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# sqlglot.dialects.tsql

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import datetime
       4import re
       5import typing as t
       6from functools import partial, reduce
       7
       8from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
       9from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      10    Dialect,
      11    NormalizationStrategy,
      12    any_value_to_max_sql,
      13    date_delta_sql,
      14    datestrtodate_sql,
      15    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
      16    max_or_greatest,
      17    min_or_least,
      18    build_date_delta,
      19    rename_func,
      20    trim_sql,
      21    timestrtotime_sql,
      22)
      23from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
      24from sqlglot.parser import build_coalesce
      25from sqlglot.time import format_time
      26from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
      27
      28if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      29    from sqlglot._typing import E
      30
      31FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
      32    "weekday": "%A",
      33    "dw": "%A",
      34    "w": "%A",
      35    "month": "%B",
      36    "mm": "%B",
      37    "m": "%B",
      38}
      39
      40DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {
      41    "year": "year",
      42    "yyyy": "year",
      43    "yy": "year",
      44    "quarter": "quarter",
      45    "qq": "quarter",
      46    "q": "quarter",
      47    "month": "month",
      48    "mm": "month",
      49    "m": "month",
      50    "week": "week",
      51    "ww": "week",
      52    "wk": "week",
      53    "day": "day",
      54    "dd": "day",
      55    "d": "day",
      56}
      57
      58
      59DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile("([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})")
      60
      61# N = Numeric, C=Currency
      62TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {"N", "C"}
      63
      64DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
      65
      66BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
      67
      68# Unsupported options:
      69# - OPTIMIZE FOR ( @variable_name { UNKNOWN | = <literal_constant> } [ , ...n ] )
      70# - TABLE HINT
      71OPTIONS: parser.OPTIONS_TYPE = {
      72    **dict.fromkeys(
      73        (
      74            "DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING",
      75            "FAST",
      76            "IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX",
      77            "LABEL",
      78            "MAXDOP",
      79            "MAXRECURSION",
      80            "MAX_GRANT_PERCENT",
      81            "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT",
      82            "NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL",
      83            "QUERYTRACEON",
      84            "RECOMPILE",
      85        ),
      86        tuple(),
      87    ),
      88    "CONCAT": ("UNION",),
      89    "DISABLE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
      90    "EXPAND": ("VIEWS",),
      91    "FORCE": ("EXTERNALPUSHDOWN", "ORDER", "SCALEOUTEXECUTION"),
      92    "HASH": ("GROUP", "JOIN", "UNION"),
      93    "KEEP": ("PLAN",),
      94    "KEEPFIXED": ("PLAN",),
      95    "LOOP": ("JOIN",),
      96    "MERGE": ("JOIN", "UNION"),
      97    "OPTIMIZE": (("FOR", "UNKNOWN"),),
      98    "ORDER": ("GROUP",),
      99    "PARAMETERIZATION": ("FORCED", "SIMPLE"),
     100    "ROBUST": ("PLAN",),
     101    "USE": ("PLAN",),
     102}
     103
     104OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ("MAX_GRANT_PERCENT", "MIN_GRANT_PERCENT", "LABEL")
     105
     106
     107def _build_formatted_time(
     108    exp_class: t.Type[E], full_format_mapping: t.Optional[bool] = None
     109) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     110    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
     111        assert len(args) == 2
     112
     113        return exp_class(
     114            this=exp.cast(args[1], exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME),
     115            format=exp.Literal.string(
     116                format_time(
     117                    args[0].name.lower(),
     118                    (
     119                        {**TSQL.TIME_MAPPING, **FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING}
     120                        if full_format_mapping
     121                        else TSQL.TIME_MAPPING
     122                    ),
     123                )
     124            ),
     125        )
     126
     127    return _builder
     128
     129
     130def _build_format(args: t.List) -> exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr:
     131    this = seq_get(args, 0)
     132    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
     133    culture = seq_get(args, 2)
     134
     135    number_fmt = fmt and (fmt.name in TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT or not DATE_FMT_RE.search(fmt.name))
     136
     137    if number_fmt:
     138        return exp.NumberToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
     139
     140    if fmt:
     141        fmt = exp.Literal.string(
     142            format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING)
     143            if len(fmt.name) == 1
     144            else format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.TIME_MAPPING)
     145        )
     146
     147    return exp.TimeToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
     148
     149
     150def _build_eomonth(args: t.List) -> exp.LastDay:
     151    date = exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 0))
     152    month_lag = seq_get(args, 1)
     153
     154    if month_lag is None:
     155        this: exp.Expression = date
     156    else:
     157        unit = DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL.get("month")
     158        this = exp.DateAdd(this=date, expression=month_lag, unit=unit and exp.var(unit))
     159
     160    return exp.LastDay(this=this)
     161
     162
     163def _build_hashbytes(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     164    kind, data = args
     165    kind = kind.name.upper() if kind.is_string else ""
     166
     167    if kind == "MD5":
     168        args.pop(0)
     169        return exp.MD5(this=data)
     170    if kind in ("SHA", "SHA1"):
     171        args.pop(0)
     172        return exp.SHA(this=data)
     173    if kind == "SHA2_256":
     174        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(256))
     175    if kind == "SHA2_512":
     176        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(512))
     177
     178    return exp.func("HASHBYTES", *args)
     179
     180
     181DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {"DW", "WK", "HOUR", "QUARTER"}
     182
     183
     184def _format_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
     185    fmt = expression.args["format"]
     186
     187    if not isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr):
     188        if fmt.is_string:
     189            mapped_fmt = format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
     190
     191            name = (mapped_fmt or "").upper()
     192            if name in DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS:
     193                return self.func("DATEPART", name, expression.this)
     194
     195            fmt_sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(mapped_fmt))
     196        else:
     197            fmt_sql = self.format_time(expression) or self.sql(fmt)
     198    else:
     199        fmt_sql = self.sql(fmt)
     200
     201    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt_sql, expression.args.get("culture"))
     202
     203
     204def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
     205    this = expression.this
     206    distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct)
     207    if distinct:
     208        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
     209        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
     210        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
     211
     212    order = ""
     213    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
     214        if expression.this.this:
     215            this = expression.this.this.pop()
     216        # Order has a leading space
     217        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"
     218
     219    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
     220    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
     221
     222
     223def _build_date_delta(
     224    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
     225) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     226    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
     227        unit = seq_get(args, 0)
     228        if unit and unit_mapping:
     229            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name))
     230
     231        start_date = seq_get(args, 1)
     232        if start_date and start_date.is_number:
     233            # Numeric types are valid DATETIME values
     234            if start_date.is_int:
     235                adds = DEFAULT_START_DATE + datetime.timedelta(days=int(start_date.this))
     236                start_date = exp.Literal.string(adds.strftime("%F"))
     237            else:
     238                # We currently don't handle float values, i.e. they're not converted to equivalent DATETIMEs.
     239                # This is not a problem when generating T-SQL code, it is when transpiling to other dialects.
     240                return exp_class(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=start_date, unit=unit)
     241
     242        return exp_class(
     243            this=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=seq_get(args, 2)),
     244            expression=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=start_date),
     245            unit=unit,
     246        )
     247
     248    return _builder
     249
     250
     251def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     252    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
     253    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     254
     255    if (
     256        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
     257        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
     258        and not alias.columns
     259    ):
     260        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
     261
     262        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
     263        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
     264        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
     265        query = expression.this
     266        unaliased_column_indexes = (
     267            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
     268        )
     269
     270        qualify_outputs(query)
     271
     272        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
     273        query_selects = query.selects
     274        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
     275            alias = query_selects[select_index]
     276            column = alias.this
     277            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
     278                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
     279
     280    return expression
     281
     282
     283# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/datetimefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
     284def _build_datetimefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampFromParts:
     285    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
     286        year=seq_get(args, 0),
     287        month=seq_get(args, 1),
     288        day=seq_get(args, 2),
     289        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
     290        min=seq_get(args, 4),
     291        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
     292        milli=seq_get(args, 6),
     293    )
     294
     295
     296# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/timefromparts-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
     297def _build_timefromparts(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeFromParts:
     298    return exp.TimeFromParts(
     299        hour=seq_get(args, 0),
     300        min=seq_get(args, 1),
     301        sec=seq_get(args, 2),
     302        fractions=seq_get(args, 3),
     303        precision=seq_get(args, 4),
     304    )
     305
     306
     307def _build_with_arg_as_text(
     308    klass: t.Type[exp.Expression],
     309) -> t.Callable[[t.List[exp.Expression]], exp.Expression]:
     310    def _parse(args: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> exp.Expression:
     311        this = seq_get(args, 0)
     312
     313        if this and not this.is_string:
     314            this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
     315
     316        expression = seq_get(args, 1)
     317        kwargs = {"this": this}
     318
     319        if expression:
     320            kwargs["expression"] = expression
     321
     322        return klass(**kwargs)
     323
     324    return _parse
     325
     326
     327# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/parsename-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
     328def _build_parsename(args: t.List) -> exp.SplitPart | exp.Anonymous:
     329    # PARSENAME(...) will be stored into exp.SplitPart if:
     330    # - All args are literals
     331    # - The part index (2nd arg) is <= 4 (max valid value, otherwise TSQL returns NULL)
     332    if len(args) == 2 and all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in args):
     333        this = args[0]
     334        part_index = args[1]
     335        split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
     336        if split_count <= 4:
     337            return exp.SplitPart(
     338                this=this,
     339                delimiter=exp.Literal.string("."),
     340                part_index=exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py()),
     341            )
     342
     343    return exp.Anonymous(this="PARSENAME", expressions=args)
     344
     345
     346def _build_json_query(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> exp.JSONExtract:
     347    if len(args) == 1:
     348        # The default value for path is '$'. As a result, if you don't provide a
     349        # value for path, JSON_QUERY returns the input expression.
     350        args.append(exp.Literal.string("$"))
     351
     352    return parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract)(args, dialect)
     353
     354
     355def _json_extract_sql(
     356    self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONExtractScalar
     357) -> str:
     358    json_query = self.func("JSON_QUERY", expression.this, expression.expression)
     359    json_value = self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, expression.expression)
     360    return self.func("ISNULL", json_query, json_value)
     361
     362
     363def _timestrtotime_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime):
     364    sql = timestrtotime_sql(self, expression)
     365    if expression.args.get("zone"):
     366        # If there is a timezone, produce an expression like:
     367        # CAST('2020-01-01 12:13:14-08:00' AS DATETIMEOFFSET) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'
     368        # If you dont have AT TIME ZONE 'UTC', wrapping that expression in another cast back to DATETIME2 just drops the timezone information
     369        return self.sql(exp.AtTimeZone(this=sql, zone=exp.Literal.string("UTC")))
     370    return sql
     371
     372
     373class TSQL(Dialect):
     374    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
     375    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
     376    TYPED_DIVISION = True
     377    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
     378    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     379
     380    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
     381
     382    TIME_MAPPING = {
     383        "year": "%Y",
     384        "dayofyear": "%j",
     385        "day": "%d",
     386        "dy": "%d",
     387        "y": "%Y",
     388        "week": "%W",
     389        "ww": "%W",
     390        "wk": "%W",
     391        "hour": "%h",
     392        "hh": "%I",
     393        "minute": "%M",
     394        "mi": "%M",
     395        "n": "%M",
     396        "second": "%S",
     397        "ss": "%S",
     398        "s": "%-S",
     399        "millisecond": "%f",
     400        "ms": "%f",
     401        "weekday": "%w",
     402        "dw": "%w",
     403        "month": "%m",
     404        "mm": "%M",
     405        "m": "%-M",
     406        "Y": "%Y",
     407        "YYYY": "%Y",
     408        "YY": "%y",
     409        "MMMM": "%B",
     410        "MMM": "%b",
     411        "MM": "%m",
     412        "M": "%-m",
     413        "dddd": "%A",
     414        "dd": "%d",
     415        "d": "%-d",
     416        "HH": "%H",
     417        "H": "%-H",
     418        "h": "%-I",
     419        "ffffff": "%f",
     420        "yyyy": "%Y",
     421        "yy": "%y",
     422    }
     423
     424    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
     425        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
     426        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
     427        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
     428        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
     429        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
     430        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
     431        "6": "%d %b %y",
     432        "7": "%b %d, %y",
     433        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
     434        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
     435        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
     436        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
     437        "12": "yymmdd",
     438        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
     439        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
     440        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     441        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     442        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     443        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
     444        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
     445        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     446        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
     447        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
