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# sqlglot.dialects.duckdb

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import typing as t
       4
       5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
       6from sqlglot.expressions import DATA_TYPE
       7from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
       8    Dialect,
       9    JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE,
      10    NormalizationStrategy,
      11    approx_count_distinct_sql,
      12    arrow_json_extract_sql,
      13    binary_from_function,
      14    bool_xor_sql,
      15    build_default_decimal_type,
      16    date_trunc_to_time,
      17    datestrtodate_sql,
      18    no_datetime_sql,
      19    encode_decode_sql,
      20    build_formatted_time,
      21    inline_array_unless_query,
      22    no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
      23    no_time_sql,
      24    no_timestamp_sql,
      25    pivot_column_names,
      26    rename_func,
      27    strposition_sql,
      28    str_to_time_sql,
      29    timestamptrunc_sql,
      30    timestrtotime_sql,
      31    unit_to_var,
      32    unit_to_str,
      33    sha256_sql,
      34    build_regexp_extract,
      35    explode_to_unnest_sql,
      36    no_make_interval_sql,
      37)
      38from sqlglot.generator import unsupported_args
      39from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
      40from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
      41from sqlglot.parser import binary_range_parser
      42
      43DATETIME_DELTA = t.Union[
      44    exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd, exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateSub, exp.DatetimeSub
      45]
      46
      47WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS = (
      48    exp.FirstValue,
      49    exp.LastValue,
      50    exp.Lag,
      51    exp.Lead,
      52    exp.NthValue,
      53)
      54
      55
      56def _date_delta_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: DATETIME_DELTA) -> str:
      57    this = expression.this
      58    unit = unit_to_var(expression)
      59    op = (
      60        "+"
      61        if isinstance(expression, (exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd, exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd))
      62        else "-"
      63    )
      64
      65    to_type: t.Optional[DATA_TYPE] = None
      66    if isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
      67        to_type = expression.return_type
      68    elif this.is_string:
      69        # Cast string literals (i.e function parameters) to the appropriate type for +/- interval to work
      70        to_type = (
      71            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME
      72            if isinstance(expression, (exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.DatetimeSub))
      73            else exp.DataType.Type.DATE
      74        )
      75
      76    this = exp.cast(this, to_type) if to_type else this
      77
      78    return f"{self.sql(this)} {op} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit))}"
      79
      80
      81# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the DATE function
      82def _date_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Date) -> str:
      83    result = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
      84    zone = self.sql(expression, "zone")
      85
      86    if zone:
      87        date_str = self.func("STRFTIME", result, "'%d/%m/%Y'")
      88        date_str = f"{date_str} || ' ' || {zone}"
      89
      90        # This will create a TIMESTAMP with time zone information
      91        result = self.func("STRPTIME", date_str, "'%d/%m/%Y %Z'")
      92
      93    return result
      94
      95
      96# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the TIME_DIFF function
      97def _timediff_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.TimeDiff) -> str:
      98    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
      99    expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
     100
     101    # Although the 2 dialects share similar signatures, BQ seems to inverse
     102    # the sign of the result so the start/end time operands are flipped
     103    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(expression), expr, this)
     104
     105
     106@unsupported_args(("expression", "DuckDB's ARRAY_SORT does not support a comparator."))
     107def _array_sort_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.ArraySort) -> str:
     108    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this)
     109
     110
     111def _sort_array_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
     112    name = "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT" if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false() else "ARRAY_SORT"
     113    return self.func(name, expression.this)
     114
     115
     116def _build_sort_array_desc(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     117    return exp.SortArray(this=seq_get(args, 0), asc=exp.false())
     118
     119
     120def _build_date_diff(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     121    return exp.DateDiff(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
     122
     123
     124def _build_generate_series(end_exclusive: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.GenerateSeries]:
     125    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.GenerateSeries:
     126        # Check https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/functions/nested.html#range-functions
     127        if len(args) == 1:
     128            # DuckDB uses 0 as a default for the series' start when it's omitted
     129            args.insert(0, exp.Literal.number("0"))
     130
     131        gen_series = exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
     132        gen_series.set("is_end_exclusive", end_exclusive)
     133
     134        return gen_series
     135
     136    return _builder
     137
     138
     139def _build_make_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     140    if len(args) == 1:
     141        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS)
     142
     143    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
     144        year=seq_get(args, 0),
     145        month=seq_get(args, 1),
     146        day=seq_get(args, 2),
     147        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
     148        min=seq_get(args, 4),
     149        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
     150    )
     151
     152
     153def _struct_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
     154    args: t.List[str] = []
     155
     156    # BigQuery allows inline construction such as "STRUCT<a STRING, b INTEGER>('str', 1)" which is
     157    # canonicalized to "ROW('str', 1) AS STRUCT(a TEXT, b INT)" in DuckDB
     158    # The transformation to ROW will take place if:
     159    #  1. The STRUCT itself does not have proper fields (key := value) as a "proper" STRUCT would
     160    #  2. A cast to STRUCT / ARRAY of STRUCTs is found
     161    ancestor_cast = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Cast)
     162    is_bq_inline_struct = (
     163        (expression.find(exp.PropertyEQ) is None)
     164        and ancestor_cast
     165        and any(
     166            casted_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT)
     167            for casted_type in ancestor_cast.find_all(exp.DataType)
     168        )
     169    )
     170
     171    for i, expr in enumerate(expression.expressions):
     172        is_property_eq = isinstance(expr, exp.PropertyEQ)
     173        value = expr.expression if is_property_eq else expr
     174
     175        if is_bq_inline_struct:
     176            args.append(self.sql(value))
     177        else:
     178            key = expr.name if is_property_eq else f"_{i}"
     179            args.append(f"{self.sql(exp.Literal.string(key))}: {self.sql(value)}")
     180
     181    csv_args = ", ".join(args)
     182
     183    return f"ROW({csv_args})" if is_bq_inline_struct else f"{{{csv_args}}}"
     184
     185
     186def _datatype_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     187    if expression.is_type("array"):
     188        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{self.expressions(expression, key='values', flat=True)}]"
     189
     190    # Modifiers are not supported for TIME, [TIME | TIMESTAMP] WITH TIME ZONE
     191    if expression.is_type(
     192        exp.DataType.Type.TIME, exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
     193    ):
     194        return expression.this.value
     195
     196    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
     197
     198
     199def _json_format_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONFormat) -> str:
     200    sql = self.func("TO_JSON", expression.this, expression.args.get("options"))
     201    return f"CAST({sql} AS TEXT)"
     202
     203
     204def _unix_to_time_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
     205    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
     206    timestamp = expression.this
     207
     208    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
     209        return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
     210    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
     211        return self.func("EPOCH_MS", timestamp)
     212    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
     213        return self.func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
     214
     215    return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)))
     216
     217
     218WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS = (exp.Binary, exp.Bracket, exp.In)
     219
     220
     221def _arrow_json_extract_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
     222    arrow_sql = arrow_json_extract_sql(self, expression)
     223    if not expression.same_parent and isinstance(
     224        expression.parent, WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS
     225    ):
     226        arrow_sql = self.wrap(arrow_sql)
     227    return arrow_sql
     228
     229
     230def _implicit_datetime_cast(
     231    arg: t.Optional[exp.Expression], type: exp.DataType.Type = exp.DataType.Type.DATE
     232) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     233    return exp.cast(arg, type) if isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) else arg
     234
     235
     236def _date_diff_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
     237    this = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.this)
     238    expr = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.expression)
     239
     240    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(expression), expr, this)
     241
     242
     243def _generate_datetime_array_sql(
     244    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: t.Union[exp.GenerateDateArray, exp.GenerateTimestampArray]
     245) -> str:
     246    is_generate_date_array = isinstance(expression, exp.GenerateDateArray)
     247
     248    type = exp.DataType.Type.DATE if is_generate_date_array else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
     249    start = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.args.get("start"), type=type)
     250    end = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.args.get("end"), type=type)
     251
     252    # BQ's GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY & GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY are transformed to DuckDB'S GENERATE_SERIES
     253    gen_series: t.Union[exp.GenerateSeries, exp.Cast] = exp.GenerateSeries(
     254        start=start, end=end, step=expression.args.get("step")
     255    )
     256
     257    if is_generate_date_array:
     258        # The GENERATE_SERIES result type is TIMESTAMP array, so to match BQ's semantics for
     259        # GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY we must cast it back to DATE array
     260        gen_series = exp.cast(gen_series, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<DATE>"))
     261
     262    return self.sql(gen_series)
     263
     264
     265def _json_extract_value_array_sql(
     266    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONValueArray | exp.JSONExtractArray
     267) -> str:
     268    json_extract = exp.JSONExtract(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression)
     269    data_type = "ARRAY<STRING>" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONValueArray) else "ARRAY<JSON>"
     270    return self.sql(exp.cast(json_extract, to=exp.DataType.build(data_type)))
     271
     272
     273class DuckDB(Dialect):
     274    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
     275    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     276    SAFE_DIVISION = True
     277    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
     278    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
     279    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True
     280    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True
     281    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False
     282
     283    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
     284    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     285
     286    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     287        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
     288            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
     289            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
     290            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
     291            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
     292            path_text = path.name
     293            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
     294                return path
     295
     296        return super().to_json_path(path)
     297
     298    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     299        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
     300        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
     301
     302        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
     303        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
     304
     305        KEYWORDS = {
     306            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     307            "//": TokenType.DIV,
     308            "**": TokenType.DSTAR,
     309            "^@": TokenType.CARET_AT,
     310            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
     311            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
     312            "ATTACH": TokenType.ATTACH,
     313            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
     314            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
     315            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     316            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     317            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
     318            "DETACH": TokenType.DETACH,
     319            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     320            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
     321            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
     322            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
     323            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
     324            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
     325            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
     326            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
     327            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
     328            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
     329            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
     330            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     331            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
     332            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
     333            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
     334            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
     335            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     336        }
     337        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     338
     339        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     340            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     341            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     342        }
     343
     344    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     345        BITWISE = {
     346            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
     347            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
     348        }
     349        BITWISE.pop(TokenType.CARET)
     350
     351        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     352            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     353            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
     354            TokenType.CARET_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.StartsWith),
     355        }
     356
     357        EXPONENT = {
     358            **parser.Parser.EXPONENT,
     359            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
     360            TokenType.DSTAR: exp.Pow,
     361        }
     362
