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# sqlglot.executor.python

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      1import ast
      2import collections
      3import itertools
      4import math
      5
      6from sqlglot import exp, generator, planner, tokens
      7from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import Dialect, inline_array_sql
      8from sqlglot.errors import ExecuteError
      9from sqlglot.executor.context import Context
     10from sqlglot.executor.env import ENV
     11from sqlglot.executor.table import RowReader, Table
     12from sqlglot.helper import csv_reader, ensure_list, subclasses
     13
     14
     15class PythonExecutor:
     16    def __init__(self, env=None, tables=None):
     17        self.generator = Python().generator(identify=True, comments=False)
     18        self.env = {**ENV, **(env or {})}
     19        self.tables = tables or {}
     20
     21    def execute(self, plan):
     22        finished = set()
     23        queue = set(plan.leaves)
     24        contexts = {}
     25
     26        while queue:
     27            node = queue.pop()
     28            try:
     29                context = self.context(
     30                    {
     31                        name: table
     32                        for dep in node.dependencies
     33                        for name, table in contexts[dep].tables.items()
     34                    }
     35                )
     36
     37                if isinstance(node, planner.Scan):
     38                    contexts[node] = self.scan(node, context)
     39                elif isinstance(node, planner.Aggregate):
     40                    contexts[node] = self.aggregate(node, context)
     41                elif isinstance(node, planner.Join):
     42                    contexts[node] = self.join(node, context)
     43                elif isinstance(node, planner.Sort):
     44                    contexts[node] = self.sort(node, context)
     45                elif isinstance(node, planner.SetOperation):
     46                    contexts[node] = self.set_operation(node, context)
     47                else:
     48                    raise NotImplementedError
     49
     50                finished.add(node)
     51
     52                for dep in node.dependents:
     53                    if all(d in contexts for d in dep.dependencies):
     54                        queue.add(dep)
     55
     56                for dep in node.dependencies:
     57                    if all(d in finished for d in dep.dependents):
     58                        contexts.pop(dep)
     59            except Exception as e:
     60                raise ExecuteError(f"Step '{node.id}' failed: {e}") from e
     61
     62        root = plan.root
     63        return contexts[root].tables[root.name]
     64
     65    def generate(self, expression):
     66        """Convert a SQL expression into literal Python code and compile it into bytecode."""
     67        if not expression:
     68            return None
     69
     70        sql = self.generator.generate(expression)
     71        return compile(sql, sql, "eval", optimize=2)
     72
     73    def generate_tuple(self, expressions):
     74        """Convert an array of SQL expressions into tuple of Python byte code."""
     75        if not expressions:
     76            return tuple()
     77        return tuple(self.generate(expression) for expression in expressions)
     78
     79    def context(self, tables):
     80        return Context(tables, env=self.env)
     81
     82    def table(self, expressions):
     83        return Table(
     84            expression.alias_or_name if isinstance(expression, exp.Expression) else expression
     85            for expression in expressions
     86        )
     87
     88    def scan(self, step, context):
     89        source = step.source
     90
     91        if source and isinstance(source, exp.Expression):
     92            source = source.name or source.alias
     93
     94        if source is None:
     95            context, table_iter = self.static()
     96        elif source in context:
     97            if not step.projections and not step.condition:
     98                return self.context({step.name: context.tables[source]})
     99            table_iter = context.table_iter(source)
    100        elif isinstance(step.source, exp.Table) and isinstance(step.source.this, exp.ReadCSV):
    101            table_iter = self.scan_csv(step)
    102            context = next(table_iter)
    103        else:
    104            context, table_iter = self.scan_table(step)
    105
    106        return self.context({step.name: self._project_and_filter(context, step, table_iter)})
    107
    108    def _project_and_filter(self, context, step, table_iter):
    109        sink = self.table(step.projections if step.projections else context.columns)
    110        condition = self.generate(step.condition)
    111        projections = self.generate_tuple(step.projections)
    112
    113        for reader in table_iter:
    114            if len(sink) >= step.limit:
    115                break
    116
    117            if condition and not context.eval(condition):
    118                continue
    119
    120            if projections:
    121                sink.append(context.eval_tuple(projections))
    122            else:
    123                sink.append(reader.row)
    124
    125        return sink
    126
    127    def static(self):
    128        return self.context({}), [RowReader(())]
    129
    130    def scan_table(self, step):
    131        table = self.tables.find(step.source)
    132        context = self.context({step.source.alias_or_name: table})
    133        return context, iter(table)
    134
    135    def scan_csv(self, step):
    136        alias = step.source.alias
    137        source = step.source.this
    138
    139        with csv_reader(source) as reader:
    140            columns = next(reader)
    141            table = Table(columns)
    142            context = self.context({alias: table})
    143            yield context
    144            types = []
    145            for row in reader:
    146                if not types:
    147                    for v in row:
    148                        try:
    149                            types.append(type(ast.literal_eval(v)))
    150                        except (ValueError, SyntaxError):
    151                            types.append(str)
    152
    153                # We can't cast empty values ('') to non-string types, so we convert them to None instead
    154                context.set_row(
    155                    tuple(None if (t is not str and v == "") else t(v) for t, v in zip(types, row))
    156                )
    157                yield context.table.reader
    158
    159    def join(self, step, context):
    160        source = step.source_name
    161
    162        source_table = context.tables[source]
    163        source_context = self.context({source: source_table})
    164        column_ranges = {source: range(0, len(source_table.columns))}
    165
    166        for name, join in step.joins.items():
    167            table = context.tables[name]
    168            start = max(r.stop for r in column_ranges.values())
    169            column_ranges[name] = range(start, len(table.columns) + start)
    170            join_context = self.context({name: table})
    171
    172            if join.get("source_key"):
    173                table = self.hash_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    174            else:
    175                table = self.nested_loop_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    176
    177            source_context = self.context(
    178                {
    179                    name: Table(table.columns, table.rows, column_range)
    180                    for name, column_range in column_ranges.items()
    181                }
    182            )
    183            condition = self.generate(join["condition"])
    184            if condition:
    185                source_context.filter(condition)
    186
    187        if not step.condition and not step.projections:
    188            return source_context
    189
    190        sink = self._project_and_filter(
    191            source_context,
    192            step,
    193            (reader for reader, _ in iter(source_context)),
    194        )
    195
    196        if step.projections:
    197            return self.context({step.name: sink})
    198        else:
    199            return self.context(
    200                {
    201                    name: Table(table.columns, sink.rows, table.column_range)
    202                    for name, table in source_context.tables.items()
    203                }
    204            )
    205
    206    def nested_loop_join(self, _join, source_context, join_context):
    207        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    208
    209        for reader_a, _ in source_context:
    210            for reader_b, _ in join_context:
    211                table.append(reader_a.row + reader_b.row)
    212
    213        return table
    214
    215    def hash_join(self, join, source_context, join_context):
    216        source_key = self.generate_tuple(join["source_key"])
    217        join_key = self.generate_tuple(join["join_key"])
    218        left = join.get("side") == "LEFT"
    219        right = join.get("side") == "RIGHT"
    220
    221        results = collections.defaultdict(lambda: ([], []))
    222
    223        for reader, ctx in source_context:
    224            results[ctx.eval_tuple(source_key)][0].append(reader.row)
    225        for reader, ctx in join_context:
    226            results[ctx.eval_tuple(join_key)][1].append(reader.row)
    227
    228        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    229        nulls = [(None,) * len(join_context.columns if left else source_context.columns)]
    230
    231        for a_group, b_group in results.values():
    232            if left:
    233                b_group = b_group or nulls
