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# sqlglot.dialects.duckdb

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
      6from sqlglot.expressions import DATA_TYPE
      7from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      8    Dialect,
      9    JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE,
     10    NormalizationStrategy,
     11    approx_count_distinct_sql,
     12    arg_max_or_min_no_count,
     13    arrow_json_extract_sql,
     14    binary_from_function,
     15    bool_xor_sql,
     16    build_default_decimal_type,
     17    date_trunc_to_time,
     18    datestrtodate_sql,
     19    no_datetime_sql,
     20    encode_decode_sql,
     21    build_formatted_time,
     22    inline_array_unless_query,
     23    no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     24    no_safe_divide_sql,
     25    no_time_sql,
     26    no_timestamp_sql,
     27    pivot_column_names,
     28    regexp_extract_sql,
     29    rename_func,
     30    str_position_sql,
     31    str_to_time_sql,
     32    timestamptrunc_sql,
     33    timestrtotime_sql,
     34    unit_to_var,
     35    unit_to_str,
     36    sha256_sql,
     37    build_regexp_extract,
     38)
     39from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
     40from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     41
     42DATETIME_DELTA = t.Union[
     43    exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd, exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateSub, exp.DatetimeSub
     44]
     45
     46WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS = (
     47    exp.FirstValue,
     48    exp.LastValue,
     49    exp.Lag,
     50    exp.Lead,
     51    exp.NthValue,
     52)
     53
     54
     55def _date_delta_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: DATETIME_DELTA) -> str:
     56    this = expression.this
     57    unit = unit_to_var(expression)
     58    op = (
     59        "+"
     60        if isinstance(expression, (exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd, exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd))
     61        else "-"
     62    )
     63
     64    to_type: t.Optional[DATA_TYPE] = None
     65    if isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
     66        to_type = expression.return_type
     67    elif this.is_string:
     68        # Cast string literals (i.e function parameters) to the appropriate type for +/- interval to work
     69        to_type = (
     70            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME
     71            if isinstance(expression, (exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.DatetimeSub))
     72            else exp.DataType.Type.DATE
     73        )
     74
     75    this = exp.cast(this, to_type) if to_type else this
     76
     77    return f"{self.sql(this)} {op} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit))}"
     78
     79
     80# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the DATE function
     81def _date_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Date) -> str:
     82    result = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
     83    zone = self.sql(expression, "zone")
     84
     85    if zone:
     86        date_str = self.func("STRFTIME", result, "'%d/%m/%Y'")
     87        date_str = f"{date_str} || ' ' || {zone}"
     88
     89        # This will create a TIMESTAMP with time zone information
     90        result = self.func("STRPTIME", date_str, "'%d/%m/%Y %Z'")
     91
     92    return result
     93
     94
     95# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the TIME_DIFF function
     96def _timediff_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.TimeDiff) -> str:
     97    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
     98    expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
     99
    100    # Although the 2 dialects share similar signatures, BQ seems to inverse
    101    # the sign of the result so the start/end time operands are flipped
    102    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(expression), expr, this)
    103
    104
    105@generator.unsupported_args(("expression", "DuckDB's ARRAY_SORT does not support a comparator."))
    106def _array_sort_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.ArraySort) -> str:
    107    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this)
    108
    109
    110def _sort_array_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
    111    name = "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT" if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false() else "ARRAY_SORT"
    112    return self.func(name, expression.this)
    113
    114
    115def _build_sort_array_desc(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    116    return exp.SortArray(this=seq_get(args, 0), asc=exp.false())
    117
    118
    119def _build_date_diff(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    120    return exp.DateDiff(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
    121
    122
    123def _build_generate_series(end_exclusive: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.GenerateSeries]:
    124    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.GenerateSeries:
    125        # Check https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/functions/nested.html#range-functions
    126        if len(args) == 1:
    127            # DuckDB uses 0 as a default for the series' start when it's omitted
    128            args.insert(0, exp.Literal.number("0"))
    129
    130        gen_series = exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
    131        gen_series.set("is_end_exclusive", end_exclusive)
    132
    133        return gen_series
    134
    135    return _builder
    136
    137
    138def _build_make_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    139    if len(args) == 1:
    140        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS)
    141
    142    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
    143        year=seq_get(args, 0),
    144        month=seq_get(args, 1),
    145        day=seq_get(args, 2),
    146        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
    147        min=seq_get(args, 4),
    148        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
    149    )
    150
    151
    152def _struct_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    153    args: t.List[str] = []
    154
    155    # BigQuery allows inline construction such as "STRUCT<a STRING, b INTEGER>('str', 1)" which is
    156    # canonicalized to "ROW('str', 1) AS STRUCT(a TEXT, b INT)" in DuckDB
    157    # The transformation to ROW will take place if a cast to STRUCT / ARRAY of STRUCTs is found
    158    ancestor_cast = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Cast)
    159    is_struct_cast = ancestor_cast and any(
    160        casted_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT)
    161        for casted_type in ancestor_cast.find_all(exp.DataType)
    162    )
    163
    164    for i, expr in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    165        is_property_eq = isinstance(expr, exp.PropertyEQ)
    166        value = expr.expression if is_property_eq else expr
    167
    168        if is_struct_cast:
    169            args.append(self.sql(value))
    170        else:
    171            key = expr.name if is_property_eq else f"_{i}"
    172            args.append(f"{self.sql(exp.Literal.string(key))}: {self.sql(value)}")
    173
    174    csv_args = ", ".join(args)
    175
    176    return f"ROW({csv_args})" if is_struct_cast else f"{{{csv_args}}}"
    177
    178
    179def _datatype_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    180    if expression.is_type("array"):
    181        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{self.expressions(expression, key='values', flat=True)}]"
    182
    183    # Modifiers are not supported for TIME, [TIME | TIMESTAMP] WITH TIME ZONE
    184    if expression.is_type(
    185        exp.DataType.Type.TIME, exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
    186    ):
    187        return expression.this.value
    188
    189    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
    190
    191
    192def _json_format_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONFormat) -> str:
    193    sql = self.func("TO_JSON", expression.this, expression.args.get("options"))
    194    return f"CAST({sql} AS TEXT)"
    195
    196
    197def _unix_to_time_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
    198    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
    199    timestamp = expression.this
    200
    201    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
    202        return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
    203    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
    204        return self.func("EPOCH_MS", timestamp)
    205    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
    206        return self.func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
    207
    208    return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)))
    209
    210
    211WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS = (exp.Binary, exp.Bracket, exp.In)
    212
    213
    214def _arrow_json_extract_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    215    arrow_sql = arrow_json_extract_sql(self, expression)
    216    if not expression.same_parent and isinstance(
    217        expression.parent, WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS
    218    ):
    219        arrow_sql = self.wrap(arrow_sql)
    220    return arrow_sql
    221
    222
    223def _implicit_datetime_cast(
    224    arg: t.Optional[exp.Expression], type: exp.DataType.Type = exp.DataType.Type.DATE
    225) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    226    return exp.cast(arg, type) if isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) else arg
    227
    228
    229def _date_diff_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
    230    this = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.this)
    231    expr = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.expression)
    232
    233    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(expression), expr, this)
    234
    235
    236def _generate_datetime_array_sql(
    237    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: t.Union[exp.GenerateDateArray, exp.GenerateTimestampArray]
    238) -> str:
    239    is_generate_date_array = isinstance(expression, exp.GenerateDateArray)
    240
    241    type = exp.DataType.Type.DATE if is_generate_date_array else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    242    start = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.args.get("start"), type=type)
    243    end = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.args.get("end"), type=type)
    244
    245    # BQ's GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY & GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY are transformed to DuckDB'S GENERATE_SERIES
    246    gen_series: t.Union[exp.GenerateSeries, exp.Cast] = exp.GenerateSeries(
    247        start=start, end=end, step=expression.args.get("step")
    248    )
    249
    250    if is_generate_date_array:
    251        # The GENERATE_SERIES result type is TIMESTAMP array, so to match BQ's semantics for
    252        # GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY we must cast it back to DATE array
    253        gen_series = exp.cast(gen_series, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<DATE>"))
    254
    255    return self.sql(gen_series)
    256
    257
    258class DuckDB(Dialect):
    259    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
    260    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
    261    SAFE_DIVISION = True
    262    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    263    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
    264    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True
    265    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True
    266    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False
    267
    268    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
    269    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    270
    271    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    272        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    273            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    274            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    275            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    276            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    277            path_text = path.name
    278            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    279                return path
    280
    281        return super().to_json_path(path)
    282
    283    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    284        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    285
    286        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    287        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    288
    289        KEYWORDS = {
    290            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    291            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    292            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    293            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    294            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    295            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    296            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    297            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
    298            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    299            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    300            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    301            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    302            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    303            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    304            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
    305            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
    306            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    307            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    308            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    309            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    310            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    311            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    312            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    313            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    314            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    315        }
    316        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    317
    318        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    319            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    320            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    321        }
    322
    323    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    324        BITWISE = {
    325            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    326            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    327        }
    328
    329        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    330
    331        FUNCTIONS = {
