
    560    return _if_sql

def arrow_json_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: Union[ sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract , sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar ]) -> str: View Source

    563def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    564    this = expression.this
    565    if self.JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION and isinstance(this, exp.Literal) and this.is_string:
    566        this.replace(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    567
    568    return self.binary(expression, "->" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONExtract) else "->>")

def inline_array_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array ) -> str: View Source

    571def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    572    return f"[{self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)}]"

def inline_array_unless_query( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array ) -> str: View Source

    575def inline_array_unless_query(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    576    elem = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    577    if isinstance(elem, exp.Expression) and elem.find(exp.Query):
    578        return self.func("ARRAY", elem)
    579    return inline_array_sql(self, expression)

def no_ilike_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ILike ) -> str: View Source

    582def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
    583    return self.like_sql(
    584        exp.Like(this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this), expression=expression.expression)
    585    )

def no_paren_current_date_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate ) -> str: View Source

    588def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
    589    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
    590    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"

def no_recursive_cte_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.With ) -> str: View Source

    593def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
    594    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
    595        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
    596        expression.args["recursive"] = False
    597    return self.with_sql(expression)

def no_safe_divide_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide ) -> str: View Source

    600def no_safe_divide_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SafeDivide) -> str:
    601    n = self.sql(expression, "this")
    602    d = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    603    return f"IF(({d}) <> 0, ({n}) / ({d}), NULL)"

def no_tablesample_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample ) -> str: View Source

    606def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
    607    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
    608    return self.sql(expression.this)

def no_pivot_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Pivot ) -> str: View Source

    611def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
    612    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
    613    return ""

def no_trycast_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast ) -> str: View Source

    616def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    617    return self.cast_sql(expression)

def no_comment_column_constraint_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint ) -> str: View Source

    620def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
    621    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
    622) -> str:
    623    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
    624    return ""

def no_map_from_entries_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries ) -> str: View Source

    627def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
    628    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
    629    return ""

def str_position_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition, generate_instance: bool = False) -> str: View Source

    632def str_position_sql(
    633    self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition, generate_instance: bool = False
    634) -> str:
    635    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    636    substr = self.sql(expression, "substr")
    637    position = self.sql(expression, "position")
    638    instance = expression.args.get("instance") if generate_instance else None
    639    position_offset = ""
    640
    641    if position:
    642        # Normalize third 'pos' argument into 'SUBSTR(..) + offset' across dialects
    643        this = self.func("SUBSTR", this, position)
    644        position_offset = f" + {position} - 1"
    645
    646    return self.func("STRPOS", this, substr, instance) + position_offset

def struct_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract ) -> str: View Source

    649def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
    650    return (
    651        f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(exp.to_identifier(expression.expression.name))}"
    652    )

def var_map_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Map | sqlglot.expressions.VarMap, map_func_name: str = 'MAP') -> str: View Source

    655def var_map_sql(
    656    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
    657) -> str:
    658    keys = expression.args["keys"]
    659    values = expression.args["values"]
    660
    661    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
    662        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
    663        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
    664
    665    args = []
    666    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
    667        args.append(self.sql(key))
    668        args.append(self.sql(value))
    669
    670    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)

def build_formatted_time( exp_class: Type[~E], dialect: str, default: Union[str, bool, NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    673def build_formatted_time(
    674    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
    675) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    676    """Helper used for time expressions.
    677
    678    Args:
    679        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
    680        dialect: target sql dialect.
    681        default: the default format, True being time.
    682
    683    Returns:
    684        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
    685    """
    686
    687    def _builder(args: t.List):
    688        return exp_class(
    689            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    690            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
    691                seq_get(args, 1)
    692                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
    693            ),
    694        )
    695
    696    return _builder

Helper used for time expressions.

###### Arguments:

- exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
- dialect: target sql dialect.
- default: the default format, True being time.