    234            elif right:
    235                a_group = a_group or nulls
    236
    237            for a_row, b_row in itertools.product(a_group, b_group):
    238                table.append(a_row + b_row)
    239
    240        return table
    241
    242    def aggregate(self, step, context):
    243        group_by = self.generate_tuple(step.group.values())
    244        aggregations = self.generate_tuple(step.aggregations)
    245        operands = self.generate_tuple(step.operands)
    246
    247        if operands:
    248            operand_table = Table(self.table(step.operands).columns)
    249
    250            for reader, ctx in context:
    251                operand_table.append(ctx.eval_tuple(operands))
    252
    253            for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(context.table.rows, operand_table.rows)):
    254                context.table.rows[i] = a + b
    255
    256            width = len(context.columns)
    257            context.add_columns(*operand_table.columns)
    258
    259            operand_table = Table(
    260                context.columns,
    261                context.table.rows,
    262                range(width, width + len(operand_table.columns)),
    263            )
    264
    265            context = self.context(
    266                {
    267                    None: operand_table,
    268                    **context.tables,
    269                }
    270            )
    271
    272        context.sort(group_by)
    273
    274        group = None
    275        start = 0
    276        end = 1
    277        length = len(context.table)
    278        table = self.table(list(step.group) + step.aggregations)
    279
    280        def add_row():
    281            table.append(group + context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    282
    283        if length:
    284            for i in range(length):
    285                context.set_index(i)
    286                key = context.eval_tuple(group_by)
    287                group = key if group is None else group
    288                end += 1
    289                if key != group:
    290                    context.set_range(start, end - 2)
    291                    add_row()
    292                    group = key
    293                    start = end - 2
    294                if len(table.rows) >= step.limit:
    295                    break
    296                if i == length - 1:
    297                    context.set_range(start, end - 1)
    298                    add_row()
    299        elif step.limit > 0 and not group_by:
    300            context.set_range(0, 0)
    301            table.append(context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    302
    303        context = self.context({step.name: table, **{name: table for name in context.tables}})
    304
    305        if step.projections or step.condition:
    306            return self.scan(step, context)
    307        return context
    308
    309    def sort(self, step, context):
    310        projections = self.generate_tuple(step.projections)
    311        projection_columns = [p.alias_or_name for p in step.projections]
    312        all_columns = list(context.columns) + projection_columns
    313        sink = self.table(all_columns)
    314        for reader, ctx in context:
    315            sink.append(reader.row + ctx.eval_tuple(projections))
    316
    317        sort_ctx = self.context(
    318            {
    319                None: sink,
    320                **{table: sink for table in context.tables},
    321            }
    322        )
    323        sort_ctx.sort(self.generate_tuple(step.key))
    324
    325        if not math.isinf(step.limit):
    326            sort_ctx.table.rows = sort_ctx.table.rows[0 : step.limit]
    327
    328        output = Table(
    329            projection_columns,
    330            rows=[r[len(context.columns) : len(all_columns)] for r in sort_ctx.table.rows],
    331        )
    332        return self.context({step.name: output})
    333
    334    def set_operation(self, step, context):
    335        left = context.tables[step.left]
    336        right = context.tables[step.right]
    337
    338        sink = self.table(left.columns)
    339
    340        if issubclass(step.op, exp.Intersect):
    341            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).intersection(set(right.rows)))
    342        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Except):
    343            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).difference(set(right.rows)))
    344        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Union) and step.distinct:
    345            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).union(set(right.rows)))
    346        else:
    347            sink.rows = left.rows + right.rows
    348
    349        if not math.isinf(step.limit):
    350            sink.rows = sink.rows[0 : step.limit]
    351
    352        return self.context({step.name: sink})
    353
    354
    355def _ordered_py(self, expression):
    356    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    357    desc = "True" if expression.args.get("desc") else "False"
    358    nulls_first = "True" if expression.args.get("nulls_first") else "False"
    359    return f"ORDERED({this}, {desc}, {nulls_first})"
    360
    361
    362def _rename(self, e):
    363    try:
    364        values = list(e.args.values())
    365
    366        if len(values) == 1:
    367            values = values[0]
    368            if not isinstance(values, list):
    369                return self.func(e.key, values)
    370            return self.func(e.key, *values)
    371
    372        if isinstance(e, exp.Func) and e.is_var_len_args:
    373            *head, tail = values
    374            return self.func(e.key, *head, *ensure_list(tail))
    375
    376        return self.func(e.key, *values)
    377    except Exception as ex:
    378        raise Exception(f"Could not rename {repr(e)}") from ex
    379
    380
    381def _case_sql(self, expression):
    382    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    383    chain = self.sql(expression, "default") or "None"
    384
    385    for e in reversed(expression.args["ifs"]):
    386        true = self.sql(e, "true")
    387        condition = self.sql(e, "this")
    388        condition = f"{this} = ({condition})" if this else condition
    389        chain = f"{true} if {condition} else ({chain})"
    390
    391    return chain
    392
    393
    394def _lambda_sql(self, e: exp.Lambda) -> str:
    395    names = {e.name.lower() for e in e.expressions}
    396
    397    e = e.transform(
    398        lambda n: (
    399            exp.var(n.name) if isinstance(n, exp.Identifier) and n.name.lower() in names else n
    400        )
    401    ).assert_is(exp.Lambda)
    402
    403    return f"lambda {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}: {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
    404
    405
    406def _div_sql(self: generator.Generator, e: exp.Div) -> str:
    407    denominator = self.sql(e, "expression")
    408
    409    if e.args.get("safe"):
    410        denominator += " or None"
    411
    412    sql = f"DIV({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {denominator})"
    413
    414    if e.args.get("typed"):
    415        sql = f"int({sql})"
    416
    417    return sql
    418
    419
    420class Python(Dialect):
    421    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    422        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
    423
    424    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    425        TRANSFORMS = {
    426            **{klass: _rename for klass in subclasses(exp.__name__, exp.Binary)},
    427            **{klass: _rename for klass in exp.ALL_FUNCTIONS},
    428            exp.Case: _case_sql,
    429            exp.Alias: lambda self, e: self.sql(e.this),
    430            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    431            exp.And: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "and"),
    432            exp.Between: _rename,
    433            exp.Boolean: lambda self, e: "True" if e.this else "False",
    434            exp.Cast: lambda self, e: f"CAST({self.sql(e.this)}, exp.DataType.Type.{e.args['to']})",
    435            exp.Column: lambda self,
    436            e: f"scope[{self.sql(e, 'table') or None}][{self.sql(e.this)}]",
    437            exp.Concat: lambda self, e: self.func(
    438                "SAFECONCAT" if e.args.get("safe") else "CONCAT", *e.expressions
    439            ),
    440            exp.Distinct: lambda self, e: f"set({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    441            exp.Div: _div_sql,
    442            exp.Extract: lambda self,
    443            e: f"EXTRACT('{e.name.lower()}', {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    444            exp.In: lambda self,
    445            e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} in {{{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}}}",
    446            exp.Interval: lambda self, e: f"INTERVAL({self.sql(e.this)}, '{self.sql(e.unit)}')",
    447            exp.Is: lambda self, e: (
    448                self.binary(e, "==") if isinstance(e.this, exp.Literal) else self.binary(e, "is")
    449            ),
    450            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(e.key, e.this, e.expression, *e.expressions),
    451            exp.JSONPath: lambda self, e: f"[{','.join(self.sql(p) for p in e.expressions[1:])}]",
    452            exp.JSONPathKey: lambda self, e: f"'{self.sql(e.this)}'",
    453            exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: f"'{e.this}'",
    454            exp.Lambda: _lambda_sql,
    455            exp.Not: lambda self, e: f"not {self.sql(e.this)}",
    456            exp.Null: lambda *_: "None",
    457            exp.Or: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "or"),
    458            exp.Ordered: _ordered_py,
    459            exp.Star: lambda *_: "1",
    460        }