    332            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    333            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    334            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    335            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    336            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    337            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    338            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    339            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    340                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    341            ),
    342            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    343                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    344            ),
    345            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    346            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    347                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    348            ),
    349            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    350            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    351            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    352            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    353            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    354            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    355            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
    356            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    357            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    358            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    359                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    360            ),
    361            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    362            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    363            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract,
    364            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    365            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    366                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    367                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    368                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    369                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    370            ),
    371            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    372            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    373            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    374            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    375            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    376            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    377            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    378            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    379            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    380            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    381            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    382            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    383            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    384        }
    385
    386        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
    387        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
    388
    389        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    390        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    391
    392        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    393            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    394            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    395        }
    396
    397        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    398            TokenType.SEMI,
    399            TokenType.ANTI,
    400        }
    401
    402        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    403            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    404            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    405                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    406                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    407                else None
    408            ),
    409        }
    410
    411        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
    412            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    413            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
    414            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
    415            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
    416        }
    417
    418        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    419            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
    420            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
    421            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
    422                if sample.args.get("size"):
    423                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    424                else:
    425                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
    426
    427            return sample
    428
    429        def _parse_bracket(
    430            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    431        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    432            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    433            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    434                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    435
    436            return bracket
    437
    438        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    439            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    440                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    441
    442            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    443            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    444
    445        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    446            return self._parse_field_def()
    447
    448        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    449            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    450                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    451            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
    452
    453    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    454        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    455        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
    456        JOIN_HINTS = False
    457        TABLE_HINTS = False
    458        QUERY_HINTS = False
    459        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    460        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    461        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    462        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    463        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
    464        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
    465        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    466        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    467        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
    468        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
    469        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
    470        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
    471        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    472        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    473        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
    474        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
    475        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
    476        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
    477        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
    478
    479        TRANSFORMS = {
    480            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    481            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
    482            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
    483            exp.ArrayContainsAll: rename_func("ARRAY_HAS_ALL"),
    484            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
    485            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    486            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
    487            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
    488            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
    489            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
    490            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
    491            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
    492            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
    493            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
    494            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    495            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
    496            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    497            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
    498            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
    499            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    500            exp.Date: _date_sql,
    501            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    502            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
    503            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
    504            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    505            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    506            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
    507            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
    508            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    509            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    510            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    511            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
    512            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    513            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    514            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
    515            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
    516            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
    517            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    518            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
    519            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
    520            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
    521            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    522            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    523            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
    524            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    525            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    526            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    527            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
    528                "DATEDIFF",
    529                "'month'",
    530                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    531                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    532            ),
    533            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
    534            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
    535            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
    536            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
    537            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
    538            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    539            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
    540                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
    541                e.this,
    542                e.expression,
    543                e.args.get("replacement"),
    544                e.args.get("modifiers"),
    545            ),
    546            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
    547            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
    548            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
    549            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
    550            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    551            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    552            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
    553            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
    554            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
    555            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    556            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    557                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
    558            ),
    559            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
    560            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
    561            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    562            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
    563            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
    564            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    565            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    566                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
    567            ),
    568            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
    569            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
    570            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    571            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    572                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    573            ),
    574            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    575            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
    576            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    577            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    578            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    579            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    580                "DATE_DIFF",
    581                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
    582                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    583                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    584            ),
    585            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
    586                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
    587            ),
    588            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
    589                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
    590            ),
    591            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    592            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