     363        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
     364
     365        FUNCTIONS = {
     366            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     367            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     368            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     369            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
     370            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
     371            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     372            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     373            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
     374                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     375            ),
     376            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
     377                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     378            ),
     379            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
     380            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
     381                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
     382            ),
     383            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
     384            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
     385            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     386            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
     387            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     388            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     389            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
     390            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
     391            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
     392            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
     393            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
     394            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
     395            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
     396            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     397            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
     398                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     399                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     400                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
     401                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
     402            ),
     403            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
     404            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     405            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     406            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     407            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
     408            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
     409            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     410            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     411            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
     412            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     413            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     414            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
     415            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
     416            "EDITDIST3": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
     417        }
     418
     419        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
     420        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
     421
     422        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
     423        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
     424
     425        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     426            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     427            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
     428        }
     429
     430        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
     431            TokenType.SEMI,
     432            TokenType.ANTI,
     433        }
     434
     435        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
     436            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
     437            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
     438                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
     439                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
     440                else None
     441            ),
     442        }
     443
     444        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
     445            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
     446            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
     447            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
     448            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
     449        }
     450
     451        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     452            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     453            TokenType.ATTACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(),
     454            TokenType.DETACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(is_attach=False),
     455        }
     456
     457        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
     458            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
     459            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
     460            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
     461                if sample.args.get("size"):
     462                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     463                else:
     464                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
     465
     466            return sample
     467
     468        def _parse_bracket(
     469            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
     470        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     471            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
     472            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
     473                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
     474
     475            return bracket
     476
     477        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
     478            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
     479                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
     480
     481            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
     482            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
     483
     484        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     485            return self._parse_field_def()
     486
     487        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
     488            if len(aggregations) == 1:
     489                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
     490            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
     491
     492        def _parse_attach_detach(self, is_attach=True) -> exp.Attach | exp.Detach:
     493            def _parse_attach_option() -> exp.AttachOption:
     494                return self.expression(
     495                    exp.AttachOption,
     496                    this=self._parse_var(any_token=True),
     497                    expression=self._parse_field(any_token=True),
     498                )
     499
     500            self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
     501            exists = self._parse_exists(not_=is_attach)
     502            this = self._parse_alias(self._parse_primary_or_var(), explicit=True)
     503
     504            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
     505                expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_attach_option)
     506            else:
     507                expressions = None
     508
     509            return (
     510                self.expression(exp.Attach, this=this, exists=exists, expressions=expressions)
     511                if is_attach
     512                else self.expression(exp.Detach, this=this, exists=exists)
     513            )
     514
     515    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     516        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     517        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
     518        JOIN_HINTS = False
     519        TABLE_HINTS = False
     520        QUERY_HINTS = False
     521        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
     522        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     523        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
     524        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     525        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
     526        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
     527        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     528        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
     529        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     530        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
     531        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     532        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
     533        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
     534        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
     535        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     536        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
     537        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     538        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
     539        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     540        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
     541
     542        TRANSFORMS = {
     543            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     544            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
     545            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
     546            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
     547            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
     548            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
     549            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
     550            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     551            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
     552            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
     553            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
     554            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     555            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     556            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
     557            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     558            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
     559            exp.Date: _date_sql,
     560            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     561            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
     562            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
     563            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
     564            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     565            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
     566            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
     567            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     568            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
     569            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
     570            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
     571            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
     572            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
     573            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
     574            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     575            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     576            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
     577            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
     578            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
     579            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
     580            exp.JSONBExists: rename_func("JSON_EXISTS"),
     581            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     582            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     583            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     584            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
     585            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     586            exp.Lateral: explode_to_unnest_sql,
     587            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
     588            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
     589            exp.MakeInterval: lambda self, e: no_make_interval_sql(self, e, sep=" "),
     590            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
     591            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
     592                "DATEDIFF",
     593                "'month'",
     594                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     595                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     596            ),
     597            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
     598            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
     599            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
     600            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
     601            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
     602            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
     603                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
     604                e.this,
     605                e.expression,
     606                e.args.get("replacement"),
     607                e.args.get("modifiers"),
     608            ),
     609            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
     610            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.func(
     611                "REGEXP_MATCHES", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string("i")
     612            ),
     613            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
     614            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
     615            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
     616            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     617            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     618            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
     619            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
     620            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
     621            exp.StrPosition: strposition_sql,
     622            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     623                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
     624            ),
     625            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
     626            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
     627            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     628            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
     629            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
     630            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     631            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     632                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
     633            ),
     634            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     635            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
     636            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     637            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     638                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
     639            ),
     640            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     641            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
     642            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
     643            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
     644            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     645            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     646                "DATE_DIFF",
     647                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
     648                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     649                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     650            ),
     651            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     652                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
     653            ),
     654            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
     655                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