###### Returns:

> A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.

def time_format( dialect: Union[str, Dialect , Type[ Dialect ], NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[ sqlglot.generator.Generator , sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr | sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix ], Optional[str]]: View Source

    699def time_format(
    700    dialect: DialectType = None,
    701) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix], t.Optional[str]]:
    702    def _time_format(self: Generator, expression: exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix) -> t.Optional[str]:
    703        """
    704        Returns the time format for a given expression, unless it's equivalent
    705        to the default time format of the dialect of interest.
    706        """
    707        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    708        return time_format if time_format != Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).TIME_FORMAT else None
    709
    710    return _time_format

def build_date_delta( exp_class: Type[~E], unit_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    713def build_date_delta(
    714    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
    715) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    716    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
    717        unit_based = len(args) == 3
    718        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
    719        unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string("DAY")
    720        unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
    721        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
    722
    723    return _builder

def build_date_delta_with_interval(expression_class: Type[~E]) -> Callable[[List], Optional[~E]]: View Source

    726def build_date_delta_with_interval(
    727    expression_class: t.Type[E],
    728) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
    729    def _builder(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
    730        if len(args) < 2:
    731            return None
    732
    733        interval = args[1]
    734
    735        if not isinstance(interval, exp.Interval):
    736            raise ParseError(f"INTERVAL expression expected but got '{interval}'")
    737
    738        expression = interval.this
    739        if expression and expression.is_string:
    740            expression = exp.Literal.number(expression.this)
    741
    742        return expression_class(this=args[0], expression=expression, unit=unit_to_str(interval))
    743
    744    return _builder

def date_trunc_to_time( args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc | sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    747def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
    748    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
    749    this = seq_get(args, 1)
    750
    751    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
    752        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
    753    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)

def date_add_interval_sql( data_type: str, kind: str) -> Callable[[ sqlglot.generator.Generator , sqlglot.expressions.Expression ], str]: View Source

    756def date_add_interval_sql(
    757    data_type: str, kind: str
    758) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    759    def func(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    760        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    761        interval = exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression))
    762        return f"{data_type}_{kind}({this}, {self.sql(interval)})"
    763
    764    return func

def timestamptrunc_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc ) -> str: View Source

    767def timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
    768    return self.func("DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(expression), expression.this)

def no_timestamp_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp ) -> str: View Source

    771def no_timestamp_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Timestamp) -> str:
    772    if not expression.expression:
    773        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    774
    775        target_type = annotate_types(expression).type or exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    776        return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, target_type))
    777    if expression.text("expression").lower() in TIMEZONES:
    778        return self.sql(
    779            exp.AtTimeZone(
    780                this=exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    781                zone=expression.expression,
    782            )
    783        )
    784    return self.func("TIMESTAMP", expression.this, expression.expression)

def locate_to_strposition(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    787def locate_to_strposition(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    788    return exp.StrPosition(
    789        this=seq_get(args, 1), substr=seq_get(args, 0), position=seq_get(args, 2)
    790    )

def strposition_to_locate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition ) -> str: View Source

    793def strposition_to_locate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    794    return self.func(
    795        "LOCATE", expression.args.get("substr"), expression.this, expression.args.get("position")
    796    )

def left_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left ) -> str: View Source

    799def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    800    return self.sql(
    801        exp.Substring(
    802            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
    803        )
    804    )

def right_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left ) -> str: View Source

    807def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    808    return self.sql(
    809        exp.Substring(
    810            this=expression.this,
    811            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
    812        )
    813    )

def timestrtotime_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime ) -> str: View Source

    816def timestrtotime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime) -> str:
    817    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))

def datestrtodate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate ) -> str: View Source

    820def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
    821    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))

def encode_decode_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True) -> str: View Source

    825def encode_decode_sql(
    826    self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True
    827) -> str:
    828    charset = expression.args.get("charset")
    829    if charset and charset.name.lower() != "utf-8":
    830        self.unsupported(f"Expected utf-8 character set, got {charset}.")
    831
    832    return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.args.get("replace") if replace else None)

def min_or_least( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Min ) -> str: View Source

    835def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
    836    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
    837    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def max_or_greatest( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Max ) -> str: View Source

    840def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
    841    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
    842    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def count_if_to_sum( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CountIf ) -> str: View Source

    845def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    846    cond = expression.this
    847
    848    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
    849        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
    850        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
    851
    852    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond, 1, 0))

def trim_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Trim ) -> str: View Source

    855def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
    856    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
    857    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
    858    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    859    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
    860
    861    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
    862    if not remove_chars and not collation:
    863        return self.trim_sql(expression)
    864
    865    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
    866    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
    867    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
    868    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
    869    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"

def str_to_time_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression ) -> str: View Source

    872def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    873    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))

def concat_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Concat ) -> str: View Source

    876def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat) -> str:
    877    return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=y), expression.expressions))

def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs ) -> str: View Source

    880def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str:
    881    delim, *rest_args = expression.expressions
    882    return self.sql(
    883        reduce(
    884            lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=exp.DPipe(this=delim, expression=y)),
    885            rest_args,
    886        )
    887    )

def regexp_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract ) -> str: View Source