    593            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    594            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
    595            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    596        }
    597
    598        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    599            exp.JSONPathKey,
    600            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    601            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    602            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
    603        }
    604
    605        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    606            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    607            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
    608            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
    609            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
    610            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    611            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
    612            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
    613            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
    614            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
    615            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
    616            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
    617            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    618            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
    619            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
    620            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
    621        }
    622
    623        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
    624        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    625            "array",
    626            "analyse",
    627            "union",
    628            "all",
    629            "when",
    630            "in_p",
    631            "default",
    632            "create_p",
    633            "window",
    634            "asymmetric",
    635            "to",
    636            "else",
    637            "localtime",
    638            "from",
    639            "end_p",
    640            "select",
    641            "current_date",
    642            "foreign",
    643            "with",
    644            "grant",
    645            "session_user",
    646            "or",
    647            "except",
    648            "references",
    649            "fetch",
    650            "limit",
    651            "group_p",
    652            "leading",
    653            "into",
    654            "collate",
    655            "offset",
    656            "do",
    657            "then",
    658            "localtimestamp",
    659            "check_p",
    660            "lateral_p",
    661            "current_role",
    662            "where",
    663            "asc_p",
    664            "placing",
    665            "desc_p",
    666            "user",
    667            "unique",
    668            "initially",
    669            "column",
    670            "both",
    671            "some",
    672            "as",
    673            "any",
    674            "only",
    675            "deferrable",
    676            "null_p",
    677            "current_time",
    678            "true_p",
    679            "table",
    680            "case",
    681            "trailing",
    682            "variadic",
    683            "for",
    684            "on",
    685            "distinct",
    686            "false_p",
    687            "not",
    688            "constraint",
    689            "current_timestamp",
    690            "returning",
    691            "primary",
    692            "intersect",
    693            "having",
    694            "analyze",
    695            "current_user",
    696            "and",
    697            "cast",
    698            "symmetric",
    699            "using",
    700            "order",
    701            "current_catalog",
    702        }
    703
    704        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
    705
    706        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
    707        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
    708        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    709            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
    710            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
    711        }
    712
    713        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
    714        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
    715        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
    716        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    717        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
    718
    719        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
    720            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
    721
    722        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
    723            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    724                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    725                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
    726            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
    727
    728        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
    729            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    730                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    731                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
    732            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
    733
    734        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
    735            arg = expression.this
    736            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    737                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
    738            return self.func("JSON", arg)
    739
    740        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    741            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    742            if nano is not None:
    743                expression.set(
    744                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    745                )
    746
    747            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
    748
    749        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    750            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    751
    752            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    753            if milli is not None:
    754                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    755
    756            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    757            if nano is not None:
    758                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    759
    760            if milli or nano:
    761                expression.set("sec", sec)
    762
    763            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    764
    765        def tablesample_sql(
    766            self,
    767            expression: exp.TableSample,
    768            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    769        ) -> str:
    770            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    771                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    772                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    773
    774            if expression.args.get("size"):
    775                method = expression.args.get("method")
    776                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    777                    self.unsupported(
    778                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    779                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    780                    )
    781                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    782
    783            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
    784
    785        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    786            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    787            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    788
    789            if unit.startswith("week"):
    790                multiplier = 7
    791            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    792                multiplier = 90
    793
    794            if multiplier:
    795                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    796
    797            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    798
    799        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    800            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    801                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    802            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    803
    804        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    805            if (
    806                expression.side == "LEFT"
    807                and not expression.args.get("on")
    808                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    809            ):
    810                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    811                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    812                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    813
    814            return super().join_sql(expression)
    815
    816        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    817            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    818            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    819                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    820
    821            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    822
    823        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    824            this = expression.this
    825            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    826                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    827
    828            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    829
    830            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    831                if not this.type:
    832                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    833
    834                    this = annotate_types(this)
    835
    836                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    837                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    838
    839            return bracket
    840
    841        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    842            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    843
    844            func = expression.this
    845            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    846                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    847                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    848                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    849                if order_col:
    850                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    851                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    852
    853            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    854
    855            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
    856
    857        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    858            arg = expression.this
    859
    860            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    861            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    862            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    863                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    864
    865            if not arg.type:
    866                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    867
    868                arg = annotate_types(arg)
    869
    870            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    871                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    872
    873            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    874            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    875            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    876
    877            case = (
    878                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    879                .when(
    880                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    881                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    882                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    883            )
    884
    885            return self.sql(case)
    886
    887        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    888            this = expression.this
    889            key = expression.args.get("key")
    890            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    891            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    892
    893            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    894
    895            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    896            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    897            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    898                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    899
    900            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
    901
    902        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    903            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    904            if explode_array:
    905                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    906                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    907                expression.expressions.append(
    908                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    909                )
    910
    911                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    912                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    913                if alias:
    914                    expression.set("alias", None)
    915                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
    916
    917                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    918                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    919                return self.sql(select)
    920
    921            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    922
    923        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    924            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
    925                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    926                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    927                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    928
    929            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    930
    931        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    932            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    933            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    934
    935            if null_text:
    936                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    937
    938            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)

