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# sqlglot.dialects.tsql

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import datetime
       4import re
       5import typing as t
       6from functools import partial, reduce
       7
       8from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
       9from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      10    Dialect,
      11    NormalizationStrategy,
      12    any_value_to_max_sql,
      13    date_delta_sql,
      14    datestrtodate_sql,
      15    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
      16    max_or_greatest,
      17    min_or_least,
      18    build_date_delta,
      19    rename_func,
      20    strposition_sql,
      21    trim_sql,
      22    timestrtotime_sql,
      23)
      24from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
      25from sqlglot.parser import build_coalesce
      26from sqlglot.time import format_time
      27from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
      28
      29if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      30    from sqlglot._typing import E
      31
      32FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
      33    "weekday": "%A",
      34    "dw": "%A",
      35    "w": "%A",
      36    "month": "%B",
      37    "mm": "%B",
      38    "m": "%B",
      39}
      40
      41DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {
      42    "year": "year",
      43    "yyyy": "year",
      44    "yy": "year",
      45    "quarter": "quarter",
      46    "qq": "quarter",
      47    "q": "quarter",
      48    "month": "month",
      49    "mm": "month",
      50    "m": "month",
      51    "week": "week",
      52    "ww": "week",
      53    "wk": "week",
      54    "day": "day",
      55    "dd": "day",
      56    "d": "day",
      57}
      58
      59
      60DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile("([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})")
      61
      62# N = Numeric, C=Currency
      63TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {"N", "C"}
      64
      65DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
      66
      67BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
      68
      69# Unsupported options:
      70# - OPTIMIZE FOR ( @variable_name { UNKNOWN | = <literal_constant> } [ , ...n ] )
      71# - TABLE HINT
      72OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
      73    **dict.fromkeys(
      74        (
      75            "DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING",
      76            "FAST",
      77            "IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX",
      78            "LABEL",
      79            "MAXDOP",
      80            "MAXRECURSION",
      81            "MAX_GRANT_PERCENT",
      82            "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT",
      83            "NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL",
      84            "QUERYTRACEON",
      85            "RECOMPILE",
      86        ),
      87        tuple(),
      88    ),
      89    "CONCAT": ("UNION",),
      90    "DISABLE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
      91    "EXPAND": ("VIEWS",),
      92    "FORCE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "ORDER", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
      93    "HASH": ("GROUP", "JOIN", "UNION"),
      94    "KEEP": ("PLAN",),
      95    "KEEPFIXED": ("PLAN",),
      96    "LOOP": ("JOIN",),
      97    "MERGE": ("JOIN", "UNION"),
      98    "OPTIMIZE": (("FOR", "UNKNOWN"),),
      99    "ORDER": ("GROUP",),
     100    "PARAMETERIZATION": ("FORCED", "SIMPLE"),
     101    "ROBUST": ("PLAN",),
     102    "USE": ("PLAN",),
     103}
     104
     105OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ("MAX_GRANT_PERCENT", "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT", "LABEL")
     106
     107
     108def _build_formatted_time(
     109    exp_class: t.Type[E], full_format_mapping: t.Optional[bool] = None
     110) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     111    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
     112        assert len(args) == 2
     113
     114        return exp_class(
     115            this=exp.cast(args[1], exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2),
     116            format=exp.Literal.string(
     117                format_time(
     118                    args[0].name.lower(),
     119                    (
     120                        {**TSQL.TIME_MAPPING, **FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING}
     121                        if full_format_mapping
     122                        else TSQL.TIME_MAPPING
     123                    ),
     124                )
     125            ),
     126        )
     127
     128    return _builder
     129
     130
     131def _build_format(args: t.List) -> exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr:
     132    this = seq_get(args, 0)
     133    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
     134    culture = seq_get(args, 2)
     135
     136    number_fmt = fmt and (fmt.name in TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT or not DATE_FMT_RE.search(fmt.name))
     137
     138    if number_fmt:
     139        return exp.NumberToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
     140
     141    if fmt:
     142        fmt = exp.Literal.string(
     143            format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING)
     144            if len(fmt.name) == 1
     145            else format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.TIME_MAPPING)
     146        )
     147
     148    return exp.TimeToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
     149
     150
     151def _build_eomonth(args: t.List) -> exp.LastDay:
     152    date = exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))
     153    month_lag = seq_get(args, 1)
     154
     155    if month_lag is None:
     156        this: exp.Expression = date
     157    else:
     158        unit = DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL.get("month")
     159        this = exp.DateAdd(this=date, expression=month_lag, unit=unit and exp.var(unit))
     160
     161    return exp.LastDay(this=this)
     162
     163
     164def _build_hashbytes(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     165    kind, data = args
     166    kind = kind.name.upper() if kind.is_string else ""
     167
     168    if kind == "MD5":
     169        args.pop(0)
     170        return exp.MD5(this=data)
     171    if kind in ("SHA", "SHA1"):
     172        args.pop(0)
     173        return exp.SHA(this=data)
     174    if kind == "SHA2_256":
     175        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(256))
     176    if kind == "SHA2_512":
     177        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(512))
     178
     179    return exp.func("HASHBYTES", *args)
     180
     181
     182DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {"DW", "WK", "HOUR", "QUARTER"}
     183
     184
     185def _format_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
     186    fmt = expression.args["format"]
     187
     188    if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr):
     189        if fmt.is_string:
     190            mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
     191
     192            name = (mapped_fmt or "").upper()
     193            if name in DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS:
     194                return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.this)
     195
     196            fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt))
     197        else:
     198            fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt)
     199    else:
     200        fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt)
     201
     202    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture"))
     203
     204
     205def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
     206    this = expression.this
     207    distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct)
     208    if distinct:
     209        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
     210        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
     211        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
     212
     213    order = ""
     214    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
     215        if expression.this.this:
     216            this = expression.this.this.pop()
     217        # Order has a leading space
     218        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"
     219
     220    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
     221    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
     222
     223
     224def _build_date_delta(
     225    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
     226) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     227    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
     228        unit = seq_get(args, 0)
     229        if unit and unit_mapping:
     230            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name))
     231
     232        start_date = seq_get(args, 1)
     233        if start_date and start_date.is_number:
     234            # Numeric types are valid DATETIME values
     235            if start_date.is_int:
     236                adds = DEFAULT_START_DATE + datetime.timedelta(days=start_date.to_py())
     237                start_date = exp.Literal.string(adds.strftime("%F"))
     238            else:
     239                # We currently don't handle float values, i.e. they're not converted to equivalent DATETIMEs.
     240                # This is not a problem when generating T-SQL code, it is when transpiling to other dialects.
     241                return exp_class(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=start_date, unit=unit)
     242
     243        return exp_class(
     244            this=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=seq_get(args, 2)),
     245            expression=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=start_date),
     246            unit=unit,
     247        )
     248
     249    return _builder
     250
     251
     252def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     253    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
     254    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     255
     256    if (
     257        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
     258        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
     259        and not alias.columns
     260    ):
     261        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
     262
     263        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
     264        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
     265        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
     266        query = expression.this
     267        unaliased_column_indexes = (
     268            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
     269        )
     270
     271        qualify_outputs(query)
     272
     273        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
     274        query_selects = query.selects
     275        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
     276            alias = query_selects[select_index]
     277            column = alias.this
     278            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
     279                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
     280
     281    return expression
     282
     283
     284# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/datetimefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
     285def _build_datetimefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampFromParts:
     286    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
     287        year=seq_get(args, 0),
     288        month=seq_get(args, 1),
     289        day=seq_get(args, 2),
     290        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
     291        min=seq_get(args, 4),
     292        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
     293        milli=seq_get(args, 6),
     294    )
     295
     296
     297# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/timefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
     298def _build_timefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeFromParts:
     299    return exp.TimeFromParts(
     300        hour=seq_get(args, 0),
     301        min=seq_get(args, 1),
     302        sec=seq_get(args, 2),
     303        fractions=seq_get(args, 3),
     304        precision=seq_get(args, 4),
     305    )
     306
     307
     308def _build_with_arg_as_text(
     309    klass: t.Type[exp.Expression],
     310) -> t.Callable[[t.List[exp.Expression]], exp.Expression]:
     311    def _parse(args: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
     312        this = seq_get(args, 0)
     313
     314        if this and not this.is_string:
     315            this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
     316
     317        expression = seq_get(args, 1)
     318        kwargs = {"this": this}
     319
     320        if expression:
     321            kwargs["expression"] = expression
     322
     323        return klass(**kwargs)
     324
     325    return _parse
     326
     327
     328# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/parsename-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
     329def _build_parsename(args: t.List) -> exp.SplitPart | exp.Anonymous:
     330    # PARSENAME(...) will be stored into exp.SplitPart if:
     331    # - All args are literals
     332    # - The part index (2nd arg) is <= 4 (max valid value, otherwise TSQL returns NULL)
     333    if len(args) == 2 and all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in args):
     334        this = args[0]
     335        part_index = args[1]
     336        split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
     337        if split_count <= 4:
     338            return exp.SplitPart(
     339                this=this,
     340                delimiter=exp.Literal.string("."),
     341                part_index=exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py()),
     342            )
     343
     344    return exp.Anonymous(this="PARSENAME", expressions=args)
     345
     346
     347def _build_json_query(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> exp.JSONExtract:
     348    if len(args) == 1:
     349        # The default value for path is '$'. As a result, if you don't provide a
     350        # value for path, JSON_QUERY returns the input expression.
     351        args.append(exp.Literal.string("$"))
     352
     353    return parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract)(args, dialect)
     354
     355
     356def _json_extract_sql(
     357    self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar
     358) -> str:
     359    json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression)
     360    json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
     361    return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value)
     362
     363
     364def _timestrtotime_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime):
     365    sql = timestrtotime_sql(self, expression)
     366    if expression.args.get("zone"):
     367        # If there is a timezone, produce an expression like:
     368        # CAST('2020-01-01 12:13:14-08:00' AS DATETIMEOFFSET) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'
     369        # If you dont have AT TIME ZONE 'UTC', wrapping that expression in another cast back to DATETIME2 just drops the timezone information
     370        return self.sql(exp.AtTimeZone(this=sql, zone=exp.Literal.string("UTC")))
     371    return sql
     372
     373
     374def _build_datetrunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
     375    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
     376    this = seq_get(args, 1)
     377
     378    if this and this.is_string:
     379        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2)
     380
     381    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)
     382
     383
     384class TSQL(Dialect):
     385    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
     386    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
     387    TYPED_DIVISION = True
     388    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
     389    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     390
     391    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
     392
     393    TIME_MAPPING = {
     394        "year": "%Y",
     395        "dayofyear": "%j",
     396        "day": "%d",
     397        "dy": "%d",
     398        "y": "%Y",
     399        "week": "%W",
     400        "ww": "%W",
     401        "wk": "%W",
     402        "hour": "%h",
     403        "hh": "%I",
     404        "minute": "%M",
     405        "mi": "%M",
     406        "n": "%M",
     407        "second": "%S",
     408        "ss": "%S",
     409        "s": "%-S",
     410        "millisecond": "%f",
     411        "ms": "%f",
     412        "weekday": "%w",
     413        "dw": "%w",
     414        "month": "%m",
     415        "mm": "%M",
     416        "m": "%-M",
     417        "Y": "%Y",
     418        "YYYY": "%Y",
     419        "YY": "%y",
     420        "MMMM": "%B",
     421        "MMM": "%b",
     422        "MM": "%m",
     423        "M": "%-m",
     424        "dddd": "%A",
     425        "dd": "%d",
     426        "d": "%-d",
     427        "HH": "%H",
     428        "H": "%-H",
     429        "h": "%-I",
     430        "ffffff": "%f",
     431        "yyyy": "%Y",
     432        "yy": "%y",
     433    }
     434
     435    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
     436        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
     437        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
     438        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
     439        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
     440        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
     441        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
     442        "6": "%d %b %y",
     443        "7": "%b %d, %y",
     444        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
     445        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
     446        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
     447        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
     448        "12": "yymmdd",
     449        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
     450        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
     451        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     452        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     453        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     454        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
     455        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
     456        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     457        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
     458        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
     459        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
     460        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
     461        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
     462        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
     463        "106": "%d %b %Y",
     464        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
     465        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
     466        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
     467        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
     468        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
     469        "112": "%Y%m%d",
     470        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
     471        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
     472        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     473        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     474    }
     475
     476    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
     477        "y": "%B %Y",
     478        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
     479        "H": "%-H",
     480        "h": "%-I",
     481        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     482        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
     483        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