class PythonExecutor: View Source

     16class PythonExecutor:
     17    def __init__(self, env=None, tables=None):
     18        self.generator = Python().generator(identify=True, comments=False)
     19        self.env = {**ENV, **(env or {})}
     20        self.tables = tables or {}
     21
     22    def execute(self, plan):
     23        finished = set()
     24        queue = set(plan.leaves)
     25        contexts = {}
     26
     27        while queue:
     28            node = queue.pop()
     29            try:
     30                context = self.context(
     31                    {
     32                        name: table
     33                        for dep in node.dependencies
     34                        for name, table in contexts[dep].tables.items()
     35                    }
     36                )
     37
     38                if isinstance(node, planner.Scan):
     39                    contexts[node] = self.scan(node, context)
     40                elif isinstance(node, planner.Aggregate):
     41                    contexts[node] = self.aggregate(node, context)
     42                elif isinstance(node, planner.Join):
     43                    contexts[node] = self.join(node, context)
     44                elif isinstance(node, planner.Sort):
     45                    contexts[node] = self.sort(node, context)
     46                elif isinstance(node, planner.SetOperation):
     47                    contexts[node] = self.set_operation(node, context)
     48                else:
     49                    raise NotImplementedError
     50
     51                finished.add(node)
     52
     53                for dep in node.dependents:
     54                    if all(d in contexts for d in dep.dependencies):
     55                        queue.add(dep)
     56
     57                for dep in node.dependencies:
     58                    if all(d in finished for d in dep.dependents):
     59                        contexts.pop(dep)
     60            except Exception as e:
     61                raise ExecuteError(f"Step '{node.id}' failed: {e}") from e
     62
     63        root = plan.root
     64        return contexts[root].tables[root.name]
     65
     66    def generate(self, expression):
     67        """Convert a SQL expression into literal Python code and compile it into bytecode."""
     68        if not expression:
     69            return None
     70
     71        sql = self.generator.generate(expression)
     72        return compile(sql, sql, "eval", optimize=2)
     73
     74    def generate_tuple(self, expressions):
     75        """Convert an array of SQL expressions into tuple of Python byte code."""
     76        if not expressions:
     77            return tuple()
     78        return tuple(self.generate(expression) for expression in expressions)
     79
     80    def context(self, tables):
     81        return Context(tables, env=self.env)
     82
     83    def table(self, expressions):
     84        return Table(
     85            expression.alias_or_name if isinstance(expression, exp.Expression) else expression
     86            for expression in expressions
     87        )
     88
     89    def scan(self, step, context):
     90        source = step.source
     91
     92        if source and isinstance(source, exp.Expression):
     93            source = source.name or source.alias
     94
     95        if source is None:
     96            context, table_iter = self.static()
     97        elif source in context:
     98            if not step.projections and not step.condition:
     99                return self.context({step.name: context.tables[source]})
    100            table_iter = context.table_iter(source)
    101        elif isinstance(step.source, exp.Table) and isinstance(step.source.this, exp.ReadCSV):
    102            table_iter = self.scan_csv(step)
    103            context = next(table_iter)
    104        else:
    105            context, table_iter = self.scan_table(step)
    106
    107        return self.context({step.name: self._project_and_filter(context, step, table_iter)})
    108
    109    def _project_and_filter(self, context, step, table_iter):
    110        sink = self.table(step.projections if step.projections else context.columns)
    111        condition = self.generate(step.condition)
    112        projections = self.generate_tuple(step.projections)
    113
    114        for reader in table_iter:
    115            if len(sink) >= step.limit:
    116                break
    117
    118            if condition and not context.eval(condition):
    119                continue
    120
    121            if projections:
    122                sink.append(context.eval_tuple(projections))
    123            else:
    124                sink.append(reader.row)
    125
    126        return sink
    127
    128    def static(self):
    129        return self.context({}), [RowReader(())]
    130
    131    def scan_table(self, step):
    132        table = self.tables.find(step.source)
    133        context = self.context({step.source.alias_or_name: table})
    134        return context, iter(table)
    135
    136    def scan_csv(self, step):
    137        alias = step.source.alias
    138        source = step.source.this
    139
    140        with csv_reader(source) as reader:
    141            columns = next(reader)
    142            table = Table(columns)
    143            context = self.context({alias: table})
    144            yield context
    145            types = []
    146            for row in reader:
    147                if not types:
    148                    for v in row:
    149                        try:
    150                            types.append(type(ast.literal_eval(v)))
    151                        except (ValueError, SyntaxError):
    152                            types.append(str)
    153
    154                # We can't cast empty values ('') to non-string types, so we convert them to None instead
    155                context.set_row(
    156                    tuple(None if (t is not str and v == "") else t(v) for t, v in zip(types, row))
    157                )
    158                yield context.table.reader
    159
    160    def join(self, step, context):
    161        source = step.source_name
    162
    163        source_table = context.tables[source]
    164        source_context = self.context({source: source_table})
    165        column_ranges = {source: range(0, len(source_table.columns))}
    166
    167        for name, join in step.joins.items():
    168            table = context.tables[name]
    169            start = max(r.stop for r in column_ranges.values())
    170            column_ranges[name] = range(start, len(table.columns) + start)
    171            join_context = self.context({name: table})
    172
    173            if join.get("source_key"):
    174                table = self.hash_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    175            else:
    176                table = self.nested_loop_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    177
    178            source_context = self.context(
    179                {
    180                    name: Table(table.columns, table.rows, column_range)