    890def regexp_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    891    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
    892    if bad_args:
    893        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_EXTRACT does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    894
    895    return self.func(
    896        "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("group")
    897    )

def regexp_replace_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace ) -> str: View Source

    900def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
    901    bad_args = list(
    902        filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters", "modifiers"))
    903    )
    904    if bad_args:
    905        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_REPLACE does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    906
    907    return self.func(
    908        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
    909    )

def pivot_column_names( aggregations: List[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ], dialect: Union[str, Dialect , Type[ Dialect ], NoneType]) -> List[str]: View Source

    912def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
    913    names = []
    914    for agg in aggregations:
    915        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
    916            names.append(agg.alias)
    917        else:
    918            """
    919            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
    920            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
    921            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
    922            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
    923            """
    924            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
    925                lambda node: (
    926                    exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
    927                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    928                    else node
    929                )
    930            )
    931            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
    932
    933    return names

def binary_from_function(expr_type: Type[~B]) -> Callable[[List], ~B]: View Source

    936def binary_from_function(expr_type: t.Type[B]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], B]:
    937    return lambda args: expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))

def build_timestamp_trunc(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    941def build_timestamp_trunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
    942    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))

def any_value_to_max_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue ) -> str: View Source

    945def any_value_to_max_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
    946    return self.func("MAX", expression.this)

def bool_xor_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Xor ) -> str: View Source

    949def bool_xor_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Xor) -> str:
    950    a = self.sql(expression.left)
    951    b = self.sql(expression.right)
    952    return f"({a} AND (NOT {b})) OR ((NOT {a}) AND {b})"

def is_parse_json(expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression ) -> bool: View Source

    955def is_parse_json(expression: exp.Expression) -> bool:
    956    return isinstance(expression, exp.ParseJSON) or (
    957        isinstance(expression, exp.Cast) and expression.is_type("json")
    958    )

def isnull_to_is_null(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    961def isnull_to_is_null(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    962    return exp.Paren(this=exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.null()))

def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint ) -> str: View Source

    965def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    966    self: Generator, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    967) -> str:
    968    start = self.sql(expression, "start") or "1"
    969    increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") or "1"
    970    return f"IDENTITY({start}, {increment})"

def arg_max_or_min_no_count( name: str) -> Callable[[ sqlglot.generator.Generator , sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax | sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin ], str]: View Source

    973def arg_max_or_min_no_count(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin], str]:
    974    def _arg_max_or_min_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin) -> str:
    975        if expression.args.get("count"):
    976            self.unsupported(f"Only two arguments are supported in function {name}.")
    977
    978        return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.expression)
    979
    980    return _arg_max_or_min_sql

def ts_or_ds_add_cast( expression: sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd ) -> sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd: View Source

    983def ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> exp.TsOrDsAdd:
    984    this = expression.this.copy()
    985
    986    return_type = expression.return_type
    987    if return_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE):
    988        # If we need to cast to a DATE, we cast to TIMESTAMP first to make sure we
    989        # can truncate timestamp strings, because some dialects can't cast them to DATE
    990        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    991
    992    expression.this.replace(exp.cast(this, return_type))
    993    return expression

def date_delta_sql( name: str, cast: bool = False) -> Callable[[ sqlglot.generator.Generator , Union[ sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd , sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd , sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff , sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff ]], str]: View Source

     996def date_delta_sql(name: str, cast: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF], str]:
     997    def _delta_sql(self: Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF) -> str:
     998        if cast and isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
     999            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
    1000
    1001        return self.func(
    1002            name,
    1003            unit_to_var(expression),
    1004            expression.expression,
    1005            expression.this,
    1006        )
    1007
    1008    return _delta_sql

def unit_to_str( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, default: str = 'DAY') -> Optional[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ]: View Source

    1011def unit_to_str(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1012    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1013
    1014    if isinstance(unit, exp.Placeholder):
    1015        return unit
    1016    if unit:
    1017        return exp.Literal.string(unit.name)
    1018    return exp.Literal.string(default) if default else None

def unit_to_var( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, default: str = 'DAY') -> Optional[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ]: View Source

    1021def unit_to_var(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1022    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1023
    1024    if isinstance(unit, (exp.Var, exp.Placeholder)):
    1025        return unit
    1026    return exp.Var(this=default) if default else None

def no_last_day_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.LastDay ) -> str: View Source