     656            ),
     657            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
     658            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
     659            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
     660            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     661            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
     662            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
     663                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN")
     664            ),
     665        }
     666
     667        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     668            exp.JSONPathKey,
     669            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     670            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     671            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
     672        }
     673
     674        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     675            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     676            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
     677            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
     678            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
     679            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
     680            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
     681            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
     682            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
     683            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
     684            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
     685            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
     686            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
     687            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
     688            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
     689            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
     690            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
     691        }
     692
     693        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
     694        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
     695            "array",
     696            "analyse",
     697            "union",
     698            "all",
     699            "when",
     700            "in_p",
     701            "default",
     702            "create_p",
     703            "window",
     704            "asymmetric",
     705            "to",
     706            "else",
     707            "localtime",
     708            "from",
     709            "end_p",
     710            "select",
     711            "current_date",
     712            "foreign",
     713            "with",
     714            "grant",
     715            "session_user",
     716            "or",
     717            "except",
     718            "references",
     719            "fetch",
     720            "limit",
     721            "group_p",
     722            "leading",
     723            "into",
     724            "collate",
     725            "offset",
     726            "do",
     727            "then",
     728            "localtimestamp",
     729            "check_p",
     730            "lateral_p",
     731            "current_role",
     732            "where",
     733            "asc_p",
     734            "placing",
     735            "desc_p",
     736            "user",
     737            "unique",
     738            "initially",
     739            "column",
     740            "both",
     741            "some",
     742            "as",
     743            "any",
     744            "only",
     745            "deferrable",
     746            "null_p",
     747            "current_time",
     748            "true_p",
     749            "table",
     750            "case",
     751            "trailing",
     752            "variadic",
     753            "for",
     754            "on",
     755            "distinct",
     756            "false_p",
     757            "not",
     758            "constraint",
     759            "current_timestamp",
     760            "returning",
     761            "primary",
     762            "intersect",
     763            "having",
     764            "analyze",
     765            "current_user",
     766            "and",
     767            "cast",
     768            "symmetric",
     769            "using",
     770            "order",
     771            "current_catalog",
     772        }
     773
     774        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
     775
     776        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
     777        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
     778        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     779            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
     780            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
     781        }
     782
     783        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
     784        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
     785        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
     786        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
     787        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
     788
     789        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
     790            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
     791
     792        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
     793            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     794                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     795                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     796            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
     797
     798        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
     799            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     800                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     801                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
     802            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
     803
     804        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
     805            arg = expression.this
     806            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     807                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
     808            return self.func("JSON", arg)
     809
     810        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
     811            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     812            if nano is not None:
     813                expression.set(
     814                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     815                )
     816
     817            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
     818
     819        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     820            sec = expression.args["sec"]
     821
     822            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     823            if milli is not None:
     824                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
     825
     826            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     827            if nano is not None:
     828                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     829
     830            if milli or nano:
     831                expression.set("sec", sec)
     832
     833            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
     834
     835        def tablesample_sql(
     836            self,
     837            expression: exp.TableSample,
     838            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
     839        ) -> str:
     840            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
     841                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
     842                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
     843
     844            if expression.args.get("size"):
     845                method = expression.args.get("method")
     846                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
     847                    self.unsupported(
     848                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
     849                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
     850                    )
     851                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     852
     853            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
     854
     855        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
     856            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
     857            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
     858
     859            if unit.startswith("week"):
     860                multiplier = 7
     861            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
     862                multiplier = 90
     863
     864            if multiplier:
     865                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
     866
     867            return super().interval_sql(expression)
     868
     869        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
     870            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
     871                return self.sql(expression, "this")
     872            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
     873
     874        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
     875            if (
     876                expression.side == "LEFT"
     877                and not expression.args.get("on")
     878                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
     879            ):
     880                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
     881                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
     882                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
     883
     884            return super().join_sql(expression)
     885
     886        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
     887            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
     888            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
     889                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
     890
     891            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
     892
     893        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
     894            this = expression.this
     895            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
     896                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
     897
     898            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
     899
     900            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
     901                if not this.type:
     902                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     903
     904                    this = annotate_types(this)
     905
     906                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
     907                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
     908
     909            return bracket
     910
     911        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
     912            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     913
     914            func = expression.this
     915            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
     916                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
     917                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
     918                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
     919                if order_col:
     920                    func.set("expression", func.this)
     921                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
     922
     923            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
     924
     925            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
     926
     927        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
     928            arg = expression.this
     929
     930            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
     931            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
     932            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
     933                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
     934
     935            if not arg.type:
     936                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     937
     938                arg = annotate_types(arg)
     939
     940            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
     941                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
     942
     943            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
     944            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
     945            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
     946
     947            case = (
     948                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
     949                .when(
     950                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
     951                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
     952                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
     953            )
     954
     955            return self.sql(case)
     956
     957        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
     958            this = expression.this
     959            key = expression.args.get("key")
     960            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
     961            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
     962
     963            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
     964
     965            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
     966            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
     967            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
     968                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
     969
     970            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
     971
     972        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
     973            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
     974            if explode_array:
     975                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
     976                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
     977                expression.expressions.append(
     978                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
     979                )
     980
     981                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
     982                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     983                if alias:
     984                    expression.set("alias", None)
     985                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
     986
     987                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
     988                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
     989                return self.sql(select)
     990
     991            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
     992
     993        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
     994            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
     995                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
     996                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
     997                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
     998
     999            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1000
    1001        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1002            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1003            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1004
    1005            if null_text:
    1006                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1007
    1008            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
    1009
    1010        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1011        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1012            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1013            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1014
    1015            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1016            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1017            if (
    1018                not params
    1019                and group
    1020                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1021            ):
    1022                group = None
    1023            return self.func(
    1024                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1025            )
    1026
    1027        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1028        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1029            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1030            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1031                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1032
    1033            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1034            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