    181                    for name, column_range in column_ranges.items()
    182                }
    183            )
    184            condition = self.generate(join["condition"])
    185            if condition:
    186                source_context.filter(condition)
    187
    188        if not step.condition and not step.projections:
    189            return source_context
    190
    191        sink = self._project_and_filter(
    192            source_context,
    193            step,
    194            (reader for reader, _ in iter(source_context)),
    195        )
    196
    197        if step.projections:
    198            return self.context({step.name: sink})
    199        else:
    200            return self.context(
    201                {
    202                    name: Table(table.columns, sink.rows, table.column_range)
    203                    for name, table in source_context.tables.items()
    204                }
    205            )
    206
    207    def nested_loop_join(self, _join, source_context, join_context):
    208        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    209
    210        for reader_a, _ in source_context:
    211            for reader_b, _ in join_context:
    212                table.append(reader_a.row + reader_b.row)
    213
    214        return table
    215
    216    def hash_join(self, join, source_context, join_context):
    217        source_key = self.generate_tuple(join["source_key"])
    218        join_key = self.generate_tuple(join["join_key"])
    219        left = join.get("side") == "LEFT"
    220        right = join.get("side") == "RIGHT"
    221
    222        results = collections.defaultdict(lambda: ([], []))
    223
    224        for reader, ctx in source_context:
    225            results[ctx.eval_tuple(source_key)][0].append(reader.row)
    226        for reader, ctx in join_context:
    227            results[ctx.eval_tuple(join_key)][1].append(reader.row)
    228
    229        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    230        nulls = [(None,) * len(join_context.columns if left else source_context.columns)]
    231
    232        for a_group, b_group in results.values():
    233            if left:
    234                b_group = b_group or nulls
    235            elif right:
    236                a_group = a_group or nulls
    237
    238            for a_row, b_row in itertools.product(a_group, b_group):
    239                table.append(a_row + b_row)
    240
    241        return table
    242
    243    def aggregate(self, step, context):
    244        group_by = self.generate_tuple(step.group.values())
    245        aggregations = self.generate_tuple(step.aggregations)
    246        operands = self.generate_tuple(step.operands)
    247
    248        if operands:
    249            operand_table = Table(self.table(step.operands).columns)
    250
    251            for reader, ctx in context:
    252                operand_table.append(ctx.eval_tuple(operands))
    253
    254            for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(context.table.rows, operand_table.rows)):
    255                context.table.rows[i] = a + b
    256
    257            width = len(context.columns)
    258            context.add_columns(*operand_table.columns)
    259
    260            operand_table = Table(
    261                context.columns,
    262                context.table.rows,
    263                range(width, width + len(operand_table.columns)),
    264            )
    265
    266            context = self.context(
    267                {
    268                    None: operand_table,
    269                    **context.tables,
    270                }
    271            )
    272
    273        context.sort(group_by)
    274
    275        group = None
    276        start = 0
    277        end = 1
    278        length = len(context.table)
    279        table = self.table(list(step.group) + step.aggregations)
    280
    281        def add_row():
    282            table.append(group + context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    283
    284        if length:
    285            for i in range(length):
    286                context.set_index(i)
    287                key = context.eval_tuple(group_by)
    288                group = key if group is None else group
    289                end += 1
    290                if key != group:
    291                    context.set_range(start, end - 2)
    292                    add_row()
    293                    group = key
    294                    start = end - 2
    295                if len(table.rows) >= step.limit:
    296                    break
    297                if i == length - 1:
    298                    context.set_range(start, end - 1)
    299                    add_row()
    300        elif step.limit > 0 and not group_by:
    301            context.set_range(0, 0)
    302            table.append(context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    303
    304        context = self.context({step.name: table, **{name: table for name in context.tables}})
    305
    306        if step.projections or step.condition:
    307            return self.scan(step, context)
    308        return context
    309
    310    def sort(self, step, context):
    311        projections = self.generate_tuple(step.projections)
    312        projection_columns = [p.alias_or_name for p in step.projections]
    313        all_columns = list(context.columns) + projection_columns
    314        sink = self.table(all_columns)
    315        for reader, ctx in context:
    316            sink.append(reader.row + ctx.eval_tuple(projections))
    317
    318        sort_ctx = self.context(
    319            {
    320                None: sink,
    321                **{table: sink for table in context.tables},
    322            }
    323        )
    324        sort_ctx.sort(self.generate_tuple(step.key))
    325
    326        if not math.isinf(step.limit):
    327            sort_ctx.table.rows = sort_ctx.table.rows[0 : step.limit]
    328
    329        output = Table(
    330            projection_columns,
    331            rows=[r[len(context.columns) : len(all_columns)] for r in sort_ctx.table.rows],
    332        )
    333        return self.context({step.name: output})
    334
    335    def set_operation(self, step, context):
    336        left = context.tables[step.left]
    337        right = context.tables[step.right]
    338
    339        sink = self.table(left.columns)
    340
    341        if issubclass(step.op, exp.Intersect):
    342            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).intersection(set(right.rows)))
    343        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Except):
    344            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).difference(set(right.rows)))
    345        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Union) and step.distinct:
    346            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).union(set(right.rows)))
    347        else:
    348            sink.rows = left.rows + right.rows
    349
    350        if not math.isinf(step.limit):
    351            sink.rows = sink.rows[0 : step.limit]
    352
    353        return self.context({step.name: sink})