DATETIME_DELTA = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateSub, sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub]
WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>)
WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Bracket'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>)
class DuckDB(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    259class DuckDB(Dialect):
    260    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
    261    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
    262    SAFE_DIVISION = True
    263    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    264    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
    265    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True
    266    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True
    267    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False
    268
    269    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
    270    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    271
    272    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    273        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    274            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    275            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    276            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    277            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    278            path_text = path.name
    279            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    280                return path
    281
    282        return super().to_json_path(path)
    283
    284    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    285        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    286
    287        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    288        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    289
    290        KEYWORDS = {
    291            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    292            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    293            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    294            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    295            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    296            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    297            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    298            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
    299            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    300            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    301            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    302            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    303            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    304            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    305            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
    306            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
    307            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    308            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    309            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    310            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    311            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    312            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    313            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    314            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    315            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    316        }
    317        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    318
    319        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    320            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    321            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    322        }
    323
    324    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    325        BITWISE = {
    326            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    327            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    328        }
    329
    330        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    331
    332        FUNCTIONS = {
    333            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    334            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    335            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    336            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    337            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    338            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    339            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    340            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    341                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    342            ),
    343            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    344                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    345            ),
    346            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    347            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    348                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    349            ),
    350            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    351            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    352            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    353            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    354            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    355            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    356            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
    357            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    358            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    359            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    360                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    361            ),
    362            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    363            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    364            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract,
    365            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    366            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    367                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    368                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    369                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    370                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    371            ),
    372            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    373            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    374            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    375            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    376            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    377            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    378            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    379            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    380            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    381            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    382            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    383            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    384            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    385        }
    386
    387        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
    388        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
    389
    390        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    391        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    392
    393        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    394            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    395            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    396        }
    397
    398        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    399            TokenType.SEMI,
    400            TokenType.ANTI,
    401        }
    402
    403        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    404            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    405            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    406                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    407                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    408                else None
    409            ),
    410        }
    411
    412        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
    413            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    414            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
    415            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
    416            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
    417        }
    418
    419        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    420            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
    421            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
    422            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
    423                if sample.args.get("size"):
    424                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    425                else:
    426                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
    427
    428            return sample
    429
    430        def _parse_bracket(
    431            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    432        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    433            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    434            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    435                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    436
    437            return bracket
    438
    439        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    440            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    441                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    442
    443            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    444            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    445
    446        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    447            return self._parse_field_def()
    448
    449        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    450            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    451                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    452            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
    453
    454    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    455        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    456        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
    457        JOIN_HINTS = False
    458        TABLE_HINTS = False
    459        QUERY_HINTS = False
    460        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    461        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    462        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    463        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    464        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
    465        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
    466        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    467        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    468        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
    469        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
    470        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
    471        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
    472        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    473        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    474        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
    475        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
    476        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
    477        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
    478        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
    479
    480        TRANSFORMS = {
    481            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    482            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
    483            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
    484            exp.ArrayContainsAll: rename_func("ARRAY_HAS_ALL"),
    485            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
    486            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    487            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
    488            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
    489            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
    490            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
    491            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
    492            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
    493            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
    494            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
    495            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    496            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
    497            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    498            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
    499            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
    500            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    501            exp.Date: _date_sql,
    502            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    503            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
    504            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
    505            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    506            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    507            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
    508            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
    509            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    510            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    511            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    512            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
    513            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    514            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    515            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
    516            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
    517            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
    518            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    519            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
    520            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
    521            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
    522            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    523            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    524            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
    525            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    526            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    527            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    528            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
    529                "DATEDIFF",
    530                "'month'",
    531                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    532                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    533            ),
    534            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
    535            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
    536            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
    537            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
    538            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
    539            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    540            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
    541                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
    542                e.this,
    543                e.expression,
    544                e.args.get("replacement"),
    545                e.args.get("modifiers"),
    546            ),
    547            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
    548            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
    549            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
    550            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
    551            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    552            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    553            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
    554            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
    555            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
    556            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    557            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    558                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