DATETIME_DELTA = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateSub, sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub]
WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>)
WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Bracket'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>)
class DuckDB(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

     274class DuckDB(Dialect):
     275    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
     276    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     277    SAFE_DIVISION = True
     278    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
     279    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
     280    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True
     281    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True
     282    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False
     283
     284    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
     285    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     286
     287    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     288        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
     289            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
     290            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
     291            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
     292            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
     293            path_text = path.name
     294            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
     295                return path
     296
     297        return super().to_json_path(path)
     298
     299    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     300        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
     301        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
     302
     303        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
     304        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
     305
     306        KEYWORDS = {
     307            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     308            "//": TokenType.DIV,
     309            "**": TokenType.DSTAR,
     310            "^@": TokenType.CARET_AT,
     311            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
     312            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
     313            "ATTACH": TokenType.ATTACH,
     314            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
     315            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
     316            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     317            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     318            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
     319            "DETACH": TokenType.DETACH,
     320            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     321            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
     322            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
     323            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
     324            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
     325            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
     326            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
     327            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
     328            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
     329            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
     330            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
     331            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     332            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
     333            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
     334            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
     335            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
     336            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     337        }
     338        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     339
     340        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     341            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     342            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     343        }
     344
     345    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     346        BITWISE = {
     347            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
     348            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
     349        }
     350        BITWISE.pop(TokenType.CARET)
     351
     352        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     353            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     354            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
     355            TokenType.CARET_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.StartsWith),
     356        }
     357
     358        EXPONENT = {
     359            **parser.Parser.EXPONENT,
     360            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
     361            TokenType.DSTAR: exp.Pow,
     362        }
     363
     364        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
     365
     366        FUNCTIONS = {
     367            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     368            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     369            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     370            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
     371            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
     372            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     373            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     374            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
     375                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     376            ),
     377            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
     378                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     379            ),
     380            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
     381            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
     382                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
     383            ),
     384            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
     385            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
     386            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     387            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
     388            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     389            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     390            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
     391            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
     392            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
     393            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
     394            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
     395            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
     396            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
     397            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     398            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
     399                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     400                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     401                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
     402                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
     403            ),
     404            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
     405            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     406            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     407            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     408            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
     409            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
     410            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     411            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     412            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
     413            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     414            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     415            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
     416            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
     417            "EDITDIST3": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
     418        }
     419
     420        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
     421        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
     422
     423        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
     424        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
     425
     426        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     427            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     428            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
     429        }
     430
     431        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
     432            TokenType.SEMI,
     433            TokenType.ANTI,
     434        }
     435
     436        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
     437            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
     438            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
     439                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
     440                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
     441                else None
     442            ),
     443        }
     444
     445        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
     446            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
     447            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
     448            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
     449            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
     450        }
     451
     452        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     453            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     454            TokenType.ATTACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(),
     455            TokenType.DETACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(is_attach=False),
     456        }
     457
     458        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
     459            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
     460            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
     461            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
     462                if sample.args.get("size"):
     463                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     464                else:
     465                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
     466
     467            return sample
     468
     469        def _parse_bracket(
     470            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
     471        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     472            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
     473            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
     474                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
     475
     476            return bracket
     477
     478        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
     479            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
     480                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
     481
     482            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
     483            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
     484
     485        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     486            return self._parse_field_def()
     487
     488        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
     489            if len(aggregations) == 1:
     490                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
     491            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
     492
     493        def _parse_attach_detach(self, is_attach=True) -> exp.Attach | exp.Detach:
     494            def _parse_attach_option() -> exp.AttachOption:
     495                return self.expression(
     496                    exp.AttachOption,
     497                    this=self._parse_var(any_token=True),
     498                    expression=self._parse_field(any_token=True),
     499                )
     500
     501            self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
     502            exists = self._parse_exists(not_=is_attach)
     503            this = self._parse_alias(self._parse_primary_or_var(), explicit=True)
     504
     505            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
     506                expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_attach_option)
     507            else:
     508                expressions = None
     509
     510            return (
     511                self.expression(exp.Attach, this=this, exists=exists, expressions=expressions)
     512                if is_attach
     513                else self.expression(exp.Detach, this=this, exists=exists)
     514            )
     515
     516    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     517        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     518        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
     519        JOIN_HINTS = False
     520        TABLE_HINTS = False
     521        QUERY_HINTS = False
     522        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
     523        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     524        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
     525        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     526        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
     527        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
     528        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     529        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
     530        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     531        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
     532        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     533        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
     534        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
     535        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
     536        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     537        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
     538        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     539        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
     540        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     541        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
     542
     543        TRANSFORMS = {
     544            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     545            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
     546            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
     547            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
     548            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
     549            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
     550            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
     551            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     552            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
     553            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
     554            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
     555            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     556            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     557            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
     558            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     559            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
     560            exp.Date: _date_sql,
     561            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     562            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
     563            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
     564            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
     565            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     566            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
     567            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
     568            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     569            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
     570            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
     571            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
     572            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
     573            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
     574            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
     575            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     576            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     577            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
     578            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
     579            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
     580            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
     581            exp.JSONBExists: rename_func("JSON_EXISTS"),
     582            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     583            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     584            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     585            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
     586            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     587            exp.Lateral: explode_to_unnest_sql,
     588            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
     589            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
     590            exp.MakeInterval: lambda self, e: no_make_interval_sql(self, e, sep=" "),
     591            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
     592            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
     593                "DATEDIFF",
     594                "'month'",
     595                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     596                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     597            ),
     598            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
     599            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
     600            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
     601            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
     602            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
     603            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
     604                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
     605                e.this,
     606                e.expression,
     607                e.args.get("replacement"),
     608                e.args.get("modifiers"),
     609            ),
     610            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
     611            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.func(
     612                "REGEXP_MATCHES", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string("i")
     613            ),
     614            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
     615            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
     616            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
     617            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     618            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     619            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
     620            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
     621            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
     622            exp.StrPosition: strposition_sql,
     623            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     624                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
     625            ),
     626            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
     627            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
     628            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     629            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
     630            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
     631            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     632            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     633                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
     634            ),
     635            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     636            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
     637            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     638            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     639                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
     640            ),
     641            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     642            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
     643            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
     644            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
     645            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     646            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     647                "DATE_DIFF",
     648                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
     649                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     650                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     651            ),
     652            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     653                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
     654            ),
     655            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
     656                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
     657            ),
     658            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
     659            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
     660            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
     661            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     662            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
     663            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
     664                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN")
     665            ),
     666        }
     667
     668        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     669            exp.JSONPathKey,
     670            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     671            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     672            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
     673        }
     674
     675        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     676            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     677            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
     678            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
     679            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
     680            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
     681            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
     682            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
     683            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
     684            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
     685            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
     686            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
     687            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
     688            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
     689            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
     690            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
     691            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
     692        }
     693
     694        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
     695        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
     696            "array",
     697            "analyse",
     698            "union",
     699            "all",
     700            "when",
     701            "in_p",
     702            "default",
     703            "create_p",
     704            "window",
     705            "asymmetric",
     706            "to",
     707            "else",
     708            "localtime",
     709            "from",
     710            "end_p",
     711            "select",
     712            "current_date",
     713            "foreign",
     714            "with",
     715            "grant",
     716            "session_user",
     717            "or",
     718            "except",
     719            "references",
     720            "fetch",
     721            "limit",
     722            "group_p",
     723            "leading",
     724            "into",
     725            "collate",
     726            "offset",
     727            "do",
     728            "then",
     729            "localtimestamp",
     730            "check_p",
     731            "lateral_p",
     732            "current_role",
     733            "where",
     734            "asc_p",
     735            "placing",
     736            "desc_p",
     737            "user",
     738            "unique",
     739            "initially",
     740            "column",
     741            "both",
     742            "some",
     743            "as",
     744            "any",
     745            "only",
     746            "deferrable",
     747            "null_p",
     748            "current_time",
     749            "true_p",
     750            "table",
     751            "case",
     752            "trailing",
     753            "variadic",
     754            "for",
     755            "on",
     756            "distinct",
     757            "false_p",
     758            "not",
     759            "constraint",
     760            "current_timestamp",
     761            "returning",
     762            "primary",
     763            "intersect",
     764            "having",
     765            "analyze",
     766            "current_user",
     767            "and",
     768            "cast",
     769            "symmetric",
     770            "using",
     771            "order",
     772            "current_catalog",
     773        }
     774
     775        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
     776
     777        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
     778        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
     779        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     780            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
     781            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
     782        }
     783
     784        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
     785        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
     786        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
     787        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
     788        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
     789
     790        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
     791            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
     792
     793        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
     794            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     795                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     796                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     797            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
     798
     799        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
     800            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     801                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     802                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
     803            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
     804
     805        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
     806            arg = expression.this
     807            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     808                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
     809            return self.func("JSON", arg)
     810
     811        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
     812            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     813            if nano is not None:
     814                expression.set(
     815                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     816                )
     817
     818            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
     819
     820        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     821            sec = expression.args["sec"]
     822
     823            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     824            if milli is not None:
     825                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
     826
     827            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     828            if nano is not None:
     829                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     830
     831            if milli or nano:
     832                expression.set("sec", sec)
     833
     834            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
     835
     836        def tablesample_sql(
     837            self,
     838            expression: exp.TableSample,
     839            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
     840        ) -> str:
     841            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
     842                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
     843                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
     844
     845            if expression.args.get("size"):
     846                method = expression.args.get("method")
     847                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
     848                    self.unsupported(
     849                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
     850                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
     851                    )
     852                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     853
     854            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
     855
     856        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
     857            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
     858            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
     859
     860            if unit.startswith("week"):
     861                multiplier = 7
     862            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
     863                multiplier = 90
     864
     865            if multiplier:
     866                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
     867
     868            return super().interval_sql(expression)
     869
     870        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
     871            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
     872                return self.sql(expression, "this")
     873            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
     874
     875        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
     876            if (
     877                expression.side == "LEFT"
     878                and not expression.args.get("on")
     879                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
     880            ):
     881                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
     882                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
     883                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
     884
     885            return super().join_sql(expression)
     886
     887        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
     888            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
     889            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
     890                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
     891
     892            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
     893
     894        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
     895            this = expression.this
     896            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
     897                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
     898
     899            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
     900
     901            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
     902                if not this.type:
     903                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     904
     905                    this = annotate_types(this)
     906
     907                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
     908                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
     909
     910            return bracket
     911
     912        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
     913            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     914
     915            func = expression.this
     916            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
     917                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
     918                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
     919                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
     920                if order_col:
     921                    func.set("expression", func.this)
     922                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
     923
     924            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
     925
     926            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
     927
     928        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
     929            arg = expression.this
     930
     931            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
     932            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
     933            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
     934                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
     935
     936            if not arg.type:
     937                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     938
     939                arg = annotate_types(arg)
     940
     941            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
     942                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
     943
     944            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
     945            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
     946            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
     947
     948            case = (
     949                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
     950                .when(
     951                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
     952                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
     953                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
     954            )
     955
     956            return self.sql(case)
     957
     958        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
     959            this = expression.this
     960            key = expression.args.get("key")
     961            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
     962            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
     963
     964            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
     965
     966            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
     967            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
     968            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
     969                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
     970
     971            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
     972
     973        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
     974            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
     975            if explode_array:
     976                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
     977                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
     978                expression.expressions.append(
     979                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
     980                )
     981
     982                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
     983                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     984                if alias:
     985                    expression.set("alias", None)
     986                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
     987
     988                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
     989                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
     990                return self.sql(select)
     991
     992            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
     993
     994        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
     995            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
     996                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
     997                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
     998                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
     999
    1000            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1001
    1002        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1003            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1004            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1005
    1006            if null_text:
    1007                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1008
    1009            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
    1010
    1011        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1012        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1013            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1014            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1015
    1016            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1017            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1018            if (
    1019                not params
    1020                and group
    1021                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1022            ):
    1023                group = None
    1024            return self.func(
    1025                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1026            )
    1027
    1028        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1029        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1030            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1031            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1032                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1033
    1034            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1035            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SAFE_DIVISION = True

Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`).

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True

Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks

SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True

Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g. in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.

STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False

Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    287    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    288        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    289            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    290            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    291            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    292            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    293            path_text = path.name
    294            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    295                return path
    296
    297        return super().to_json_path(path)

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'DuckDB.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'DuckDB.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'DuckDB.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  TYPED_DIVISION
  HEX_LOWERCASE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  TIME_FORMAT
  TIME_MAPPING
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION
  EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY
  HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR
  ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS
  PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT
  NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED
  REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP
  SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT
  CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING
  DATE_PART_MAPPING
  TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS
  ANNOTATORS
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  settings
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  jsonpath_tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class DuckDB.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    299    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    300        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    301        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    302
    303        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    304        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    305
    306        KEYWORDS = {
    307            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    308            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    309            "**": TokenType.DSTAR,
    310            "^@": TokenType.CARET_AT,
    311            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    312            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    313            "ATTACH": TokenType.ATTACH,
    314            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    315            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    316            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    317            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    318            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
    319            "DETACH": TokenType.DETACH,
    320            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    321            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    322            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    323            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    324            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    325            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    326            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
    327            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
    328            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    329            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    330            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    331            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    332            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    333            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    334            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    335            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    336            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    337        }
    338        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    339
    340        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    341            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    342            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    343        }

BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
HEREDOC_STRINGS = ['$']
HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NAMESPACE': <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '//': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, '**': <TokenType.DSTAR: 'DSTAR'>, '^@': <TokenType.CARET_AT: 'CARET_AT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, 'ATTACH': <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, 'BITSTRING': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'DETACH': <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'LOGICAL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'PIVOT_WIDER': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'POSITIONAL': <TokenType.POSITIONAL: 'POSITIONAL'>, 'SIGNED': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'SUMMARIZE': <TokenType.SUMMARIZE: 'SUMMARIZE'>, 'TIMESTAMP_S': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, 'TIMESTAMP_MS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_US': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'UBIGINT': <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, 'UINTEGER': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'USMALLINT': <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, 'UTINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  BIT_STRINGS
  HEX_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  QUOTES
  STRING_ESCAPES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  STRING_ESCAPES_ALLOWED_IN_RAW_STRINGS
  NESTED_COMMENTS
  HINT_START
  TOKENS_PRECEDING_HINT
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  use_rs_tokenizer
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class DuckDB.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    345    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    346        BITWISE = {
    347            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    348            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    349        }
    350        BITWISE.pop(TokenType.CARET)
    351
    352        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    353            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    354            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    355            TokenType.CARET_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.StartsWith),
    356        }
    357
    358        EXPONENT = {
    359            **parser.Parser.EXPONENT,
    360            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    361            TokenType.DSTAR: exp.Pow,
    362        }
    363
    364        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    365
    366        FUNCTIONS = {
    367            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    368            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    369            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    370            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    371            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    372            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    373            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    374            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    375                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    376            ),
    377            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    378                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    379            ),
    380            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    381            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    382                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    383            ),
    384            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    385            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    386            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    387            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    388            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    389            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    390            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
    391            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    392            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    393            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    394            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    395            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
    396            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
    397            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    398            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    399                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    400                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    401                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    402                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    403            ),
    404            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    405            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    406            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    407            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    408            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    409            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    410            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    411            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    412            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    413            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    414            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    415            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    416            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    417            "EDITDIST3": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
    418        }
    419
    420        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
    421        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
    422
    423        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    424        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    425
    426        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    427            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    428            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    429        }
    430
    431        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    432            TokenType.SEMI,
    433            TokenType.ANTI,
    434        }
    435
    436        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    437            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    438            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    439                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    440                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    441                else None
    442            ),
    443        }
    444
    445        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
    446            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    447            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
    448            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
    449            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
    450        }
    451
    452        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    453            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    454            TokenType.ATTACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(),
    455            TokenType.DETACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(is_attach=False),
    456        }
    457
    458        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    459            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
    460            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
    461            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
    462                if sample.args.get("size"):
    463                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    464                else:
    465                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
    466
    467            return sample
    468
    469        def _parse_bracket(
    470            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    471        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    472            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    473            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    474                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    475
    476            return bracket
    477
    478        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    479            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    480                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    481
    482            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    483            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    484
    485        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    486            return self._parse_field_def()
    487
    488        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    489            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    490                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    491            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
    492
    493        def _parse_attach_detach(self, is_attach=True) -> exp.Attach | exp.Detach:
    494            def _parse_attach_option() -> exp.AttachOption:
    495                return self.expression(
    496                    exp.AttachOption,
    497                    this=self._parse_var(any_token=True),
    498                    expression=self._parse_field(any_token=True),
    499                )
    500
    501            self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
    502            exists = self._parse_exists(not_=is_attach)
    503            this = self._parse_alias(self._parse_primary_or_var(), explicit=True)
    504
    505            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    506                expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_attach_option)
    507            else:
    508                expressions = None
    509
    510            return (
    511                self.expression(exp.Attach, this=this, exists=exists, expressions=expressions)
    512                if is_attach
    513                else self.expression(exp.Detach, this=this, exists=exists)
    514            )

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>, <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.CARET_AT: 'CARET_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>}
EXPONENT = {<TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>, <TokenType.DSTAR: 'DSTAR'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>}
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {'STRUCT_PACK', 'STRUCT'}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function build_convert_timezone>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FEATURES_AT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FeaturesAtTime'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'INT64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>>, 'IS_ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsAscii'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'J_S_O_N_VALUE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHAR_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHARACTER_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <function build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNICODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLElement'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRPOS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'CHARINDEX': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'LOCATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'DATETRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'EPOCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'EPOCH_MS': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_STRING': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIST_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'LIST_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'LIST_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'LIST_VALUE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_make_timestamp>, 'QUANTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'QUANTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'REGEXP_MATCHES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'STRFTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRING_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STRING_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'STRPTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRUCT_PACK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STR_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STR_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'RANGE': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>, 'EDITDIST3': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CEIL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FLOOR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NORMALIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OVERLAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAP': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>}
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
TYPE_CONVERTERS = {<Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: <function build_default_decimal_type.<locals>._builder>, <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ALTERABLES
  INTERVAL_VARS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  ASSIGNMENT
  DISJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  TERM
  FACTOR
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
  PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
  EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
  KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
  IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
  ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
  ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
  PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  DESCRIBE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  PARTITION_KEYWORDS
  AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS
  OPERATION_MODIFIERS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
  OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class DuckDB.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