PythonExecutor(env=None, tables=None) View Source

    17    def __init__(self, env=None, tables=None):
    18        self.generator = Python().generator(identify=True, comments=False)
    19        self.env = {**ENV, **(env or {})}
    20        self.tables = tables or {}

generator
env
tables
def execute(self, plan): View Source

    22    def execute(self, plan):
    23        finished = set()
    24        queue = set(plan.leaves)
    25        contexts = {}
    26
    27        while queue:
    28            node = queue.pop()
    29            try:
    30                context = self.context(
    31                    {
    32                        name: table
    33                        for dep in node.dependencies
    34                        for name, table in contexts[dep].tables.items()
    35                    }
    36                )
    37
    38                if isinstance(node, planner.Scan):
    39                    contexts[node] = self.scan(node, context)
    40                elif isinstance(node, planner.Aggregate):
    41                    contexts[node] = self.aggregate(node, context)
    42                elif isinstance(node, planner.Join):
    43                    contexts[node] = self.join(node, context)
    44                elif isinstance(node, planner.Sort):
    45                    contexts[node] = self.sort(node, context)
    46                elif isinstance(node, planner.SetOperation):
    47                    contexts[node] = self.set_operation(node, context)
    48                else:
    49                    raise NotImplementedError
    50
    51                finished.add(node)
    52
    53                for dep in node.dependents:
    54                    if all(d in contexts for d in dep.dependencies):
    55                        queue.add(dep)
    56
    57                for dep in node.dependencies:
    58                    if all(d in finished for d in dep.dependents):
    59                        contexts.pop(dep)
    60            except Exception as e:
    61                raise ExecuteError(f"Step '{node.id}' failed: {e}") from e
    62
    63        root = plan.root
    64        return contexts[root].tables[root.name]

def generate(self, expression): View Source

    66    def generate(self, expression):
    67        """Convert a SQL expression into literal Python code and compile it into bytecode."""
    68        if not expression:
    69            return None
    70
    71        sql = self.generator.generate(expression)
    72        return compile(sql, sql, "eval", optimize=2)