    559            ),
    560            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
    561            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
    562            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    563            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
    564            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
    565            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    566            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    567                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
    568            ),
    569            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
    570            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
    571            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    572            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    573                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    574            ),
    575            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    576            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
    577            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    578            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    579            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    580            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    581                "DATE_DIFF",
    582                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
    583                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    584                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    585            ),
    586            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
    587                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
    588            ),
    589            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
    590                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
    591            ),
    592            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    593            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
    594            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    595            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
    596            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    597        }
    598
    599        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    600            exp.JSONPathKey,
    601            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    602            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    603            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
    604        }
    605
    606        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    607            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    608            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
    609            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
    610            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
    611            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    612            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
    613            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
    614            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
    615            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
    616            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
    617            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
    618            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    619            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
    620            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
    621            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
    622        }
    623
    624        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
    625        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    626            "array",
    627            "analyse",
    628            "union",
    629            "all",
    630            "when",
    631            "in_p",
    632            "default",
    633            "create_p",
    634            "window",
    635            "asymmetric",
    636            "to",
    637            "else",
    638            "localtime",
    639            "from",
    640            "end_p",
    641            "select",
    642            "current_date",
    643            "foreign",
    644            "with",
    645            "grant",
    646            "session_user",
    647            "or",
    648            "except",
    649            "references",
    650            "fetch",
    651            "limit",
    652            "group_p",
    653            "leading",
    654            "into",
    655            "collate",
    656            "offset",
    657            "do",
    658            "then",
    659            "localtimestamp",
    660            "check_p",
    661            "lateral_p",
    662            "current_role",
    663            "where",
    664            "asc_p",
    665            "placing",
    666            "desc_p",
    667            "user",
    668            "unique",
    669            "initially",
    670            "column",
    671            "both",
    672            "some",
    673            "as",
    674            "any",
    675            "only",
    676            "deferrable",
    677            "null_p",
    678            "current_time",
    679            "true_p",
    680            "table",
    681            "case",
    682            "trailing",
    683            "variadic",
    684            "for",
    685            "on",
    686            "distinct",
    687            "false_p",
    688            "not",
    689            "constraint",
    690            "current_timestamp",
    691            "returning",
    692            "primary",
    693            "intersect",
    694            "having",
    695            "analyze",
    696            "current_user",
    697            "and",
    698            "cast",
    699            "symmetric",
    700            "using",
    701            "order",
    702            "current_catalog",
    703        }
    704
    705        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
    706
    707        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
    708        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
    709        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    710            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
    711            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
    712        }
    713
    714        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
    715        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
    716        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
    717        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    718        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
    719
    720        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
    721            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
    722
    723        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
    724            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    725                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    726                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
    727            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
    728
    729        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
    730            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    731                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    732                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
    733            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
    734
    735        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
    736            arg = expression.this
    737            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    738                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
    739            return self.func("JSON", arg)
    740
    741        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    742            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    743            if nano is not None:
    744                expression.set(
    745                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    746                )
    747
    748            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
    749
    750        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    751            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    752
    753            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    754            if milli is not None:
    755                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    756
    757            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    758            if nano is not None:
    759                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    760
    761            if milli or nano:
    762                expression.set("sec", sec)
    763
    764            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    765
    766        def tablesample_sql(
    767            self,
    768            expression: exp.TableSample,
    769            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    770        ) -> str:
    771            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    772                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    773                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    774
    775            if expression.args.get("size"):
    776                method = expression.args.get("method")
    777                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    778                    self.unsupported(
    779                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    780                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    781                    )
    782                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    783
    784            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
    785
    786        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    787            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    788            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    789
    790            if unit.startswith("week"):
    791                multiplier = 7
    792            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    793                multiplier = 90
    794
    795            if multiplier:
    796                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    797
    798            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    799
    800        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    801            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    802                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    803            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    804
    805        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    806            if (
    807                expression.side == "LEFT"
    808                and not expression.args.get("on")
    809                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    810            ):
    811                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    812                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    813                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    814
    815            return super().join_sql(expression)
    816
    817        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    818            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    819            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    820                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    821
    822            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    823
    824        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    825            this = expression.this
    826            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    827                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    828
    829            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    830
    831            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    832                if not this.type:
    833                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    834
    835                    this = annotate_types(this)
    836
    837                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    838                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    839
    840            return bracket
    841
    842        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    843            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    844
    845            func = expression.this
    846            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    847                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    848                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    849                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    850                if order_col:
    851                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    852                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    853
    854            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    855
    856            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
    857
    858        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    859            arg = expression.this
    860
    861            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    862            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    863            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    864                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    865
    866            if not arg.type:
    867                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    868
    869                arg = annotate_types(arg)
    870
    871            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    872                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    873
    874            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    875            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    876            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    877
    878            case = (
    879                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    880                .when(
    881                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    882                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    883                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    884            )
    885
    886            return self.sql(case)
    887
    888        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    889            this = expression.this
    890            key = expression.args.get("key")
    891            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    892            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    893
    894            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    895
    896            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    897            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    898            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    899                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    900
    901            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
    902
    903        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    904            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    905            if explode_array:
    906                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    907                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    908                expression.expressions.append(
    909                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    910                )
    911
    912                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    913                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    914                if alias:
    915                    expression.set("alias", None)
    916                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
    917
    918                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    919                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    920                return self.sql(select)
    921
    922            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    923
    924        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    925            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
    926                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    927                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    928                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    929
    930            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    931
    932        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    933            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    934            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    935
    936            if null_text:
    937                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    938
    939            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SAFE_DIVISION = True

Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`).

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True

Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks

SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True

Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g. in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.

STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False

Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    272    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    273        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    274            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    275            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    276            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    277            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    278            path_text = path.name
    279            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    280                return path
    281
    282        return super().to_json_path(path)

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'DuckDB.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'DuckDB.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'DuckDB.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  TYPED_DIVISION
  HEX_LOWERCASE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  TIME_FORMAT
  TIME_MAPPING
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION
  EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY
  HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR
  ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS
  REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP
  SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT
  CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING
  DATE_PART_MAPPING
  TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS
  ANNOTATORS
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  settings
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  jsonpath_tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class DuckDB.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    284    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    285        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    286
    287        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    288        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    289
    290        KEYWORDS = {
    291            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    292            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    293            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    294            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    295            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    296            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    297            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    298            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
    299            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    300            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    301            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    302            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    303            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    304            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    305            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
    306            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
    307            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    308            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    309            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    310            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    311            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    312            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    313            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    314            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    315            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    316        }
    317        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    318
    319        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    320            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    321            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    322        }

HEREDOC_STRINGS = ['$']
HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '//': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'ATTACH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BITSTRING': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'LOGICAL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'PIVOT_WIDER': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'POSITIONAL': <TokenType.POSITIONAL: 'POSITIONAL'>, 'SIGNED': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'SUMMARIZE': <TokenType.SUMMARIZE: 'SUMMARIZE'>, 'TIMESTAMP_S': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, 'TIMESTAMP_MS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_US': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'UBIGINT': <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, 'UINTEGER': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'USMALLINT': <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, 'UTINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEX_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  QUOTES
  STRING_ESCAPES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  STRING_ESCAPES_ALLOWED_IN_RAW_STRINGS
  NESTED_COMMENTS
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class DuckDB.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    324    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    325        BITWISE = {
    326            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    327            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    328        }
    329
    330        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    331
    332        FUNCTIONS = {
    333            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    334            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    335            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    336            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    337            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    338            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    339            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    340            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    341                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    342            ),
    343            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    344                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    345            ),
    346            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    347            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    348                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    349            ),
    350            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    351            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    352            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    353            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    354            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    355            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    356            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
    357            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    358            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    359            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    360                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    361            ),
    362            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    363            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    364            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract,
    365            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    366            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    367                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    368                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    369                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    370                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    371            ),
    372            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    373            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    374            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    375            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    376            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    377            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    378            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    379            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    380            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    381            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    382            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    383            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    384            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    385        }
    386
    387        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
    388        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
    389
    390        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    391        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    392
    393        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    394            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    395            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    396        }
    397
    398        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    399            TokenType.SEMI,
    400            TokenType.ANTI,
    401        }
    402
    403        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    404            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    405            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    406                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    407                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    408                else None
    409            ),
    410        }
    411
    412        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
    413            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    414            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
    415            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
    416            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
    417        }
    418
    419        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    420            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
    421            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
    422            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
    423                if sample.args.get("size"):
    424                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    425                else:
    426                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
    427
    428            return sample
    429
    430        def _parse_bracket(
    431            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    432        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    433            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    434            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    435                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    436
    437            return bracket
    438
    439        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    440            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    441                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    442
    443            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    444            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    445
    446        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    447            return self._parse_field_def()
    448
    449        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    450            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    451                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    452            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>, <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>}
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {'STRUCT_PACK', 'STRUCT'}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function build_convert_timezone>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function build_regexp_extract>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'UNPACK_COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnpackColumns'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'DATETRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'EPOCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'EPOCH_MS': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_STRING': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIST_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'LIST_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'LIST_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'LIST_VALUE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_make_timestamp>, 'MEDIAN': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'QUANTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'QUANTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'REGEXP_MATCHES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'STRFTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRING_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STRING_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'STRPTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRUCT_PACK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STR_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STR_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'RANGE': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NORMALIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NEXT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAP': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>}
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
TYPE_CONVERTERS = {<Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: <function build_default_decimal_type.<locals>._builder>, <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ALTERABLES
  INTERVAL_VARS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  ASSIGNMENT
  DISJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  STATEMENT_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  RANGE_PARSERS
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
  KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
  IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
  ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
  ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
  PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class DuckDB.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    454    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    455        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    456        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
    457        JOIN_HINTS = False
    458        TABLE_HINTS = False
    459        QUERY_HINTS = False
    460        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    461        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    462        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    463        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    464        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
    465        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
    466        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    467        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    468        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
    469        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
    470        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
    471        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
    472        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    473        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    474        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
    475        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
    476        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
    477        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
    478        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
    479
    480        TRANSFORMS = {
    481            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    482            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
    483            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
    484            exp.ArrayContainsAll: rename_func("ARRAY_HAS_ALL"),
    485            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
    486            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    487            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
    488            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
    489            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
    490            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
    491            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
    492            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
    493            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
    494            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
    495            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    496            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
    497            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    498            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
    499            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
    500            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    501            exp.Date: _date_sql,
    502            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    503            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
    504            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
    505            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    506            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    507            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
    508            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
    509            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    510            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    511            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    512            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
    513            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    514            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    515            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
    516            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
    517            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
    518            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    519            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
    520            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
    521            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
    522            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    523            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    524            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
    525            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    526            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    527            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    528            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
    529                "DATEDIFF",
    530                "'month'",
    531                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    532                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    533            ),
    534            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
    535            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
    536            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
    537            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
    538            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
    539            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    540            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
    541                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
    542                e.this,
    543                e.expression,
    544                e.args.get("replacement"),
    545                e.args.get("modifiers"),