     516    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     517        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     518        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
     519        JOIN_HINTS = False
     520        TABLE_HINTS = False
     521        QUERY_HINTS = False
     522        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
     523        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     524        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
     525        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     526        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
     527        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
     528        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     529        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
     530        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     531        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
     532        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     533        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
     534        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
     535        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
     536        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     537        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
     538        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     539        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
     540        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     541        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
     542
     543        TRANSFORMS = {
     544            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     545            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
     546            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
     547            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
     548            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
     549            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
     550            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
     551            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     552            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
     553            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
     554            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
     555            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     556            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     557            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
     558            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     559            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
     560            exp.Date: _date_sql,
     561            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     562            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
     563            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
     564            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
     565            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     566            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
     567            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
     568            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     569            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
     570            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
     571            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
     572            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
     573            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
     574            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
     575            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     576            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     577            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
     578            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
     579            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
     580            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
     581            exp.JSONBExists: rename_func("JSON_EXISTS"),
     582            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     583            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     584            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     585            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
     586            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     587            exp.Lateral: explode_to_unnest_sql,
     588            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
     589            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
     590            exp.MakeInterval: lambda self, e: no_make_interval_sql(self, e, sep=" "),
     591            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
     592            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
     593                "DATEDIFF",
     594                "'month'",
     595                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     596                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     597            ),
     598            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
     599            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
     600            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
     601            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
     602            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
     603            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
     604                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
     605                e.this,
     606                e.expression,
     607                e.args.get("replacement"),
     608                e.args.get("modifiers"),
     609            ),
     610            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
     611            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.func(
     612                "REGEXP_MATCHES", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string("i")
     613            ),
     614            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
     615            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
     616            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
     617            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     618            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     619            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
     620            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
     621            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
     622            exp.StrPosition: strposition_sql,
     623            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     624                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
     625            ),
     626            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
     627            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
     628            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     629            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
     630            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
     631            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     632            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     633                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
     634            ),
     635            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     636            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
     637            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     638            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     639                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
     640            ),
     641            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     642            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
     643            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
     644            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
     645            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     646            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     647                "DATE_DIFF",
     648                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
     649                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     650                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     651            ),
     652            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     653                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
     654            ),
     655            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
     656                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
     657            ),
     658            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
     659            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
     660            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
     661            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     662            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
     663            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
     664                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN")
     665            ),
     666        }
     667
     668        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     669            exp.JSONPathKey,
     670            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     671            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     672            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
     673        }
     674
     675        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     676            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     677            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
     678            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
     679            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
     680            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
     681            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
     682            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
     683            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
     684            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
     685            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
     686            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
     687            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
     688            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
     689            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
     690            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
     691            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
     692        }
     693
     694        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
     695        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
     696            "array",
     697            "analyse",
     698            "union",
     699            "all",
     700            "when",
     701            "in_p",
     702            "default",
     703            "create_p",
     704            "window",
     705            "asymmetric",
     706            "to",
     707            "else",
     708            "localtime",
     709            "from",
     710            "end_p",
     711            "select",
     712            "current_date",
     713            "foreign",
     714            "with",
     715            "grant",
     716            "session_user",
     717            "or",
     718            "except",
     719            "references",
     720            "fetch",
     721            "limit",
     722            "group_p",
     723            "leading",
     724            "into",
     725            "collate",
     726            "offset",
     727            "do",
     728            "then",
     729            "localtimestamp",
     730            "check_p",
     731            "lateral_p",
     732            "current_role",
     733            "where",
     734            "asc_p",
     735            "placing",
     736            "desc_p",
     737            "user",
     738            "unique",
     739            "initially",
     740            "column",
     741            "both",
     742            "some",
     743            "as",
     744            "any",
     745            "only",
     746            "deferrable",
     747            "null_p",
     748            "current_time",
     749            "true_p",
     750            "table",
     751            "case",
     752            "trailing",
     753            "variadic",
     754            "for",
     755            "on",
     756            "distinct",
     757            "false_p",
     758            "not",
     759            "constraint",
     760            "current_timestamp",
     761            "returning",
     762            "primary",
     763            "intersect",
     764            "having",
     765            "analyze",
     766            "current_user",
     767            "and",
     768            "cast",
     769            "symmetric",
     770            "using",
     771            "order",
     772            "current_catalog",
     773        }
     774
     775        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
     776
     777        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
     778        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
     779        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     780            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
     781            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
     782        }
     783
     784        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
     785        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
     786        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
     787        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
     788        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
     789
     790        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
     791            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
     792
     793        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
     794            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     795                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     796                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     797            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
     798
     799        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
     800            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     801                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     802                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
     803            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
     804
     805        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
     806            arg = expression.this
     807            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     808                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
     809            return self.func("JSON", arg)
     810
     811        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
     812            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     813            if nano is not None:
     814                expression.set(
     815                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     816                )
     817
     818            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
     819
     820        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     821            sec = expression.args["sec"]
     822
     823            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     824            if milli is not None:
     825                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
     826
     827            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     828            if nano is not None:
     829                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     830
     831            if milli or nano:
     832                expression.set("sec", sec)
     833
     834            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
     835
     836        def tablesample_sql(
     837            self,
     838            expression: exp.TableSample,
     839            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
     840        ) -> str:
     841            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
     842                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
     843                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
     844
     845            if expression.args.get("size"):
     846                method = expression.args.get("method")
     847                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
     848                    self.unsupported(
     849                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
     850                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
     851                    )
     852                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     853
     854            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
     855
     856        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
     857            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
     858            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
     859
     860            if unit.startswith("week"):
     861                multiplier = 7
     862            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
     863                multiplier = 90
     864
     865            if multiplier:
     866                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
     867
     868            return super().interval_sql(expression)
     869
     870        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
     871            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
     872                return self.sql(expression, "this")
     873            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
     874
     875        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
     876            if (
     877                expression.side == "LEFT"
     878                and not expression.args.get("on")
     879                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
     880            ):
     881                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
     882                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
     883                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
     884
     885            return super().join_sql(expression)
     886
     887        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
     888            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
     889            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
     890                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
     891
     892            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
     893
     894        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
     895            this = expression.this
     896            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
     897                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
     898
     899            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
     900
     901            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
     902                if not this.type:
     903                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     904
     905                    this = annotate_types(this)
     906
     907                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
     908                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
     909
     910            return bracket
     911
     912        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
     913            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     914
     915            func = expression.this
     916            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
     917                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
     918                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
     919                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
     920                if order_col:
     921                    func.set("expression", func.this)
     922                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
     923
     924            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
     925
     926            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
     927
     928        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
     929            arg = expression.this
     930
     931            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
     932            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
     933            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
     934                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
     935
     936            if not arg.type:
     937                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     938
     939                arg = annotate_types(arg)
     940
     941            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
     942                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
     943
     944            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
     945            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
     946            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
     947
     948            case = (
     949                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
     950                .when(
     951                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
     952                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
     953                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
     954            )
     955
     956            return self.sql(case)
     957
     958        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
     959            this = expression.this
     960            key = expression.args.get("key")
     961            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
     962            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
     963
     964            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
     965
     966            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
     967            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
     968            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
     969                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
     970
     971            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
     972
     973        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
     974            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
     975            if explode_array:
     976                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
     977                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
     978                expression.expressions.append(
     979                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
     980                )
     981
     982                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
     983                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     984                if alias:
     985                    expression.set("alias", None)
     986                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
     987
     988                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
     989                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
     990                return self.sql(select)
     991
     992            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
     993
     994        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
     995            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
     996                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
     997                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
     998                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
     999
    1000            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1001
    1002        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1003            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1004            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1005
    1006            if null_text:
    1007                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1008
    1009            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
    1010
    1011        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1012        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1013            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1014            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1015
    1016            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1017            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1018            if (
    1019                not params
    1020                and group
    1021                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1022            ):
    1023                group = None
    1024            return self.func(
    1025                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1026            )
    1027
    1028        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1029        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1030            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1031            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1032                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1033
    1034            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1035            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = '$'
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = 'USING SAMPLE'
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
STAR_EXCEPT = 'EXCLUDE'
PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeColumns'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeWith'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function no_comment_column_constraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingData'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function approx_count_distinct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_unless_query>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>: <function _array_sort_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>: <function no_datetime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function _generate_datetime_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>: <function _generate_datetime_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>: <function _json_extract_value_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function _json_format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>: <function _json_extract_value_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lateral'>: <function explode_to_unnest_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Return'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function sha256_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _sort_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function strposition_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function _struct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>: <function no_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function _timediff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'BLOB', <Type.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.UINT: 'UINT'>: 'UINTEGER', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>: 'TIMESTAMP_S', <Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_MS', <Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'leading', 'current_role', 'in_p', 'offset', 'and', 'current_time', 'some', 'lateral_p', 'references', 'create_p', 'using', 'array', 'else', 'fetch', 'desc_p', 'column', 'current_timestamp', 'placing', 'true_p', 'analyse', 'collate', 'trailing', 'from', 'except', 'default', 'cast', 'asc_p', 'having', 'table', 'to', 'grant', 'case', 'union', 'where', 'null_p', 'only', 'variadic', 'window', 'select', 'end_p', 'deferrable', 'both', 'do', 'or', 'localtime', 'for', 'as', 'initially', 'constraint', 'then', 'when', 'asymmetric', 'primary', 'check_p', 'foreign', 'distinct', 'current_user', 'current_date', 'intersect', 'group_p', 'any', 'current_catalog', 'symmetric', 'with', 'unique', 'on', 'analyze', 'returning', 'into', 'not', 'all', 'false_p', 'session_user', 'user', 'localtimestamp', 'limit', 'order'}
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IncludeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>}
def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str: View Source