     484        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     485        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
     486        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     487        "M": "%B %-d",
     488        "m": "%B %-d",
     489        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
     490        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
     491        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
     492        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
     493        "t": "%-I:%M",
     494        "Y": "%a %Y",
     495    }
     496
     497    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     498        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
     499        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
     500        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
     501        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
     502
     503        KEYWORDS = {
     504            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     505            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
     506            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME2,
     507            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     508            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
     509            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
     510            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
     511            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
     512            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
     513            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
     514            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
     515            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
     516            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
     517            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
     518            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
     519            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
     520            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
     521            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.SMALLDATETIME,
     522            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
     523            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
     524            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
     525            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
     526            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
     527            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
     528            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
     529            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
     530            "XML": TokenType.XML,
     531        }
     532        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     533
     534        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
     535
     536    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     537        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
     538        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
     539        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
     540        STRING_ALIASES = True
     541        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
     542
     543        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
     544            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
     545            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
     546        }
     547
     548        FUNCTIONS = {
     549            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     550            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
     551                this=seq_get(args, 1),
     552                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
     553                position=seq_get(args, 2),
     554            ),
     555            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
     556                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
     557            ),
     558            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
     559                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
     560            ),
     561            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
     562            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
     563            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
     564            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
     565            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
     566            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
     567            "FORMAT": _build_format,
     568            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     569            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
     570            "ISNULL": build_coalesce,
     571            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
     572            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     573            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
     574            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
     575            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
     576            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
     577            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
     578            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
     579            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     580            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     581            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     582            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     583            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
     584            "DATETRUNC": _build_datetrunc,
     585        }
     586
     587        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
     588
     589        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
     590            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
     591        )
     592
     593        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
     594            TokenType.TABLE,
     595            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
     596        }
     597
     598        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     599            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     600            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
     601        }
     602
     603        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     604            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     605            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
     606                exp.ScopeResolution,
     607                this=this,
     608                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
     609            ),
     610        }
     611
     612        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     613            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     614            "NEXT": lambda self: self._parse_next_value_for(),
     615        }
     616
     617        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
     618        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
     619            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
     620            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
     621            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
     622            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
     623        }
     624
     625        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     626            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
     627            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
     628            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
     629                return self._parse_types()
     630
     631            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
     632
     633        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
     634            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
     635                return None
     636
     637            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     638                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
     639                if not option:
     640                    return None
     641
     642                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     643                return self.expression(
     644                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
     645                )
     646
     647            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
     648
     649        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
     650            """
     651            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
     652            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
     653
     654            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
     655            """
     656            return [
     657                (
     658                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
     659                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
     660                    else projection
     661                )
     662                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
     663            ]
     664
     665        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
     666            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
     667            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     668                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
     669                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
     670
     671            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     672                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
     673                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
     674            """
     675            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
     676
     677            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
     678            this = self._parse_id_var()
     679
     680            if rollback:
     681                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
     682
     683            durability = None
     684            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
     685                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
     686                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     687
     688                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
     689                    durability = False
     690                else:
     691                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
     692                    durability = True
     693
     694                self._match_r_paren()
     695
     696            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
     697
     698        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
     699            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
     700            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     701            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
     702            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
     703            ]
     704            """
     705            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
     706                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
     707                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
     708                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
     709
     710                return transaction
     711
     712            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
     713
     714        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
     715            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
     716            returns = super()._parse_returns()
     717            returns.set("table", table)
     718            return returns
     719
     720        def _parse_convert(
     721            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
     722        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     723            this = self._parse_types()
     724            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     725            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
     726            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
     727            convert.set("safe", safe)
     728            convert.set("strict", strict)
     729            return convert
     730
     731        def _parse_user_defined_function(
     732            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
     733        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     734            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
     735
     736            if (
     737                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
     738                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
     739                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
     740            ):
     741                return this
     742
     743            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
     744                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
     745            else:
     746                expressions = None
     747
     748            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
     749
     750        def _parse_id_var(
     751            self,
     752            any_token: bool = True,
     753            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     754        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     755            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
     756            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
     757
     758            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     759            if this:
     760                if is_global:
     761                    this.set("global", True)
     762                elif is_temporary:
     763                    this.set("temporary", True)
     764
     765            return this
     766
     767        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
     768            create = super()._parse_create()
     769
     770            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
     771                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
     772                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
     773                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
     774                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
     775
     776                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
     777
     778            return create
     779
     780        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     781            index = self._index
     782
     783            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
     784                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
     785                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
     786                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
     787                self._retreat(index)
     788
     789            return super()._parse_if()
     790
     791        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
     792            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
     793                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
     794            else:
     795                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
     796
     797            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
     798
     799        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
     800            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
     801                return None
     802
     803            def parse_range():
     804                low = self._parse_bitwise()
     805                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
     806
     807                return (
     808                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
     809                )
     810
     811            partition = self.expression(
     812                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
     813            )
     814
     815            self._match_r_paren()
     816
     817            return partition
     818
     819        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
     820            index = self._index
     821            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
     822
     823            if not expressions or self._curr:
     824                self._retreat(index)
     825                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
     826
     827            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
     828
     829        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
     830            var = self._parse_id_var()
     831            if not var:
     832                return None
     833
     834            value = None
     835            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
     836            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
     837                data_type = self._parse_schema()
     838            else:
     839                data_type = self._parse_types()
     840                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
     841                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
     842
     843            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)
     844
     845    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     846        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
     847        QUERY_HINTS = False
     848        RETURNING_END = False
     849        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     850        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
     851        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
     852        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
     853        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
     854        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
     855        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
     856        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
     857        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     858        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
     859        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     860        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     861        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
     862        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
     863        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
     864        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
     865
     866        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
     867            exp.Create,
     868            exp.Delete,
     869            exp.Insert,
     870            exp.Intersect,
     871            exp.Except,
     872            exp.Merge,
     873            exp.Select,
     874            exp.Subquery,
     875            exp.Union,
     876            exp.Update,
     877        }
     878
     879        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     880            exp.JSONPathKey,
     881            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     882            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     883        }
     884
     885        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     886            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     887            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
     888            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2: "DATETIME2",
     889            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
     890            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
     891            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
     892            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