    546            ),
    547            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
    548            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
    549            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
    550            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
    551            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    552            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    553            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
    554            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
    555            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
    556            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    557            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    558                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
    559            ),
    560            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
    561            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
    562            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    563            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
    564            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
    565            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    566            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    567                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
    568            ),
    569            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
    570            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
    571            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    572            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    573                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    574            ),
    575            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    576            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
    577            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    578            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    579            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    580            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    581                "DATE_DIFF",
    582                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
    583                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    584                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    585            ),
    586            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
    587                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
    588            ),
    589            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
    590                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
    591            ),
    592            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    593            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
    594            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    595            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
    596            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    597        }
    598
    599        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    600            exp.JSONPathKey,
    601            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    602            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    603            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
    604        }
    605
    606        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    607            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    608            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
    609            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
    610            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
    611            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    612            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
    613            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
    614            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
    615            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
    616            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
    617            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
    618            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    619            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
    620            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
    621            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
    622        }
    623
    624        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
    625        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    626            "array",
    627            "analyse",
    628            "union",
    629            "all",
    630            "when",
    631            "in_p",
    632            "default",
    633            "create_p",
    634            "window",
    635            "asymmetric",
    636            "to",
    637            "else",
    638            "localtime",
    639            "from",
    640            "end_p",
    641            "select",
    642            "current_date",
    643            "foreign",
    644            "with",
    645            "grant",
    646            "session_user",
    647            "or",
    648            "except",
    649            "references",
    650            "fetch",
    651            "limit",
    652            "group_p",
    653            "leading",
    654            "into",
    655            "collate",
    656            "offset",
    657            "do",
    658            "then",
    659            "localtimestamp",
    660            "check_p",
    661            "lateral_p",
    662            "current_role",
    663            "where",
    664            "asc_p",
    665            "placing",
    666            "desc_p",
    667            "user",
    668            "unique",
    669            "initially",
    670            "column",
    671            "both",
    672            "some",
    673            "as",
    674            "any",
    675            "only",
    676            "deferrable",
    677            "null_p",
    678            "current_time",
    679            "true_p",
    680            "table",
    681            "case",
    682            "trailing",
    683            "variadic",
    684            "for",
    685            "on",
    686            "distinct",
    687            "false_p",
    688            "not",
    689            "constraint",
    690            "current_timestamp",
    691            "returning",
    692            "primary",
    693            "intersect",
    694            "having",
    695            "analyze",
    696            "current_user",
    697            "and",
    698            "cast",
    699            "symmetric",
    700            "using",
    701            "order",
    702            "current_catalog",
    703        }
    704
    705        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
    706
    707        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
    708        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
    709        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    710            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
    711            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
    712        }
    713
    714        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
    715        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
    716        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
    717        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    718        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
    719
    720        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
    721            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
    722
    723        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
    724            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    725                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    726                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
    727            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
    728
    729        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
    730            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    731                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    732                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
    733            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
    734
    735        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
    736            arg = expression.this
    737            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    738                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
    739            return self.func("JSON", arg)
    740
    741        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    742            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    743            if nano is not None:
    744                expression.set(
    745                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    746                )
    747
    748            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
    749
    750        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    751            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    752
    753            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    754            if milli is not None:
    755                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    756
    757            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    758            if nano is not None:
    759                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    760
    761            if milli or nano:
    762                expression.set("sec", sec)
    763
    764            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    765
    766        def tablesample_sql(
    767            self,
    768            expression: exp.TableSample,
    769            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    770        ) -> str:
    771            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    772                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    773                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    774
    775            if expression.args.get("size"):
    776                method = expression.args.get("method")
    777                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    778                    self.unsupported(
    779                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    780                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    781                    )
    782                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    783
    784            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
    785
    786        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    787            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    788            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    789
    790            if unit.startswith("week"):
    791                multiplier = 7
    792            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    793                multiplier = 90
    794
    795            if multiplier:
    796                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    797
    798            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    799
    800        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    801            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    802                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    803            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    804
    805        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    806            if (
    807                expression.side == "LEFT"
    808                and not expression.args.get("on")
    809                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    810            ):
    811                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    812                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    813                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    814
    815            return super().join_sql(expression)
    816
    817        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    818            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    819            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    820                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    821
    822            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    823
    824        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    825            this = expression.this
    826            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    827                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    828
    829            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    830
    831            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    832                if not this.type:
    833                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    834
    835                    this = annotate_types(this)
    836
    837                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    838                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    839
    840            return bracket
    841
    842        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    843            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    844
    845            func = expression.this
    846            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    847                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    848                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    849                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    850                if order_col:
    851                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    852                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    853
    854            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    855
    856            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
    857
    858        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    859            arg = expression.this
    860
    861            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    862            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    863            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    864                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    865
    866            if not arg.type:
    867                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    868
    869                arg = annotate_types(arg)
    870
    871            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    872                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    873
    874            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    875            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    876            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    877
    878            case = (
    879                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    880                .when(
    881                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    882                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    883                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    884            )
    885
    886            return self.sql(case)
    887
    888        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    889            this = expression.this
    890            key = expression.args.get("key")
    891            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    892            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    893
    894            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    895
    896            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    897            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    898            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    899                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    900
    901            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
    902
    903        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    904            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    905            if explode_array:
    906                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    907                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    908                expression.expressions.append(
    909                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    910                )
    911
    912                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    913                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    914                if alias:
    915                    expression.set("alias", None)
    916                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
    917
    918                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    919                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    920                return self.sql(select)
    921
    922            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    923
    924        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    925            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
    926                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    927                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    928                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    929
    930            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    931
    932        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    933            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    934            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    935
    936            if null_text:
    937                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    938
    939            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = '$'
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = 'USING SAMPLE'
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
STAR_EXCEPT = 'EXCLUDE'
PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function no_comment_column_constraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TagColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnpackColumns'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function approx_count_distinct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_unless_query>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>: <function _array_sort_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>: <function no_datetime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function _generate_datetime_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>: <function _generate_datetime_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function _json_format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function regexp_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Return'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function no_safe_divide_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function sha256_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _sort_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function str_position_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function _struct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>: <function no_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function _timediff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'BLOB', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.UINT: 'UINT'>: 'UINTEGER', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>: 'TIMESTAMP_S', <Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_MS', <Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'references', 'current_catalog', 'grant', 'returning', 'some', 'current_role', 'for', 'to', 'asc_p', 'all', 'null_p', 'create_p', 'check_p', 'symmetric', 'end_p', 'placing', 'not', 'true_p', 'window', 'trailing', 'offset', 'deferrable', 'else', 'from', 'group_p', 'analyze', 'unique', 'array', 'or', 'desc_p', 'where', 'both', 'when', 'case', 'table', 'current_time', 'analyse', 'and', 'union', 'any', 'session_user', 'having', 'current_timestamp', 'primary', 'localtimestamp', 'user', 'current_user', 'distinct', 'order', 'column', 'do', 'false_p', 'lateral_p', 'intersect', 'then', 'leading', 'fetch', 'cast', 'with', 'in_p', 'current_date', 'as', 'into', 'foreign', 'only', 'default', 'constraint', 'except', 'limit', 'initially', 'collate', 'localtime', 'on', 'select', 'variadic', 'asymmetric', 'using'}
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>}
def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str: View Source