Convert a SQL expression into literal Python code and compile it into bytecode.

def generate_tuple(self, expressions): View Source

    74    def generate_tuple(self, expressions):
    75        """Convert an array of SQL expressions into tuple of Python byte code."""
    76        if not expressions:
    77            return tuple()
    78        return tuple(self.generate(expression) for expression in expressions)

Convert an array of SQL expressions into tuple of Python byte code.

def context(self, tables): View Source

    80    def context(self, tables):
    81        return Context(tables, env=self.env)

def table(self, expressions): View Source

    83    def table(self, expressions):
    84        return Table(
    85            expression.alias_or_name if isinstance(expression, exp.Expression) else expression
    86            for expression in expressions
    87        )

def scan(self, step, context): View Source

     89    def scan(self, step, context):
     90        source = step.source
     91
     92        if source and isinstance(source, exp.Expression):
     93            source = source.name or source.alias
     94
     95        if source is None:
     96            context, table_iter = self.static()
     97        elif source in context:
     98            if not step.projections and not step.condition:
     99                return self.context({step.name: context.tables[source]})
    100            table_iter = context.table_iter(source)
    101        elif isinstance(step.source, exp.Table) and isinstance(step.source.this, exp.ReadCSV):
    102            table_iter = self.scan_csv(step)
    103            context = next(table_iter)
    104        else:
    105            context, table_iter = self.scan_table(step)
    106
    107        return self.context({step.name: self._project_and_filter(context, step, table_iter)})

def static(self): View Source

    128    def static(self):
    129        return self.context({}), [RowReader(())]

def scan_table(self, step): View Source

    131    def scan_table(self, step):
    132        table = self.tables.find(step.source)
    133        context = self.context({step.source.alias_or_name: table})
    134        return context, iter(table)

def scan_csv(self, step): View Source

    136    def scan_csv(self, step):
    137        alias = step.source.alias
    138        source = step.source.this
    139
    140        with csv_reader(source) as reader:
    141            columns = next(reader)
    142            table = Table(columns)
    143            context = self.context({alias: table})
    144            yield context
    145            types = []
    146            for row in reader:
    147                if not types:
    148                    for v in row:
    149                        try:
    150                            types.append(type(ast.literal_eval(v)))
    151                        except (ValueError, SyntaxError):
    152                            types.append(str)
    153
    154                # We can't cast empty values ('') to non-string types, so we convert them to None instead
    155                context.set_row(
    156                    tuple(None if (t is not str and v == "") else t(v) for t, v in zip(types, row))
    157                )
    158                yield context.table.reader

def join(self, step, context): View Source

    160    def join(self, step, context):
    161        source = step.source_name
    162
    163        source_table = context.tables[source]
    164        source_context = self.context({source: source_table})
    165        column_ranges = {source: range(0, len(source_table.columns))}
    166
    167        for name, join in step.joins.items():
    168            table = context.tables[name]
    169            start = max(r.stop for r in column_ranges.values())
    170            column_ranges[name] = range(start, len(table.columns) + start)
    171            join_context = self.context({name: table})
    172
    173            if join.get("source_key"):
    174                table = self.hash_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    175            else:
    176                table = self.nested_loop_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    177
    178            source_context = self.context(
    179                {
    180                    name: Table(table.columns, table.rows, column_range)
    181                    for name, column_range in column_ranges.items()
    182                }
    183            )
    184            condition = self.generate(join["condition"])
    185            if condition:
    186                source_context.filter(condition)
    187
    188        if not step.condition and not step.projections:
    189            return source_context
    190
    191        sink = self._project_and_filter(
    192            source_context,
    193            step,
    194            (reader for reader, _ in iter(source_context)),
    195        )
    196
    197        if step.projections:
    198            return self.context({step.name: sink})
    199        else:
    200            return self.context(
    201                {
    202                    name: Table(table.columns, sink.rows, table.column_range)
    203                    for name, table in source_context.tables.items()
    204                }
    205            )

def nested_loop_join(self, _join, source_context, join_context): View Source

    207    def nested_loop_join(self, _join, source_context, join_context):
    208        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    209
    210        for reader_a, _ in source_context:
    211            for reader_b, _ in join_context:
    212                table.append(reader_a.row + reader_b.row)
    213
    214        return table

def hash_join(self, join, source_context, join_context): View Source

    216    def hash_join(self, join, source_context, join_context):
    217        source_key = self.generate_tuple(join["source_key"])
    218        join_key = self.generate_tuple(join["join_key"])
    219        left = join.get("side") == "LEFT"
    220        right = join.get("side") == "RIGHT"
    221
    222        results = collections.defaultdict(lambda: ([], []))
    223
    224        for reader, ctx in source_context:
    225            results[ctx.eval_tuple(source_key)][0].append(reader.row)
    226        for reader, ctx in join_context:
    227            results[ctx.eval_tuple(join_key)][1].append(reader.row)
    228
    229        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    230        nulls = [(None,) * len(join_context.columns if left else source_context.columns)]
    231
    232        for a_group, b_group in results.values():
    233            if left:
    234                b_group = b_group or nulls
    235            elif right:
    236                a_group = a_group or nulls
    237
    238            for a_row, b_row in itertools.product(a_group, b_group):
    239                table.append(a_row + b_row)
    240
    241        return table