     893            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
     894            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
     895            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "DATETIME2",
     896            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
     897            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLDATETIME: "SMALLDATETIME",
     898            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
     899            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
     900        }
     901
     902        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
     903        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
     904
     905        TRANSFORMS = {
     906            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     907            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
     908            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
     909            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
     910            exp.Chr: rename_func("CHAR"),
     911            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     912            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     913            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     914            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     915            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     916            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     917            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
     918            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
     919            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
     920            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
     921            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
     922            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
     923            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
     924            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
     925            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     926            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
     927            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     928            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
     929            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
     930            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     931                [
     932                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     933                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     934                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
     935                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
     936                ]
     937            ),
     938            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
     939            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(
     940                self, e, func_name="CHARINDEX", supports_position=True
     941            ),
     942            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     943            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
     944            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
     945                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
     946            ),
     947            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
     948            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
     949            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
     950            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
     951            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     952            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     953            exp.TimestampTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATETRUNC", e.unit, e.this),
     954            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATEFROMPARTS"),
     955        }
     956
     957        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
     958
     959        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     960            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     961            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     962        }
     963
     964        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
     965            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
     966
     967        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
     968            if expression.args.get("offset"):
     969                if not expression.args.get("order"):
     970                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
     971                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
     972                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
     973                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
     974
     975                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
     976                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
     977                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
     978                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
     979                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
     980
     981            return super().select_sql(expression)
     982
     983        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
     984            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
     985            return self.func(
     986                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
     987            )
     988
     989        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
     990            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
     991            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     992            if value:
     993                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
     994                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
     995            return option
     996
     997        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
     998            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
     999            if cross_apply is True:
    1000                return "CROSS APPLY"
    1001            if cross_apply is False:
    1002                return "OUTER APPLY"
    1003
    1004            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
    1005            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
    1006            return "LATERAL"
    1007
    1008        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
    1009            this = expression.this
    1010            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
    1011            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
    1012            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
    1013
    1014            if (
    1015                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
    1016                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
    1017                or not part_index
    1018                or split_count > 4
    1019            ):
    1020                self.unsupported(
    1021                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
    1022                )
    1023                return ""
    1024
    1025            return self.func(
    1026                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
    1027            )
    1028
    1029        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    1030            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1031            if nano is not None:
    1032                nano.pop()
    1033                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1034
    1035            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
    1036                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1037            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
    1038                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1039
    1040            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1041
    1042        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1043            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1044            if zone is not None:
    1045                zone.pop()
    1046                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1047
    1048            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1049            if nano is not None:
    1050                nano.pop()
    1051                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1052
    1053            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
    1054                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1055
    1056            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1057
    1058        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
    1059            this = expression.this
    1060            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
    1061                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
    1062                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
    1063
    1064            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
    1065
    1066        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
    1067            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
    1068                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
    1069            ):
    1070                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
    1071
    1072            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
    1073
    1074        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
    1075            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
    1076                return self.binary(expression, "=")
    1077            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
    1078
    1079        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
    1080            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1081            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
    1082
    1083            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
    1084                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
    1085                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
    1086            ):
    1087                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
    1088
    1089            return sql
    1090
    1091        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    1092            kind = expression.kind
    1093            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
    1094
    1095            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
    1096            if like_property:
    1097                ctas_expression = like_property.this
    1098            else:
    1099                ctas_expression = expression.expression
    1100
    1101            if kind == "VIEW":
    1102                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1103                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
    1104                if ctas_expression and with_:
    1105                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
    1106                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
    1107                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
    1108                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
    1109
    1110            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
    1111
    1112            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
    1113
    1114            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
    1115            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
    1116                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
    1117                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
    1118
    1119                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
    1120                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
    1121
    1122                if like_property:
    1123                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
    1124
    1125                sql = self.sql(select_into)
    1126
    1127            if exists:
    1128                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
    1129                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1130                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
    1131                if kind == "SCHEMA":
    1132                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1133                elif kind == "TABLE":
    1134                    assert table
    1135                    where = exp.and_(
    1136                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
    1137                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
    1138                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
    1139                    )
    1140                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1141                elif kind == "INDEX":
    1142                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
    1143                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1144            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
    1145                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
    1146
    1147            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1148
    1149        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
    1150            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
    1151            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
    1152
    1153        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
    1154            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
    1155
    1156        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    1157            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
    1158            this = f"FOR {name}"
    1159            expr = expression.expression
    1160            kind = expression.text("kind")
    1161            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
    1162                args = expr.expressions
    1163                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
    1164                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
    1165            else:
    1166                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
    1167
    1168            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
    1169            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
    1170
    1171        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
    1172            table = expression.args.get("table")
    1173            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
    1174            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1175
    1176        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
    1177            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
    1178            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
    1179            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
    1180
    1181        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    1182            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1183            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1184            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
    1185            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
    1186            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
    1187
    1188        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
    1189            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1190            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1191            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
    1192            durability = (
    1193                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
    1194                if durability is not None
    1195                else ""
    1196            )
    1197            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
    1198
    1199        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
    1200            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1201            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1202            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
    1203
    1204        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
    1205            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
    1206
    1207            if expression.args.get("global"):
    1208                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
    1209            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
    1210                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
    1211
    1212            return identifier
    1213
    1214        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
    1215            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1216            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
    1217            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
    1218
    1219        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1220            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
    1221
    1222        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
    1223            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
    1224
    1225        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1226            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
    1227
    1228        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
    1229            this = expression.this
    1230            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
    1231                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
    1232            else:
    1233                this_sql = self.sql(this)
    1234            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1235            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
    1236
    1237        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
    1238            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
    1239
    1240        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
    1241            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
    1242            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
    1243                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
    1244            return super().alter_sql(expression)
    1245
    1246        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
    1247            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
    1248                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1249            return super().drop_sql(expression)
    1250
    1251        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
    1252            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"
    1253
    1254        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
    1255            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1256            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
    1257            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
    1258
    1259            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
    1260            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
    1261                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
    1262
    1263            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"
    1264
    1265        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1266            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
    1267            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
    1268
    1269        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
    1270            return self.sql(
    1271                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
    1272            )
    1273
    1274        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
    1275            return f"(PATINDEX(CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), 0x255b5e002d7f5d25) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, {self.sql(expression.this)}) = 0)"

FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {'weekday': '%A', 'dw': '%A', 'w': '%A', 'month': '%B', 'mm': '%B', 'm': '%B'}
DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {'year': 'year', 'yyyy': 'year', 'yy': 'year', 'quarter': 'quarter', 'qq': 'quarter', 'q': 'quarter', 'month': 'month', 'mm': 'month', 'm': 'month', 'week': 'week', 'ww': 'week', 'wk': 'week', 'day': 'day', 'dd': 'day', 'd': 'day'}
DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile('([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})')
TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {'C', 'N'}
DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
BIT_TYPES = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.EQ'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Alias'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Is'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NEQ'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>}
OPTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING': (), 'FAST': (), 'IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX': (), 'LABEL': (), 'MAXDOP': (), 'MAXRECURSION': (), 'MAX_GRANT_PERCENT': (), 'MIN_GRANT_PERCENT': (), 'NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL': (), 'QUERYTRACEON': (), 'RECOMPILE': (), 'CONCAT': ('UNION',), 'DISABLE': ('EXTERNALPUSHDOWN', 'SCALEOUTEXECUTION'), 'EXPAND': ('VIEWS',), 'FORCE': ('EXTERNALPUSHDOWN', 'ORDER', 'SCALEOUTEXECUTION'), 'HASH': ('GROUP', 'JOIN', 'UNION'), 'KEEP': ('PLAN',), 'KEEPFIXED': ('PLAN',), 'LOOP': ('JOIN',), 'MERGE': ('JOIN', 'UNION'), 'OPTIMIZE': (('FOR', 'UNKNOWN'),), 'ORDER': ('GROUP',), 'PARAMETERIZATION': ('FORCED', 'SIMPLE'), 'ROBUST': ('PLAN',), 'USE': ('PLAN',)}
OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ('MAX_GRANT_PERCENT', 'MIN_GRANT_PERCENT', 'LABEL')
DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {'QUARTER', 'DW', 'HOUR', 'WK'}
def qualify_derived_table_outputs( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    253def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    254    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
    255    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    256
    257    if (
    258        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
    259        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
    260        and not alias.columns
    261    ):
    262        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
    263
    264        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
    265        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
    266        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
    267        query = expression.this
    268        unaliased_column_indexes = (
    269            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
    270        )
    271
    272        qualify_outputs(query)
    273
    274        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
    275        query_selects = query.selects
    276        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
    277            alias = query_selects[select_index]
    278            column = alias.this
    279            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
    280                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
    281
    282    return expression

Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries.

class TSQL(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

     385class TSQL(Dialect):
     386    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
     387    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
     388    TYPED_DIVISION = True
     389    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
     390    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     391
     392    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
     393
     394    TIME_MAPPING = {
     395        "year": "%Y",
     396        "dayofyear": "%j",
     397        "day": "%d",
     398        "dy": "%d",
     399        "y": "%Y",
     400        "week": "%W",
     401        "ww": "%W",
     402        "wk": "%W",
     403        "hour": "%h",
     404        "hh": "%I",
     405        "minute": "%M",
     406        "mi": "%M",
     407        "n": "%M",
     408        "second": "%S",
     409        "ss": "%S",
     410        "s": "%-S",
     411        "millisecond": "%f",
     412        "ms": "%f",
     413        "weekday": "%w",
     414        "dw": "%w",
     415        "month": "%m",
     416        "mm": "%M",
     417        "m": "%-M",
     418        "Y": "%Y",
     419        "YYYY": "%Y",
     420        "YY": "%y",
     421        "MMMM": "%B",
     422        "MMM": "%b",
     423        "MM": "%m",
     424        "M": "%-m",
     425        "dddd": "%A",
     426        "dd": "%d",
     427        "d": "%-d",
     428        "HH": "%H",
     429        "H": "%-H",
     430        "h": "%-I",
     431        "ffffff": "%f",
     432        "yyyy": "%Y",
     433        "yy": "%y",
     434    }
     435
     436    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
     437        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
     438        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
     439        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
     440        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
     441        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
     442        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
     443        "6": "%d %b %y",
     444        "7": "%b %d, %y",
     445        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
     446        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
     447        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
     448        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
     449        "12": "yymmdd",
     450        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
     451        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
     452        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     453        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     454        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     455        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
     456        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
     457        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     458        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
     459        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
     460        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
     461        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
     462        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
     463        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
     464        "106": "%d %b %Y",
     465        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
     466        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
     467        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
     468        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
     469        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
     470        "112": "%Y%m%d",
     471        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
     472        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
     473        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     474        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     475    }
     476
     477    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
     478        "y": "%B %Y",
     479        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
     480        "H": "%-H",
     481        "h": "%-I",
     482        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     483        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
     484        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
     485        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     486        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
     487        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     488        "M": "%B %-d",
     489        "m": "%B %-d",
     490        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
     491        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
     492        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
     493        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
     494        "t": "%-I:%M",
     495        "Y": "%a %Y",
     496    }
     497
     498    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     499        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
     500        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
     501        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
     502        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
     503
     504        KEYWORDS = {
     505            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     506            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
     507            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME2,
     508            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     509            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
     510            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
     511            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
     512            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
     513            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
     514            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
     515            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
     516            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
     517            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
     518            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
     519            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
     520            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
     521            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
     522            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.SMALLDATETIME,
     523            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
     524            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
     525            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
     526            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
     527            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
     528            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
     529            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
     530            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
     531            "XML": TokenType.XML,
     532        }
     533        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     534
     535        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
     536
     537    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     538        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
     539        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
     540        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
     541        STRING_ALIASES = True
     542        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
     543
     544        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
     545            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
     546            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
     547        }
     548
     549        FUNCTIONS = {
     550            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     551            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
     552                this=seq_get(args, 1),
     553                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
     554                position=seq_get(args, 2),
     555            ),
     556            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
     557                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
     558            ),
     559            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
     560                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
     561            ),
     562            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
     563            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
     564            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
     565            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
     566            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
     567            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
     568            "FORMAT": _build_format,
     569            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     570            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
     571            "ISNULL": build_coalesce,
     572            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
     573            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     574            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
     575            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
     576            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
     577            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
     578            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
     579            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
     580            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     581            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     582            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     583            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     584            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
     585            "DATETRUNC": _build_datetrunc,
     586        }
     587
     588        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
     589
     590        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
     591            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
     592        )
     593
     594        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
     595            TokenType.TABLE,
     596            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
     597        }
     598
     599        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     600            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     601            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
     602        }
     603
     604        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     605            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     606            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
     607                exp.ScopeResolution,
     608                this=this,
     609                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
     610            ),
     611        }
     612
     613        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     614            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     615            "NEXT": lambda self: self._parse_next_value_for(),
     616        }
     617
     618        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
     619        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
     620            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
     621            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
     622            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
     623            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
     624        }
     625
     626        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     627            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
     628            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
     629            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
     630                return self._parse_types()
     631
     632            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
     633
     634        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
     635            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
     636                return None
     637
     638            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     639                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
     640                if not option:
     641                    return None
     642
     643                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     644                return self.expression(
     645                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
     646                )
     647
     648            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
     649
     650        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
     651            """
     652            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
     653            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
     654
     655            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
     656            """
     657            return [
     658                (
     659                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
     660                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
     661                    else projection
     662                )
     663                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
     664            ]
     665
     666        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
     667            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
     668            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     669                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
     670                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
     671
     672            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     673                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
     674                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
     675            """
     676            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
     677
     678            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
     679            this = self._parse_id_var()
     680
     681            if rollback:
     682                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
     683
     684            durability = None
     685            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
     686                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
     687                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     688
     689                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
     690                    durability = False
     691                else:
     692                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
     693                    durability = True
     694
     695                self._match_r_paren()
     696
     697            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
     698
     699        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
     700            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
     701            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     702            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
     703            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
     704            ]
     705            """
     706            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
     707                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
     708                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
     709                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
     710
     711                return transaction
     712
     713            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
     714
     715        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
     716            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
     717            returns = super()._parse_returns()
     718            returns.set("table", table)
     719            return returns
     720
     721        def _parse_convert(
     722            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
     723        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     724            this = self._parse_types()
     725            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     726            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
     727            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
     728            convert.set("safe", safe)
     729            convert.set("strict", strict)
     730            return convert
     731
     732        def _parse_user_defined_function(
     733            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
     734        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     735            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
     736
     737            if (
     738                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
     739                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
     740                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
     741            ):
     742                return this
     743
     744            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
     745                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
     746            else:
     747                expressions = None
     748
     749            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
     750
     751        def _parse_id_var(
     752            self,
     753            any_token: bool = True,
     754            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     755        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     756            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
     757            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
     758
     759            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     760            if this:
     761                if is_global:
     762                    this.set("global", True)
     763                elif is_temporary:
     764                    this.set("temporary", True)
     765
     766            return this
     767
     768        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
     769            create = super()._parse_create()
     770
     771            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
     772                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
     773                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
     774                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
     775                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
     776
     777                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
     778
     779            return create
     780
     781        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     782            index = self._index
     783
     784            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
     785                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
     786                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
     787                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
     788                self._retreat(index)
     789
     790            return super()._parse_if()
     791
     792        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
     793            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
     794                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
     795            else:
     796                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
     797
     798            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
     799
     800        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
     801            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
     802                return None
     803
     804            def parse_range():
     805                low = self._parse_bitwise()
     806                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
     807
     808                return (
     809                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
     810                )
     811
     812            partition = self.expression(
     813                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
     814            )
     815
     816            self._match_r_paren()
     817
     818            return partition
     819
     820        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
     821            index = self._index
     822            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
     823
     824            if not expressions or self._curr:
     825                self._retreat(index)
     826                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
     827
     828            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
     829
     830        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
     831            var = self._parse_id_var()
     832            if not var:
     833                return None
     834
     835            value = None
     836            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
     837            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
     838                data_type = self._parse_schema()
     839            else:
     840                data_type = self._parse_types()
     841                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
     842                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
     843
     844            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)
     845
     846    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     847        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
     848        QUERY_HINTS = False
     849        RETURNING_END = False
     850        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     851        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
     852        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
     853        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
     854        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
     855        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
     856        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
     857        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
     858        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     859        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
     860        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     861        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     862        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
     863        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
     864        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
     865        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
     866
     867        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
     868            exp.Create,
     869            exp.Delete,
     870            exp.Insert,
     871            exp.Intersect,
     872            exp.Except,
     873            exp.Merge,
     874            exp.Select,
     875            exp.Subquery,
     876            exp.Union,
     877            exp.Update,
     878        }
     879
     880        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     881            exp.JSONPathKey,
     882            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     883            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     884        }
     885
     886        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     887            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     888            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
     889            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2: "DATETIME2",
     890            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
     891            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
     892            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
     893            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
     894            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
     895            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
     896            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "DATETIME2",
     897            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
     898            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLDATETIME: "SMALLDATETIME",
     899            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
     900            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
     901        }
     902
     903        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
     904        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
     905
     906        TRANSFORMS = {
     907            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     908            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
     909            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
     910            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
     911            exp.Chr: rename_func("CHAR"),
     912            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     913            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     914            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     915            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     916            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     917            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     918            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
     919            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
     920            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
     921            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
     922            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
     923            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
     924            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
     925            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
     926            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     927            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
     928            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     929            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
     930            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
     931            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     932                [
     933                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     934                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     935                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
     936                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
     937                ]
     938            ),
     939            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
     940            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(
     941                self, e, func_name="CHARINDEX", supports_position=True
     942            ),
     943            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     944            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
     945            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
     946                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
     947            ),
     948            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
     949            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
     950            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
     951            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
     952            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     953            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     954            exp.TimestampTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATETRUNC", e.unit, e.this),
     955            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATEFROMPARTS"),
     956        }
     957
     958        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
     959
     960        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     961            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     962            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     963        }
     964
     965        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
     966            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
     967
     968        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
     969            if expression.args.get("offset"):
     970                if not expression.args.get("order"):
     971                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
     972                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
     973                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
     974                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
     975
     976                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
     977                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
     978                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
     979                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
     980                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
     981
     982            return super().select_sql(expression)
     983
     984        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
     985            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
     986            return self.func(
     987                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
     988            )
     989
     990        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
     991            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
     992            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     993            if value:
     994                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
     995                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
     996            return option
     997
     998        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
     999            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
    1000            if cross_apply is True:
    1001                return "CROSS APPLY"
    1002            if cross_apply is False:
    1003                return "OUTER APPLY"
    1004
    1005            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
    1006            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
    1007            return "LATERAL"
    1008
    1009        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
    1010            this = expression.this
    1011            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
    1012            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
    1013            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
    1014
    1015            if (
    1016                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
    1017                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
    1018                or not part_index
    1019                or split_count > 4
    1020            ):
    1021                self.unsupported(
    1022                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
    1023                )
    1024                return ""
    1025
    1026            return self.func(
    1027                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
    1028            )
    1029
    1030        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    1031            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1032            if nano is not None:
    1033                nano.pop()
    1034                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1035
    1036            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
    1037                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1038            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
    1039                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1040
    1041            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1042
    1043        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1044            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1045            if zone is not None:
    1046                zone.pop()
    1047                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1048
    1049            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1050            if nano is not None:
    1051                nano.pop()
    1052                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1053
    1054            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
    1055                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1056
    1057            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1058
    1059        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
    1060            this = expression.this
    1061            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
    1062                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
    1063                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
    1064
    1065            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
    1066
    1067        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
    1068            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
    1069                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
    1070            ):
    1071                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
    1072
    1073            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
    1074
    1075        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
    1076            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
    1077                return self.binary(expression, "=")
    1078            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
    1079
    1080        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
    1081            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1082            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
    1083
    1084            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
    1085                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
    1086                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
    1087            ):
    1088                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
    1089
    1090            return sql
    1091
    1092        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    1093            kind = expression.kind
    1094            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
    1095
    1096            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
    1097            if like_property:
    1098                ctas_expression = like_property.this
    1099            else:
    1100                ctas_expression = expression.expression
    1101
    1102            if kind == "VIEW":
    1103                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1104                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
    1105                if ctas_expression and with_:
    1106                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
    1107                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
    1108                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
    1109                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
    1110
    1111            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
    1112
    1113            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
    1114
    1115            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
    1116            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
    1117                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
    1118                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
    1119
    1120                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
    1121                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
    1122
    1123                if like_property:
    1124                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
    1125
    1126                sql = self.sql(select_into)
    1127
    1128            if exists:
    1129                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
    1130                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1131                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
    1132                if kind == "SCHEMA":
    1133                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1134                elif kind == "TABLE":
    1135                    assert table
    1136                    where = exp.and_(
    1137                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
    1138                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
    1139                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
    1140                    )
    1141                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1142                elif kind == "INDEX":
    1143                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
    1144                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1145            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
    1146                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
    1147
    1148            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1149
    1150        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
    1151            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
    1152            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
    1153
    1154        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
    1155            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
    1156
    1157        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    1158            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
    1159            this = f"FOR {name}"
    1160            expr = expression.expression
    1161            kind = expression.text("kind")
    1162            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
    1163                args = expr.expressions
    1164                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
    1165                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
    1166            else:
    1167                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
    1168
    1169            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
    1170            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
    1171
    1172        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
    1173            table = expression.args.get("table")
    1174            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
    1175            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1176
    1177        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
    1178            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
    1179            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
    1180            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
    1181
    1182        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    1183            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1184            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1185            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
    1186            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
    1187            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
    1188
    1189        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
    1190            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1191            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1192            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
    1193            durability = (
    1194                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
    1195                if durability is not None
    1196                else ""
    1197            )
    1198            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
    1199
    1200        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
    1201            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1202            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1203            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
    1204
    1205        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
    1206            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
    1207
    1208            if expression.args.get("global"):
    1209                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
    1210            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
    1211                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
    1212
    1213            return identifier
    1214
    1215        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
    1216            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1217            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
    1218            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
    1219
    1220        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1221            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
    1222
    1223        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
    1224            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
    1225
    1226        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1227            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
    1228
    1229        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
    1230            this = expression.this
    1231            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
    1232                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
    1233            else:
    1234                this_sql = self.sql(this)
    1235            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1236            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
    1237
    1238        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
    1239            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
    1240
    1241        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
    1242            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
    1243            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
    1244                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
    1245            return super().alter_sql(expression)
    1246
    1247        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
    1248            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
    1249                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1250            return super().drop_sql(expression)
    1251
    1252        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
    1253            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"
    1254
    1255        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
    1256            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1257            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
    1258            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
    1259
    1260            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
    1261            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
    1262                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
    1263
    1264            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"
    1265
    1266        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1267            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
    1268            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
    1269
    1270        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
    1271            return self.sql(
    1272                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
    1273            )
    1274
    1275        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
    1276            return f"(PATINDEX(CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), 0x255b5e002d7f5d25) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, {self.sql(expression.this)}) = 0)"