    720        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
    721            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))

def strtotime_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime) -> str: View Source

    723        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
    724            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    725                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    726                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
    727            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)

def strtodate_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate) -> str: View Source

    729        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
    730            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    731                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    732                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
    733            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"

def parsejson_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON) -> str: View Source

    735        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
    736            arg = expression.this
    737            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    738                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
    739            return self.func("JSON", arg)

def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts) -> str: View Source

    741        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    742            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    743            if nano is not None:
    744                expression.set(
    745                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    746                )
    747
    748            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str: View Source

    750        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    751            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    752
    753            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    754            if milli is not None:
    755                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    756
    757            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    758            if nano is not None:
    759                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    760
    761            if milli or nano:
    762                expression.set("sec", sec)
    763
    764            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)

def tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str: View Source

    766        def tablesample_sql(
    767            self,
    768            expression: exp.TableSample,
    769            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    770        ) -> str:
    771            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    772                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    773                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    774
    775            if expression.args.get("size"):
    776                method = expression.args.get("method")
    777                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    778                    self.unsupported(
    779                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    780                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    781                    )
    782                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    783
    784            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)

def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval) -> str: View Source

    786        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    787            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    788            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    789
    790            if unit.startswith("week"):
    791                multiplier = 7
    792            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    793                multiplier = 90
    794
    795            if multiplier:
    796                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    797
    798            return super().interval_sql(expression)

def columndef_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef, sep: str = ' ') -> str: View Source

    800        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    801            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    802                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    803            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)

def join_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Join) -> str: View Source

    805        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    806            if (
    807                expression.side == "LEFT"
    808                and not expression.args.get("on")
    809                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    810            ):
    811                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    812                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    813                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    814
    815            return super().join_sql(expression)

def generateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries) -> str: View Source

    817        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    818            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    819            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    820                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    821
    822            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str: View Source

    824        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    825            this = expression.this
    826            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    827                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    828
    829            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    830
    831            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    832                if not this.type:
    833                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    834
    835                    this = annotate_types(this)
    836
    837                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    838                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    839
    840            return bracket

def withingroup_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup) -> str: View Source

    842        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    843            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    844
    845            func = expression.this
    846            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    847                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    848                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    849                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    850                if order_col:
    851                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    852                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    853
    854            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    855
    856            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"

def length_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Length) -> str: View Source

    858        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    859            arg = expression.this
    860
    861            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    862            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    863            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    864                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    865
    866            if not arg.type:
    867                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    868
    869                arg = annotate_types(arg)
    870
    871            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    872                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    873
    874            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    875            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    876            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    877
    878            case = (
    879                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    880                .when(
    881                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    882                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    883                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    884            )
    885
    886            return self.sql(case)

def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert) -> str: View Source

    888        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    889            this = expression.this
    890            key = expression.args.get("key")
    891            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    892            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    893
    894            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    895
    896            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    897            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    898            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    899                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    900
    901            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)

def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str: View Source

    903        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    904            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    905            if explode_array:
    906                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    907                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    908                expression.expressions.append(
    909                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    910                )
    911
    912                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    913                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    914                if alias:
    915                    expression.set("alias", None)
    916                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
    917
    918                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    919                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    920                return self.sql(select)
    921
    922            return super().unnest_sql(expression)

def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IgnoreNulls) -> str: View Source

    924        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    925            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
    926                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    927                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    928                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    929
    930            return self.sql(expression, "this")

def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString) -> str: View Source

    932        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    933            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    934            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    935
    936            if null_text:
    937                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    938
    939            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
  COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
  HEX_FUNC
  WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
  QUOTE_JSON_PATH
  SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
  SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
  PARSE_JSON_NAME
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  set_operation
  set_operations
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  hex_sql
  lowerhex_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  groupingsets_sql
  rollup_sql
  cube_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  options_modifier
  queryoption_sql
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  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
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  windowspec_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  all_sql
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  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  renametable_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  alterset_sql
  alter_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  try_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  duplicatekeyproperty_sql
  distributedbyproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql
  datadeletionproperty_sql
  maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
  gapfill_sql
  scope_resolution
  scoperesolution_sql
  rand_sql
  changes_sql
  pad_sql
  summarize_sql
  explodinggenerateseries_sql
  arrayconcat_sql
  converttimezone_sql
  json_sql
  jsonvalue_sql
  conditionalinsert_sql
  multitableinserts_sql
  oncondition_sql
  jsonexists_sql
  arrayagg_sql
  apply_sql
  grant_sql
  grantprivilege_sql
  grantprincipal_sql