     448        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
     449        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
     450        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
     451        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
     452        "106": "%d %b %Y",
     453        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
     454        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
     455        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
     456        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
     457        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
     458        "112": "%Y%m%d",
     459        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
     460        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
     461        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     462        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     463    }
     464
     465    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
     466        "y": "%B %Y",
     467        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
     468        "H": "%-H",
     469        "h": "%-I",
     470        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     471        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
     472        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
     473        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     474        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
     475        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     476        "M": "%B %-d",
     477        "m": "%B %-d",
     478        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
     479        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
     480        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
     481        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
     482        "t": "%-I:%M",
     483        "Y": "%a %Y",
     484    }
     485
     486    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     487        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
     488        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
     489        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
     490        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
     491
     492        KEYWORDS = {
     493            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     494            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
     495            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
     496            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     497            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
     498            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
     499            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
     500            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
     501            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
     502            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
     503            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
     504            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
     505            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
     506            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
     507            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
     508            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
     509            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
     510            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
     511            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
     512            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
     513            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
     514            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
     515            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
     516            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
     517            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
     518            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
     519            "XML": TokenType.XML,
     520        }
     521        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     522
     523        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
     524
     525    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     526        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
     527        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
     528        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
     529        STRING_ALIASES = True
     530        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
     531
     532        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
     533            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
     534            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
     535        }
     536
     537        FUNCTIONS = {
     538            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     539            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
     540                this=seq_get(args, 1),
     541                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
     542                position=seq_get(args, 2),
     543            ),
     544            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
     545                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
     546            ),
     547            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
     548                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
     549            ),
     550            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
     551            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
     552            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
     553            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
     554            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
     555            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
     556            "FORMAT": _build_format,
     557            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     558            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
     559            "ISNULL": build_coalesce,
     560            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
     561            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     562            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
     563            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
     564            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
     565            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
     566            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
     567            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
     568            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     569            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     570            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     571            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     572            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
     573        }
     574
     575        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
     576
     577        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
     578            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
     579        )
     580
     581        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
     582            TokenType.TABLE,
     583            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
     584        }
     585
     586        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     587            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     588            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
     589        }
     590
     591        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     592            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     593            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
     594                exp.ScopeResolution,
     595                this=this,
     596                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
     597            ),
     598        }
     599
     600        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
     601        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
     602            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
     603            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
     604            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
     605            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
     606        }
     607
     608        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     609            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
     610            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
     611            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
     612                return self._parse_types()
     613
     614            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
     615
     616        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
     617            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