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

LOG_BASE_FIRST: Optional[bool] = False

Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function. Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)

TYPED_DIVISION = True

Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`. False means `a / b` is always float division. True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'year': '%Y', 'dayofyear': '%j', 'day': '%d', 'dy': '%d', 'y': '%Y', 'week': '%W', 'ww': '%W', 'wk': '%W', 'hour': '%h', 'hh': '%I', 'minute': '%M', 'mi': '%M', 'n': '%M', 'second': '%S', 'ss': '%S', 's': '%-S', 'millisecond': '%f', 'ms': '%f', 'weekday': '%w', 'dw': '%w', 'month': '%m', 'mm': '%M', 'm': '%-M', 'Y': '%Y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'MMMM': '%B', 'MMM': '%b', 'MM': '%m', 'M': '%-m', 'dddd': '%A', 'dd': '%d', 'd': '%-d', 'HH': '%H', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 'ffffff': '%f', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'yy': '%y'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {'0': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p', '1': '%m/%d/%y', '2': '%y.%m.%d', '3': '%d/%m/%y', '4': '%d.%m.%y', '5': '%d-%m-%y', '6': '%d %b %y', '7': '%b %d, %y', '8': '%H:%M:%S', '9': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p', '10': 'mm-dd-yy', '11': 'yy/mm/dd', '12': 'yymmdd', '13': '%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f', '14': '%H:%M:%S:%f', '20': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '21': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '22': '%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p', '23': '%Y-%m-%d', '24': '%H:%M:%S', '25': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '100': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p', '101': '%m/%d/%Y', '102': '%Y.%m.%d', '103': '%d/%m/%Y', '104': '%d.%m.%Y', '105': '%d-%m-%Y', '106': '%d %b %Y', '107': '%b %d, %Y', '108': '%H:%M:%S', '109': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p', '110': '%m-%d-%Y', '111': '%Y/%m/%d', '112': '%Y%m%d', '113': '%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f', '114': '%H:%M:%S:%f', '120': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '121': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f'}
FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {'y': '%B %Y', 'd': '%m/%d/%Y', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 's': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', 'D': '%A,%B,%Y', 'f': '%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p', 'F': '%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p', 'g': '%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p', 'G': '%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p', 'M': '%B %-d', 'm': '%B %-d', 'O': '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S', 'u': '%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z', 'U': '%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z', 'T': '%-I:%M:%S %p', 't': '%-I:%M', 'Y': '%a %Y'}
SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'TSQL.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'TSQL.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'TSQL.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {0: True}}}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {0: True}}}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%Y': 'yyyy', '%j': 'dayofyear', '%d': 'dd', '%W': 'wk', '%h': 'hour', '%I': 'hh', '%M': 'mm', '%S': 'ss', '%-S': 's', '%f': 'ffffff', '%w': 'dw', '%m': 'MM', '%-M': 'm', '%y': 'yy', '%B': 'MMMM', '%b': 'MMM', '%-m': 'M', '%A': 'dddd', '%-d': 'd', '%H': 'HH', '%-H': 'H', '%-I': 'h'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'Y': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, '-': {'S': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'f': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '['
IDENTIFIER_END = ']'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = '0x'
HEX_END: Optional[str] = ''
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  INDEX_OFFSET
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES
  NULL_ORDERING
  SAFE_DIVISION
  HEX_LOWERCASE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION
  EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY
  SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL
  HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS
  STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX
  ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR
  ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS
  PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT
  NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED
  REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP
  SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT
  CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING
  DATE_PART_MAPPING
  TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS
  ANNOTATORS
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  settings
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  to_json_path
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  jsonpath_tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class TSQL.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    498    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    499        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
    500        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
    501        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
    502        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
    503
    504        KEYWORDS = {
    505            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    506            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
    507            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME2,
    508            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    509            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
    510            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
    511            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
    512            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
    513            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
    514            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
    515            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
    516            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
    517            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
    518            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    519            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
    520            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
    521            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
    522            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.SMALLDATETIME,
    523            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
    524            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
    525            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
    526            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    527            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
    528            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    529            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
    530            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
    531            "XML": TokenType.XML,
    532        }
    533        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    534
    535        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}

IDENTIFIERS = [('[', ']'), '"']
QUOTES = ["'", '"']
HEX_STRINGS = [('0x', ''), ('0X', '')]
VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {'@', '#', '$'}
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NAMESPACE': <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'CLUSTERED INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'DATETIME2': <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, 'DATETIMEOFFSET': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.DECLARE: 'DECLARE'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'FOR SYSTEM_TIME': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'IMAGE': <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NONCLUSTERED INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'NTEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'OPTION': <TokenType.OPTION: 'OPTION'>, 'OUTPUT': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'PRINT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PROC': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'ROWVERSION': <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, 'SMALLDATETIME': <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, 'SMALLMONEY': <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, 'SQL_VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'SYSTEM_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER': <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, 'UPDATE STATISTICS': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'XML': <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>}
COMMANDS = {<TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  SINGLE_TOKENS
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  STRING_ESCAPES
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER
  HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE
  STRING_ESCAPES_ALLOWED_IN_RAW_STRINGS
  NESTED_COMMENTS
  HINT_START
  TOKENS_PRECEDING_HINT
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  use_rs_tokenizer
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class TSQL.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    537    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    538        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
    539        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
    540        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
    541        STRING_ALIASES = True
    542        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
    543
    544        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
    545            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
    546            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
    547        }
    548
    549        FUNCTIONS = {
    550            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    551            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
    552                this=seq_get(args, 1),
    553                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
    554                position=seq_get(args, 2),
    555            ),
    556            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
    557                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
    558            ),
    559            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
    560                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
    561            ),
    562            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
    563            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
    564            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
    565            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
    566            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
    567            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
    568            "FORMAT": _build_format,
    569            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    570            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
    571            "ISNULL": build_coalesce,
    572            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
    573            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    574            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
    575            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
    576            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
    577            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
    578            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
    579            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
    580            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    581            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
    582            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
    583            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
    584            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
    585            "DATETRUNC": _build_datetrunc,
    586        }
    587
    588        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
    589
    590        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
    591            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
    592        )
    593
    594        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
    595            TokenType.TABLE,
    596            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
    597        }
    598
    599        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    600            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    601            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
    602        }
    603
    604        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    605            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    606            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
    607                exp.ScopeResolution,
    608                this=this,
    609                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
    610            ),
    611        }
    612
    613        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    614            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    615            "NEXT": lambda self: self._parse_next_value_for(),
    616        }
    617
    618        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
    619        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    620            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
    621            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
    622            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    623            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
    624        }
    625
    626        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    627            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
    628            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
    629            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
    630                return self._parse_types()
    631
    632            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
    633
    634        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    635            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
    636                return None
    637
    638            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    639                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
    640                if not option:
    641                    return None
    642
    643                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    644                return self.expression(
    645                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
    646                )
    647
    648            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
    649
    650        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    651            """
    652            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
    653            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
    654
    655            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
    656            """
    657            return [
    658                (
    659                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
    660                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
    661                    else projection
    662                )
    663                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
    664            ]
    665
    666        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
    667            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
    668            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
    669                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
    670                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
    671
    672            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
    673                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
    674                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
    675            """
    676            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
    677
    678            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
    679            this = self._parse_id_var()
    680
    681            if rollback:
    682                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
    683
    684            durability = None
    685            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
    686                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
    687                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    688
    689                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
    690                    durability = False
    691                else:
    692                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
    693                    durability = True
    694
    695                self._match_r_paren()
    696
    697            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
    698
    699        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
    700            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
    701            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
    702            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
    703            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
    704            ]
    705            """
    706            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
    707                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
    708                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
    709                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
    710
    711                return transaction
    712
    713            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    714
    715        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
    716            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
    717            returns = super()._parse_returns()
    718            returns.set("table", table)
    719            return returns
    720
    721        def _parse_convert(
    722            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
    723        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    724            this = self._parse_types()
    725            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    726            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
    727            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
    728            convert.set("safe", safe)
    729            convert.set("strict", strict)
    730            return convert
    731
    732        def _parse_user_defined_function(
    733            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
    734        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    735            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
    736
    737            if (
    738                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
    739                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
    740                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
    741            ):
    742                return this
    743
    744            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
    745                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
    746            else:
    747                expressions = None
    748
    749            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
    750
    751        def _parse_id_var(
    752            self,
    753            any_token: bool = True,
    754            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    755        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    756            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
    757            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
    758
    759            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
    760            if this:
    761                if is_global:
    762                    this.set("global", True)
    763                elif is_temporary:
    764                    this.set("temporary", True)
    765
    766            return this
    767
    768        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
    769            create = super()._parse_create()
    770
    771            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
    772                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
    773                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
    774                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
    775                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
    776
    777                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
    778
    779            return create
    780
    781        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    782            index = self._index
    783
    784            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
    785                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
    786                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
    787                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
    788                self._retreat(index)
    789
    790            return super()._parse_if()
    791
    792        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
    793            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
    794                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
    795            else:
    796                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
    797
    798            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
    799
    800        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
    801            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
    802                return None
    803
    804            def parse_range():
    805                low = self._parse_bitwise()
    806                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
    807
    808                return (
    809                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
    810                )
    811
    812            partition = self.expression(
    813                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
    814            )
    815
    816            self._match_r_paren()
    817
    818            return partition
    819
    820        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
    821            index = self._index
    822            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
    823
    824            if not expressions or self._curr:
    825                self._retreat(index)
    826                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    827
    828            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
    829
    830        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
    831            var = self._parse_id_var()
    832            if not var:
    833                return None
    834
    835            value = None
    836            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    837            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
    838                data_type = self._parse_schema()
    839            else:
    840                data_type = self._parse_types()
    841                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
    842                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
    843
    844            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
STRING_ALIASES = True
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PREWHERE: 'PREWHERE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OPTION: 'OPTION'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function build_convert_timezone>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FEATURES_AT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FeaturesAtTime'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'INT64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>>, 'IS_ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsAscii'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'J_S_O_N_VALUE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'CHAR_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHARACTER_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <function _build_timefromparts>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNICODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLElement'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRPOS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'CHARINDEX': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'LOCATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'COUNT_BIG': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATEADD': <function build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATENAME': <function _build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATEPART': <function _build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATETIMEFROMPARTS': <function _build_datetimefromparts>, 'EOMONTH': <function _build_eomonth>, 'FORMAT': <function _build_format>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'HASHBYTES': <function _build_hashbytes>, 'ISNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'JSON_QUERY': <function _build_json_query>, 'JSON_VALUE': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'PARSENAME': <function _build_parsename>, 'REPLICATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'SQUARE': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'SUSER_NAME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'SUSER_SNAME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'SYSTEM_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATETRUNC': <function _build_datetrunc>}
JOIN_HINTS = {'REMOTE', 'LOOP', 'MERGE', 'HASH'}
PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = {'ENCRYPTION': (), 'RECOMPILE': (), 'SCHEMABINDING': (), 'NATIVE_COMPILATION': (), 'EXECUTE': ()}
RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DECLARE: 'DECLARE'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NEXT': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
COLUMN_OPERATORS = {<TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>: None, <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ALTERABLES
  INTERVAL_VARS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  ASSIGNMENT
  DISJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  BITWISE
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  LAMBDAS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  FUNCTION_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  TYPE_CONVERTERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
  EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
  KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
  IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
  ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
  ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
  PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  DESCRIBE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  PARTITION_KEYWORDS
  AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS
  OPERATION_MODIFIERS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
  OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class TSQL.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