def aggregate(self, step, context): View Source

    243    def aggregate(self, step, context):
    244        group_by = self.generate_tuple(step.group.values())
    245        aggregations = self.generate_tuple(step.aggregations)
    246        operands = self.generate_tuple(step.operands)
    247
    248        if operands:
    249            operand_table = Table(self.table(step.operands).columns)
    250
    251            for reader, ctx in context:
    252                operand_table.append(ctx.eval_tuple(operands))
    253
    254            for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(context.table.rows, operand_table.rows)):
    255                context.table.rows[i] = a + b
    256
    257            width = len(context.columns)
    258            context.add_columns(*operand_table.columns)
    259
    260            operand_table = Table(
    261                context.columns,
    262                context.table.rows,
    263                range(width, width + len(operand_table.columns)),
    264            )
    265
    266            context = self.context(
    267                {
    268                    None: operand_table,
    269                    **context.tables,
    270                }
    271            )
    272
    273        context.sort(group_by)
    274
    275        group = None
    276        start = 0
    277        end = 1
    278        length = len(context.table)
    279        table = self.table(list(step.group) + step.aggregations)
    280
    281        def add_row():
    282            table.append(group + context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    283
    284        if length:
    285            for i in range(length):
    286                context.set_index(i)
    287                key = context.eval_tuple(group_by)
    288                group = key if group is None else group
    289                end += 1
    290                if key != group:
    291                    context.set_range(start, end - 2)
    292                    add_row()
    293                    group = key
    294                    start = end - 2
    295                if len(table.rows) >= step.limit:
    296                    break
    297                if i == length - 1:
    298                    context.set_range(start, end - 1)
    299                    add_row()
    300        elif step.limit > 0 and not group_by:
    301            context.set_range(0, 0)
    302            table.append(context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    303
    304        context = self.context({step.name: table, **{name: table for name in context.tables}})
    305
    306        if step.projections or step.condition:
    307            return self.scan(step, context)
    308        return context

def sort(self, step, context): View Source

    310    def sort(self, step, context):
    311        projections = self.generate_tuple(step.projections)
    312        projection_columns = [p.alias_or_name for p in step.projections]
    313        all_columns = list(context.columns) + projection_columns
    314        sink = self.table(all_columns)
    315        for reader, ctx in context:
    316            sink.append(reader.row + ctx.eval_tuple(projections))
    317
    318        sort_ctx = self.context(
    319            {
    320                None: sink,
    321                **{table: sink for table in context.tables},
    322            }
    323        )
    324        sort_ctx.sort(self.generate_tuple(step.key))
    325
    326        if not math.isinf(step.limit):
    327            sort_ctx.table.rows = sort_ctx.table.rows[0 : step.limit]
    328
    329        output = Table(
    330            projection_columns,
    331            rows=[r[len(context.columns) : len(all_columns)] for r in sort_ctx.table.rows],
    332        )
    333        return self.context({step.name: output})

def set_operation(self, step, context): View Source

    335    def set_operation(self, step, context):
    336        left = context.tables[step.left]
    337        right = context.tables[step.right]
    338
    339        sink = self.table(left.columns)
    340
    341        if issubclass(step.op, exp.Intersect):
    342            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).intersection(set(right.rows)))
    343        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Except):
    344            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).difference(set(right.rows)))
    345        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Union) and step.distinct:
    346            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).union(set(right.rows)))
    347        else:
    348            sink.rows = left.rows + right.rows
    349
    350        if not math.isinf(step.limit):
    351            sink.rows = sink.rows[0 : step.limit]
    352
    353        return self.context({step.name: sink})

class Python(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    421class Python(Dialect):
    422    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    423        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
    424
    425    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    426        TRANSFORMS = {
    427            **{klass: _rename for klass in subclasses(exp.__name__, exp.Binary)},
    428            **{klass: _rename for klass in exp.ALL_FUNCTIONS},
    429            exp.Case: _case_sql,
    430            exp.Alias: lambda self, e: self.sql(e.this),
    431            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    432            exp.And: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "and"),
    433            exp.Between: _rename,
    434            exp.Boolean: lambda self, e: "True" if e.this else "False",
    435            exp.Cast: lambda self, e: f"CAST({self.sql(e.this)}, exp.DataType.Type.{e.args['to']})",
    436            exp.Column: lambda self,
    437            e: f"scope[{self.sql(e, 'table') or None}][{self.sql(e.this)}]",
    438            exp.Concat: lambda self, e: self.func(
    439                "SAFECONCAT" if e.args.get("safe") else "CONCAT", *e.expressions
    440            ),
    441            exp.Distinct: lambda self, e: f"set({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    442            exp.Div: _div_sql,
    443            exp.Extract: lambda self,
    444            e: f"EXTRACT('{e.name.lower()}', {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    445            exp.In: lambda self,
    446            e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} in {{{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}}}",
    447            exp.Interval: lambda self, e: f"INTERVAL({self.sql(e.this)}, '{self.sql(e.unit)}')",
    448            exp.Is: lambda self, e: (
    449                self.binary(e, "==") if isinstance(e.this, exp.Literal) else self.binary(e, "is")
    450            ),
    451            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(e.key, e.this, e.expression, *e.expressions),
    452            exp.JSONPath: lambda self, e: f"[{','.join(self.sql(p) for p in e.expressions[1:])}]",
    453            exp.JSONPathKey: lambda self, e: f"'{self.sql(e.this)}'",
    454            exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: f"'{e.this}'",
    455            exp.Lambda: _lambda_sql,
    456            exp.Not: lambda self, e: f"not {self.sql(e.this)}",
    457            exp.Null: lambda *_: "None",
    458            exp.Or: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "or"),
    459            exp.Ordered: _ordered_py,
    460            exp.Star: lambda *_: "1",
    461        }