    1029def no_last_day_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str:
    1030    trunc_curr_date = exp.func("date_trunc", "month", expression.this)
    1031    plus_one_month = exp.func("date_add", trunc_curr_date, 1, "month")
    1032    minus_one_day = exp.func("date_sub", plus_one_month, 1, "day")
    1033
    1034    return self.sql(exp.cast(minus_one_day, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))

def merge_without_target_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Merge ) -> str: View Source

    1037def merge_without_target_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Merge) -> str:
    1038    """Remove table refs from columns in when statements."""
    1039    alias = expression.this.args.get("alias")
    1040
    1041    def normalize(identifier: t.Optional[exp.Identifier]) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1042        return self.dialect.normalize_identifier(identifier).name if identifier else None
    1043
    1044    targets = {normalize(expression.this.this)}
    1045
    1046    if alias:
    1047        targets.add(normalize(alias.this))
    1048
    1049    for when in expression.expressions:
    1050        when.transform(
    1051            lambda node: (
    1052                exp.column(node.this)
    1053                if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and normalize(node.args.get("table")) in targets
    1054                else node
    1055            ),
    1056            copy=False,
    1057        )
    1058
    1059    return self.merge_sql(expression)

Remove table refs from columns in when statements.

def build_json_extract_path( expr_type: Type[~F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False) -> Callable[[List], ~F]: View Source

    1062def build_json_extract_path(
    1063    expr_type: t.Type[F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False
    1064) -> t.Callable[[t.List], F]:
    1065    def _builder(args: t.List) -> F:
    1066        segments: t.List[exp.JSONPathPart] = [exp.JSONPathRoot()]
    1067        for arg in args[1:]:
    1068            if not isinstance(arg, exp.Literal):
    1069                # We use the fallback parser because we can't really transpile non-literals safely
    1070                return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
    1071
    1072            text = arg.name
    1073            if is_int(text):
    1074                index = int(text)
    1075                segments.append(
    1076                    exp.JSONPathSubscript(this=index if zero_based_indexing else index - 1)
    1077                )
    1078            else:
    1079                segments.append(exp.JSONPathKey(this=text))
    1080
    1081        # This is done to avoid failing in the expression validator due to the arg count
    1082        del args[2:]
    1083        return expr_type(
    1084            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1085            expression=exp.JSONPath(expressions=segments),
    1086            only_json_types=arrow_req_json_type,
    1087        )
    1088
    1089    return _builder

def json_extract_segments( name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: Optional[str] = None) -> Callable[[ sqlglot.generator.Generator , Union[ sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract , sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar ]], str]: View Source

    1092def json_extract_segments(
    1093    name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: t.Optional[str] = None
    1094) -> t.Callable[[Generator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
    1095    def _json_extract_segments(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    1096        path = expression.expression
    1097        if not isinstance(path, exp.JSONPath):
    1098            return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1099
    1100        segments = []
    1101        for segment in path.expressions:
    1102            path = self.sql(segment)
    1103            if path:
    1104                if isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathPart) and (
    1105                    quoted_index or not isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathSubscript)
    1106                ):
    1107                    path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}"
    1108
    1109                segments.append(path)
    1110
    1111        if op:
    1112            return f" {op} ".join([self.sql(expression.this), *segments])
    1113        return self.func(name, expression.this, *segments)
    1114
    1115    return _json_extract_segments

def json_path_key_only_name( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey ) -> str: View Source

    1118def json_path_key_only_name(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str:
    1119    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.JSONPathWildcard):
    1120        self.unsupported("Unsupported wildcard in JSONPathKey expression")
    1121
    1122    return expression.name

def filter_array_using_unnest( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter ) -> str: View Source

    1125def filter_array_using_unnest(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArrayFilter) -> str:
    1126    cond = expression.expression
    1127    if isinstance(cond, exp.Lambda) and len(cond.expressions) == 1:
    1128        alias = cond.expressions[0]
    1129        cond = cond.this
    1130    elif isinstance(cond, exp.Predicate):
    1131        alias = "_u"
    1132    else:
    1133        self.unsupported("Unsupported filter condition")
    1134        return ""
    1135
    1136    unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.this])
    1137    filtered = exp.select(alias).from_(exp.alias_(unnest, None, table=[alias])).where(cond)
    1138    return self.sql(exp.Array(expressions=[filtered]))

def to_number_with_nls_param(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber ) -> str: View Source

    1141def to_number_with_nls_param(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1142    return self.func(
    1143        "TO_NUMBER",
    1144        expression.this,
    1145        expression.args.get("format"),
    1146        expression.args.get("nlsparam"),
    1147    )