     846    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     847        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
     848        QUERY_HINTS = False
     849        RETURNING_END = False
     850        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     851        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
     852        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
     853        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
     854        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
     855        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
     856        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
     857        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
     858        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     859        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
     860        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     861        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     862        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
     863        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
     864        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
     865        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
     866
     867        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
     868            exp.Create,
     869            exp.Delete,
     870            exp.Insert,
     871            exp.Intersect,
     872            exp.Except,
     873            exp.Merge,
     874            exp.Select,
     875            exp.Subquery,
     876            exp.Union,
     877            exp.Update,
     878        }
     879
     880        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     881            exp.JSONPathKey,
     882            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     883            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     884        }
     885
     886        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     887            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     888            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
     889            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME2: "DATETIME2",
     890            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
     891            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
     892            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
     893            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
     894            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
     895            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
     896            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "DATETIME2",
     897            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
     898            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLDATETIME: "SMALLDATETIME",
     899            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
     900            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
     901        }
     902
     903        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
     904        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
     905
     906        TRANSFORMS = {
     907            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     908            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
     909            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
     910            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
     911            exp.Chr: rename_func("CHAR"),
     912            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     913            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     914            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     915            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     916            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     917            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     918            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
     919            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
     920            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
     921            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
     922            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
     923            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
     924            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
     925            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
     926            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     927            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
     928            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     929            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
     930            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
     931            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     932                [
     933                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     934                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     935                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
     936                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
     937                ]
     938            ),
     939            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
     940            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(
     941                self, e, func_name="CHARINDEX", supports_position=True
     942            ),
     943            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     944            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
     945            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
     946                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
     947            ),
     948            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
     949            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
     950            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
     951            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
     952            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     953            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     954            exp.TimestampTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATETRUNC", e.unit, e.this),
     955            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATEFROMPARTS"),
     956        }
     957
     958        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
     959
     960        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     961            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     962            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     963        }
     964
     965        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
     966            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
     967
     968        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
     969            if expression.args.get("offset"):
     970                if not expression.args.get("order"):
     971                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
     972                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
     973                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
     974                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
     975
     976                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
     977                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
     978                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
     979                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
     980                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
     981
     982            return super().select_sql(expression)
     983
     984        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
     985            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
     986            return self.func(
     987                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
     988            )
     989
     990        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
     991            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
     992            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     993            if value:
     994                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
     995                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
     996            return option
     997
     998        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
     999            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
    1000            if cross_apply is True:
    1001                return "CROSS APPLY"
    1002            if cross_apply is False:
    1003                return "OUTER APPLY"
    1004
    1005            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
    1006            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
    1007            return "LATERAL"
    1008
    1009        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
    1010            this = expression.this
    1011            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
    1012            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
    1013            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
    1014
    1015            if (
    1016                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
    1017                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
    1018                or not part_index
    1019                or split_count > 4
    1020            ):
    1021                self.unsupported(
    1022                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
    1023                )
    1024                return ""
    1025
    1026            return self.func(
    1027                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
    1028            )
    1029
    1030        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    1031            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1032            if nano is not None:
    1033                nano.pop()
    1034                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1035
    1036            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
    1037                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1038            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
    1039                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1040
    1041            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1042
    1043        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1044            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1045            if zone is not None:
    1046                zone.pop()
    1047                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1048
    1049            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1050            if nano is not None:
    1051                nano.pop()
    1052                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1053
    1054            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
    1055                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1056
    1057            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1058
    1059        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
    1060            this = expression.this
    1061            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
    1062                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
    1063                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
    1064
    1065            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
    1066
    1067        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
    1068            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
    1069                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
    1070            ):
    1071                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
    1072
    1073            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
    1074
    1075        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
    1076            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
    1077                return self.binary(expression, "=")
    1078            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
    1079
    1080        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
    1081            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1082            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
    1083
    1084            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
    1085                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
    1086                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
    1087            ):
    1088                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
    1089
    1090            return sql
    1091
    1092        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    1093            kind = expression.kind
    1094            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
    1095
    1096            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
    1097            if like_property:
    1098                ctas_expression = like_property.this
    1099            else:
    1100                ctas_expression = expression.expression
    1101
    1102            if kind == "VIEW":
    1103                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1104                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
    1105                if ctas_expression and with_:
    1106                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
    1107                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
    1108                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
    1109                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
    1110
    1111            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
    1112
    1113            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
    1114
    1115            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
    1116            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
    1117                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
    1118                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
    1119
    1120                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
    1121                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
    1122
    1123                if like_property:
    1124                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
    1125
    1126                sql = self.sql(select_into)
    1127
    1128            if exists:
    1129                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
    1130                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1131                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
    1132                if kind == "SCHEMA":
    1133                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1134                elif kind == "TABLE":
    1135                    assert table
    1136                    where = exp.and_(
    1137                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
    1138                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
    1139                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
    1140                    )
    1141                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1142                elif kind == "INDEX":
    1143                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
    1144                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1145            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
    1146                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
    1147
    1148            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1149
    1150        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
    1151            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
    1152            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
    1153
    1154        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
    1155            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
    1156
    1157        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    1158            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
    1159            this = f"FOR {name}"
    1160            expr = expression.expression
    1161            kind = expression.text("kind")
    1162            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
    1163                args = expr.expressions
    1164                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
    1165                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
    1166            else:
    1167                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
    1168
    1169            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
    1170            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
    1171
    1172        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
    1173            table = expression.args.get("table")
    1174            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
    1175            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1176
    1177        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
    1178            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
    1179            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
    1180            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
    1181
    1182        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    1183            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1184            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1185            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
    1186            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
    1187            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
    1188
    1189        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
    1190            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1191            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1192            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
    1193            durability = (
    1194                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
    1195                if durability is not None
    1196                else ""
    1197            )
    1198            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
    1199
    1200        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
    1201            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1202            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1203            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
    1204
    1205        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
    1206            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
    1207
    1208            if expression.args.get("global"):
    1209                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
    1210            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
    1211                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
    1212
    1213            return identifier
    1214
    1215        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
    1216            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1217            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
    1218            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
    1219
    1220        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1221            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
    1222
    1223        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
    1224            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
    1225
    1226        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1227            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
    1228
    1229        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
    1230            this = expression.this
    1231            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
    1232                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
    1233            else:
    1234                this_sql = self.sql(this)
    1235            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1236            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
    1237
    1238        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
    1239            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
    1240
    1241        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
    1242            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
    1243            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
    1244                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
    1245            return super().alter_sql(expression)
    1246
    1247        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
    1248            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
    1249                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1250            return super().drop_sql(expression)
    1251
    1252        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
    1253            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"
    1254
    1255        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
    1256            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1257            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
    1258            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
    1259
    1260            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
    1261            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
    1262                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
    1263
    1264            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"
    1265
    1266        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1267            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
    1268            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
    1269
    1270        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
    1271            return self.sql(
    1272                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
    1273            )
    1274
    1275        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
    1276            return f"(PATINDEX(CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), 0x255b5e002d7f5d25) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, {self.sql(expression.this)}) = 0)"