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\n`) to its unescaped version (`` ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Python.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'sqlglot.parser.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Python.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  INDEX_OFFSET
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES
  SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  NULL_ORDERING
  TYPED_DIVISION
  SAFE_DIVISION
  CONCAT_COALESCE
  HEX_LOWERCASE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  TIME_FORMAT
  TIME_MAPPING
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION
  EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY
  SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL
  HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS
  STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX
  ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR
  ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS
  PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE
  REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP
  SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT
  CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING
  DATE_PART_MAPPING
  TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS
  ANNOTATORS
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  settings
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  to_json_path
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  jsonpath_tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class Python.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    422    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    423        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]

STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\']

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  SINGLE_TOKENS
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEX_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  QUOTES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER
  HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE
  STRING_ESCAPES_ALLOWED_IN_RAW_STRINGS
  NESTED_COMMENTS
  HINT_START
  TOKENS_PRECEDING_HINT
  KEYWORDS
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class Python.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    425    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    426        TRANSFORMS = {
    427            **{klass: _rename for klass in subclasses(exp.__name__, exp.Binary)},
    428            **{klass: _rename for klass in exp.ALL_FUNCTIONS},
    429            exp.Case: _case_sql,
    430            exp.Alias: lambda self, e: self.sql(e.this),
    431            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    432            exp.And: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "and"),
    433            exp.Between: _rename,
    434            exp.Boolean: lambda self, e: "True" if e.this else "False",
    435            exp.Cast: lambda self, e: f"CAST({self.sql(e.this)}, exp.DataType.Type.{e.args['to']})",
    436            exp.Column: lambda self,
    437            e: f"scope[{self.sql(e, 'table') or None}][{self.sql(e.this)}]",
    438            exp.Concat: lambda self, e: self.func(
    439                "SAFECONCAT" if e.args.get("safe") else "CONCAT", *e.expressions
    440            ),
    441            exp.Distinct: lambda self, e: f"set({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    442            exp.Div: _div_sql,
    443            exp.Extract: lambda self,
    444            e: f"EXTRACT('{e.name.lower()}', {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    445            exp.In: lambda self,
    446            e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} in {{{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}}}",
    447            exp.Interval: lambda self, e: f"INTERVAL({self.sql(e.this)}, '{self.sql(e.unit)}')",
    448            exp.Is: lambda self, e: (
    449                self.binary(e, "==") if isinstance(e.this, exp.Literal) else self.binary(e, "is")
    450            ),
    451            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(e.key, e.this, e.expression, *e.expressions),
    452            exp.JSONPath: lambda self, e: f"[{','.join(self.sql(p) for p in e.expressions[1:])}]",
    453            exp.JSONPathKey: lambda self, e: f"'{self.sql(e.this)}'",
    454            exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: f"'{e.this}'",
    455            exp.Lambda: _lambda_sql,
    456            exp.Not: lambda self, e: f"not {self.sql(e.this)}",
    457            exp.Null: lambda *_: "None",
    458            exp.Or: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "or"),
    459            exp.Ordered: _ordered_py,
    460            exp.Star: lambda *_: "1",
    461        }

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Add'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseLeftShift'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseRightShift'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Connector'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DPipe'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distance'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Div'>: <function _div_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Dot'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EQ'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Escape'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GT'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GTE'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Glob'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILikeAny'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Is'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Kwarg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LT'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LTE'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Like'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeAny'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mod'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mul'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NEQ'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeEQ'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeNEQ'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlaps'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PropertyEQ'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SimilarTo'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Slice'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sub'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>: <function _case_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConvertTimezone'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDateStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FeaturesAtTime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToTimeStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDateStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unnest'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Alias'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Between'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Boolean'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Column'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distinct'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Interval'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPath'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lambda'>: <function _lambda_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Not'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Null'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ordered'>: <function _ordered_py>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Star'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>}
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_FETCH
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  JOIN_HINTS
  TABLE_HINTS
  QUERY_HINTS
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  NVL2_SUPPORTED
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
  CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
  SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
  COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
  COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
  STAR_EXCEPT
  HEX_FUNC
  WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
  QUOTE_JSON_PATH
  PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
  ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN
  SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
  SUPPORTS_MEDIAN
  SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
  PARSE_JSON_NAME
  ARRAY_SIZE_NAME
  ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED
  TYPE_MAPPING
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  STRUCT_DELIMITER
  PARAMETER_TOKEN
  NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
  EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
  PROPERTIES_LOCATION
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  set_operation
  set_operations
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  hex_sql
  lowerhex_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  groupingsets_sql
  rollup_sql
  cube_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  options_modifier
  queryoption_sql
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  unnest_sql
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  bracket_sql
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  alterrename_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  alterset_sql
  alter_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  try_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  duplicatekeyproperty_sql
  distributedbyproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodatetime_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql
  datadeletionproperty_sql
  maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
  gapfill_sql
  scope_resolution
  scoperesolution_sql
  parsejson_sql
  rand_sql
  changes_sql
  pad_sql
  summarize_sql
  explodinggenerateseries_sql
  arrayconcat_sql
  converttimezone_sql
  json_sql
  jsonvalue_sql
  conditionalinsert_sql
  multitableinserts_sql
  oncondition_sql
  jsonexists_sql
  arrayagg_sql
  apply_sql
  grant_sql
  grantprivilege_sql
  grantprincipal_sql
  columns_sql
  overlay_sql
  todouble_sql
  string_sql
  median_sql
  overflowtruncatebehavior_sql
  unixseconds_sql
  arraysize_sql
  attach_sql
  detach_sql
  attachoption_sql
  featuresattime_sql
  watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
  encodeproperty_sql
  includeproperty_sql