    790        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
    791            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))

def strtotime_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime) -> str: View Source

    793        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
    794            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    795                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    796                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
    797            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)

def strtodate_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate) -> str: View Source

    799        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
    800            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    801                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    802                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
    803            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"

def parsejson_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON) -> str: View Source

    805        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
    806            arg = expression.this
    807            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    808                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
    809            return self.func("JSON", arg)

def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts) -> str: View Source

    811        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    812            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    813            if nano is not None:
    814                expression.set(
    815                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    816                )
    817
    818            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str: View Source

    820        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    821            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    822
    823            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    824            if milli is not None:
    825                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    826
    827            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    828            if nano is not None:
    829                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    830
    831            if milli or nano:
    832                expression.set("sec", sec)
    833
    834            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)

def tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str: View Source

    836        def tablesample_sql(
    837            self,
    838            expression: exp.TableSample,
    839            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    840        ) -> str:
    841            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    842                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    843                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    844
    845            if expression.args.get("size"):
    846                method = expression.args.get("method")
    847                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    848                    self.unsupported(
    849                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    850                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    851                    )
    852                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    853
    854            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)

def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval) -> str: View Source

    856        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    857            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    858            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    859
    860            if unit.startswith("week"):
    861                multiplier = 7
    862            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    863                multiplier = 90
    864
    865            if multiplier:
    866                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    867
    868            return super().interval_sql(expression)

def columndef_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef, sep: str = ' ') -> str: View Source

    870        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    871            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    872                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    873            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)

def join_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Join) -> str: View Source

    875        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    876            if (
    877                expression.side == "LEFT"
    878                and not expression.args.get("on")
    879                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    880            ):
    881                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    882                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    883                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    884
    885            return super().join_sql(expression)

def generateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries) -> str: View Source

    887        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    888            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    889            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    890                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    891
    892            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str: View Source

    894        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    895            this = expression.this
    896            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    897                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    898
    899            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    900
    901            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    902                if not this.type:
    903                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    904
    905                    this = annotate_types(this)
    906
    907                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    908                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    909
    910            return bracket

def withingroup_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup) -> str: View Source

    912        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    913            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    914
    915            func = expression.this
    916            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    917                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    918                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    919                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    920                if order_col:
    921                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    922                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    923
    924            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    925
    926            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"

def length_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Length) -> str: View Source

    928        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    929            arg = expression.this
    930
    931            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    932            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    933            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    934                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    935
    936            if not arg.type:
    937                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    938
    939                arg = annotate_types(arg)
    940
    941            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    942                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    943
    944            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    945            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    946            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    947
    948            case = (
    949                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    950                .when(
    951                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    952                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    953                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    954            )
    955
    956            return self.sql(case)

def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert) -> str: View Source

    958        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    959            this = expression.this
    960            key = expression.args.get("key")
    961            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    962            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    963
    964            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    965
    966            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    967            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    968            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    969                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    970
    971            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)

def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str: View Source

    973        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    974            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    975            if explode_array:
    976                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    977                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    978                expression.expressions.append(
    979                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    980                )
    981
    982                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    983                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    984                if alias:
    985                    expression.set("alias", None)
    986                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
    987
    988                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    989                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    990                return self.sql(select)
    991
    992            return super().unnest_sql(expression)

def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IgnoreNulls) -> str: View Source

     994        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
     995            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
     996                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
     997                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
     998                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
     999
    1000            return self.sql(expression, "this")

def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString) -> str: View Source

    1002        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1003            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1004            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1005
    1006            if null_text:
    1007                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1008
    1009            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)

@unsupported_args('position', 'occurrence')
def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract) -> str: View Source

    1011        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1012        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1013            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1014            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1015
    1016            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1017            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1018            if (
    1019                not params
    1020                and group
    1021                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1022            ):
    1023                group = None
    1024            return self.func(
    1025                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1026            )

@unsupported_args('culture')
def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr) -> str: View Source

    1028        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1029        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1030            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1031            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1032                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1033
    1034            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1035            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
  COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
  HEX_FUNC
  WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
  QUOTE_JSON_PATH
  SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
  SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
  SUPPORTS_MEDIAN
  SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
  PARSE_JSON_NAME
  ARRAY_SIZE_NAME
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  set_operation
  set_operations
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  hex_sql
  lowerhex_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  groupingsets_sql
  rollup_sql
  cube_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  options_modifier
  queryoption_sql
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  alterrename_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  alterset_sql
  alter_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  safedivide_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  try_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  ceil_floor
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  whens_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  duplicatekeyproperty_sql
  uniquekeyproperty_sql
  distributedbyproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodatetime_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql
  datadeletionproperty_sql
  maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
  gapfill_sql
  scope_resolution
  scoperesolution_sql
  rand_sql
  changes_sql
  pad_sql
  summarize_sql
  explodinggenerateseries_sql
  arrayconcat_sql
  converttimezone_sql
  json_sql
  jsonvalue_sql
  conditionalinsert_sql
  multitableinserts_sql
  oncondition_sql
  jsonextractquote_sql
  jsonexists_sql
  arrayagg_sql
  apply_sql
  grant_sql
  grantprivilege_sql
  grantprincipal_sql
  columns_sql
  overlay_sql
  todouble_sql
  string_sql
  median_sql
  overflowtruncatebehavior_sql
  unixseconds_sql
  arraysize_sql
  attach_sql
  detach_sql
  attachoption_sql
  featuresattime_sql
  watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
  encodeproperty_sql
  includeproperty_sql
  xmlelement_sql
  partitionbyrangeproperty_sql
  partitionbyrangepropertydynamic_sql
  unpivotcolumns_sql
  analyzesample_sql
  analyzestatistics_sql
  analyzehistogram_sql
  analyzedelete_sql
  analyzelistchainedrows_sql
  analyzevalidate_sql
  analyze_sql
  xmltable_sql
  xmlnamespace_sql