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
QUERY_HINTS = False
RETURNING_END = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'FETCH'
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
ENSURE_BOOLS = True
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Merge'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Subquery'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Delete'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Insert'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Update'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>: 'DATETIME2', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'ROWVERSION', <Type.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>: 'SMALLDATETIME', <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>: 'BIT', <Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: 'NUMERIC', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'FLOAT', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'VARCHAR(MAX)', <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: 'DATETIME2', <Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>: 'DATETIME2', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'DATETIMEOFFSET', <Type.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>: 'TINYINT', <Type.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>: 'SQL_VARIANT'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeColumns'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeWith'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingData'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function any_value_to_max_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CTE'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint'>: <function generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _string_agg_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>: <function _format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Subquery'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function _timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function _format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IncludeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str: View Source

    965        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
    966            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"

def select_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Select) -> str: View Source

    968        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
    969            if expression.args.get("offset"):
    970                if not expression.args.get("order"):
    971                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
    972                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
    973                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
    974                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
    975
    976                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
    977                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
    978                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
    979                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
    980                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
    981
    982            return super().select_sql(expression)

def convert_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Convert) -> str: View Source

    984        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
    985            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
    986            return self.func(
    987                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
    988            )

def queryoption_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.QueryOption) -> str: View Source

    990        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
    991            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
    992            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    993            if value:
    994                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
    995                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
    996            return option

def lateral_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Lateral) -> str: View Source

     998        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
     999            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
    1000            if cross_apply is True:
    1001                return "CROSS APPLY"
    1002            if cross_apply is False:
    1003                return "OUTER APPLY"
    1004
    1005            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
    1006            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
    1007            return "LATERAL"

def splitpart_sql( self: TSQL.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart) -> str: View Source

    1009        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
    1010            this = expression.this
    1011            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
    1012            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
    1013            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
    1014
    1015            if (
    1016                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
    1017                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
    1018                or not part_index
    1019                or split_count > 4
    1020            ):
    1021                self.unsupported(
    1022                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
    1023                )
    1024                return ""
    1025
    1026            return self.func(
    1027                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
    1028            )

def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts) -> str: View Source

    1030        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    1031            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1032            if nano is not None:
    1033                nano.pop()
    1034                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1035
    1036            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
    1037                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1038            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
    1039                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1040
    1041            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str: View Source

    1043        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1044            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1045            if zone is not None:
    1046                zone.pop()
    1047                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1048
    1049            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1050            if nano is not None:
    1051                nano.pop()
    1052                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1053
    1054            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
    1055                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1056
    1057            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)

def setitem_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SetItem) -> str: View Source

    1059        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
    1060            this = expression.this
    1061            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
    1062                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
    1063                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
    1064
    1065            return super().setitem_sql(expression)

def boolean_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Boolean) -> str: View Source

    1067        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
    1068            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
    1069                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
    1070            ):
    1071                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
    1072
    1073            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"

def is_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Is) -> str: View Source

    1075        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
    1076            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
    1077                return self.binary(expression, "=")
    1078            return self.binary(expression, "IS")

def createable_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create, locations: DefaultDict) -> str: View Source

    1080        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
    1081            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1082            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
    1083
    1084            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
    1085                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
    1086                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
    1087            ):
    1088                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
    1089
    1090            return sql

def create_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create) -> str: View Source

    1092        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    1093            kind = expression.kind
    1094            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
    1095
    1096            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
    1097            if like_property:
    1098                ctas_expression = like_property.this
    1099            else:
    1100                ctas_expression = expression.expression
    1101
    1102            if kind == "VIEW":
    1103                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1104                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
    1105                if ctas_expression and with_:
    1106                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
    1107                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
    1108                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
    1109                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
    1110
    1111            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
    1112
    1113            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
    1114
    1115            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
    1116            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
    1117                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
    1118                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
    1119
    1120                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
    1121                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
    1122
    1123                if like_property:
    1124                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
    1125
    1126                sql = self.sql(select_into)
    1127
    1128            if exists:
    1129                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
    1130                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1131                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
    1132                if kind == "SCHEMA":
    1133                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1134                elif kind == "TABLE":
    1135                    assert table
    1136                    where = exp.and_(
    1137                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
    1138                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
    1139                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
    1140                    )
    1141                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1142                elif kind == "INDEX":
    1143                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
    1144                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1145            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
    1146                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
    1147
    1148            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)

def count_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Count) -> str: View Source

    1150        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
    1151            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
    1152            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)

def offset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Offset) -> str: View Source

    1154        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
    1155            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"

def version_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Version) -> str: View Source

    1157        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    1158            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
    1159            this = f"FOR {name}"
    1160            expr = expression.expression
    1161            kind = expression.text("kind")
    1162            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
    1163                args = expr.expressions
    1164                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
    1165                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
    1166            else:
    1167                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
    1168
    1169            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
    1170            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"

def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty) -> str: View Source

    1172        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
    1173            table = expression.args.get("table")
    1174            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
    1175            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"

def returning_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Returning) -> str: View Source

    1177        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
    1178            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
    1179            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
    1180            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"

def transaction_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Transaction) -> str: View Source

    1182        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    1183            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1184            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1185            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
    1186            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
    1187            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"

def commit_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Commit) -> str: View Source

    1189        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
    1190            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1191            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1192            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
    1193            durability = (
    1194                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
    1195                if durability is not None
    1196                else ""
    1197            )
    1198            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"

def rollback_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Rollback) -> str: View Source

    1200        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
    1201            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1202            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1203            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"

def identifier_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Identifier) -> str: View Source

    1205        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
    1206            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
    1207
    1208            if expression.args.get("global"):
    1209                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
    1210            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
    1211                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
    1212
    1213            return identifier

def constraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Constraint) -> str: View Source

    1215        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
    1216            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1217            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
    1218            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"

def length_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Length) -> str: View Source

    1220        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1221            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")

def right_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Right) -> str: View Source

    1223        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
    1224            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")

def left_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    1226        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1227            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")

def partition_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Partition) -> str: View Source

    1238        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
    1239            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"

def alter_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Alter) -> str: View Source

    1241        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
    1242            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
    1243            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
    1244                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
    1245            return super().alter_sql(expression)

def drop_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Drop) -> str: View Source

    1247        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
    1248            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
    1249                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1250            return super().drop_sql(expression)

def declare_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Declare) -> str: View Source

    1252        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
    1253            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"

def declareitem_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DeclareItem) -> str: View Source

    1255        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
    1256            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1257            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
    1258            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
    1259
    1260            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
    1261            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
    1262                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
    1263
    1264            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"

def options_modifier(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> str: View Source

    1266        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1267            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
    1268            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""

def dpipe_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DPipe) -> str: View Source

    1270        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
    1271            return self.sql(
    1272                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
    1273            )

def isascii_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IsAscii) -> str: View Source

    1275        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
    1276            return f"(PATINDEX(CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), 0x255b5e002d7f5d25) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, {self.sql(expression.this)}) = 0)"

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  JOIN_HINTS
  TABLE_HINTS
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
  COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
  STAR_EXCEPT
  HEX_FUNC
  WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
  QUOTE_JSON_PATH
  PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
  ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN
  SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
  SUPPORTS_MEDIAN
  SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
  ARRAY_SIZE_NAME
  ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  STRUCT_DELIMITER
  PARAMETER_TOKEN
  NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
  EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  set_operation
  set_operations
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  hex_sql
  lowerhex_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  groupingsets_sql
  rollup_sql
  cube_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  unnest_sql
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  bracket_sql
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  alterrename_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  alterset_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  div_sql
  safedivide_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  try_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  ceil_floor
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  whens_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  duplicatekeyproperty_sql
  uniquekeyproperty_sql
  distributedbyproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodatetime_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql
  datadeletionproperty_sql
  maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
  gapfill_sql
  scoperesolution_sql
  parsejson_sql
  rand_sql
  changes_sql
  pad_sql
  summarize_sql
  explodinggenerateseries_sql
  arrayconcat_sql
  converttimezone_sql
  json_sql
  jsonvalue_sql
  conditionalinsert_sql
  multitableinserts_sql
  oncondition_sql
  jsonextractquote_sql
  jsonexists_sql
  arrayagg_sql
  apply_sql
  grant_sql
  grantprivilege_sql
  grantprincipal_sql
  columns_sql
  overlay_sql
  todouble_sql
  string_sql
  median_sql
  overflowtruncatebehavior_sql
  unixseconds_sql
  arraysize_sql
  attach_sql
  detach_sql
  attachoption_sql
  featuresattime_sql
  watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
  encodeproperty_sql
  includeproperty_sql
  xmlelement_sql
  partitionbyrangeproperty_sql
  partitionbyrangepropertydynamic_sql
  unpivotcolumns_sql
  analyzesample_sql
  analyzestatistics_sql
  analyzehistogram_sql
  analyzedelete_sql
  analyzelistchainedrows_sql
  analyzevalidate_sql
  analyze_sql
  xmltable_sql
  xmlnamespace_sql