     618                return None
     619
     620            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     621                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
     622                if not option:
     623                    return None
     624
     625                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     626                return self.expression(
     627                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
     628                )
     629
     630            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
     631
     632        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
     633            """
     634            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
     635            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
     636
     637            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
     638            """
     639            return [
     640                (
     641                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
     642                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
     643                    else projection
     644                )
     645                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
     646            ]
     647
     648        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
     649            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
     650            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     651                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
     652                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
     653
     654            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     655                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
     656                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
     657            """
     658            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
     659
     660            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
     661            this = self._parse_id_var()
     662
     663            if rollback:
     664                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
     665
     666            durability = None
     667            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
     668                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
     669                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     670
     671                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
     672                    durability = False
     673                else:
     674                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
     675                    durability = True
     676
     677                self._match_r_paren()
     678
     679            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
     680
     681        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
     682            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
     683            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     684            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
     685            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
     686            ]
     687            """
     688            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
     689                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
     690                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
     691                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
     692
     693                return transaction
     694
     695            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
     696
     697        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
     698            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
     699            returns = super()._parse_returns()
     700            returns.set("table", table)
     701            return returns
     702
     703        def _parse_convert(
     704            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
     705        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     706            this = self._parse_types()
     707            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     708            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
     709            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
     710            convert.set("safe", safe)
     711            convert.set("strict", strict)
     712            return convert
     713
     714        def _parse_user_defined_function(
     715            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
     716        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     717            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
     718
     719            if (
     720                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
     721                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
     722                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
     723            ):
     724                return this
     725
     726            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
     727                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
     728            else:
     729                expressions = None
     730
     731            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
     732
     733        def _parse_id_var(
     734            self,
     735            any_token: bool = True,
     736            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     737        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     738            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
     739            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
     740
     741            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     742            if this:
     743                if is_global:
     744                    this.set("global", True)
     745                elif is_temporary:
     746                    this.set("temporary", True)
     747
     748            return this
     749
     750        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
     751            create = super()._parse_create()
     752
     753            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
     754                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
     755                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
     756                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
     757                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
     758
     759                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
     760
     761            return create
     762
     763        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     764            index = self._index
     765
     766            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
     767                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
     768                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
     769                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
     770                self._retreat(index)
     771
     772            return super()._parse_if()
     773
     774        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
     775            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
     776                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
     777            else:
     778                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
     779
     780            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
     781
     782        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
     783            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
     784                return None
     785
     786            def parse_range():
     787                low = self._parse_bitwise()
     788                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
     789
     790                return (
     791                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
     792                )
     793
     794            partition = self.expression(
     795                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
     796            )
     797
     798            self._match_r_paren()
     799
     800            return partition
     801
     802        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
     803            index = self._index
     804            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
     805
     806            if not expressions or self._curr:
     807                self._retreat(index)
     808                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
     809
     810            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
     811
     812        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
     813            var = self._parse_id_var()
     814            if not var:
     815                return None
     816
     817            value = None
     818            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
     819            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
     820                data_type = self._parse_schema()
     821            else:
     822                data_type = self._parse_types()
     823                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
     824                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
     825
     826            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)
     827
     828    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     829        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
     830        QUERY_HINTS = False
     831        RETURNING_END = False
     832        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     833        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
     834        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
     835        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
     836        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
     837        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
     838        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
     839        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
     840        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     841        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
     842        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     843        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     844        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
     845        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
     846        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
     847        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
     848
     849        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
     850            exp.Create,
     851            exp.Delete,
     852            exp.Insert,
     853            exp.Intersect,
     854            exp.Except,
     855            exp.Merge,
     856            exp.Select,
     857            exp.Subquery,
     858            exp.Union,
     859            exp.Update,
     860        }
     861
     862        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     863            exp.JSONPathKey,
     864            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     865            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     866        }
     867
     868        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     869            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     870            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
     871            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
     872            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
     873            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
     874            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
     875            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
     876            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
     877            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
     878            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
     879            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
     880            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
     881        }
     882
     883        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
     884        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
     885
     886        TRANSFORMS = {
     887            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     888            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
     889            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
     890            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
     891            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     892            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     893            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     894            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     895            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     896            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     897            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
     898            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
     899            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
     900            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
     901            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
     902            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
     903            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
     904            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
     905            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     906            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
     907            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     908            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
     909            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
     910            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     911                [
     912                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     913                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     914                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
     915                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
     916                ]
     917            ),
     918            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
     919            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     920                "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     921            ),
     922            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     923            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
     924            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
     925                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
     926            ),
     927            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
     928            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
     929            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
     930            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
     931            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     932            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     933        }
     934
     935        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
     936
     937        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     938            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     939            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     940        }
     941
     942        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
     943            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
     944
     945        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
     946            if expression.args.get("offset"):
     947                if not expression.args.get("order"):
     948                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
     949                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
     950                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
     951                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
     952
     953                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
     954                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
     955                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
     956                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
     957                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
     958
     959            return super().select_sql(expression)
     960
     961        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
     962            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
     963            return self.func(
     964                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
     965            )
     966
     967        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
     968            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
     969            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     970            if value:
     971                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
     972                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
     973            return option
     974
     975        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
     976            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
     977            if cross_apply is True:
     978                return "CROSS APPLY"
     979            if cross_apply is False:
     980                return "OUTER APPLY"
     981
     982            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
     983            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
     984            return "LATERAL"
     985
     986        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
     987            this = expression.this
     988            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
     989            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
     990            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
     991
     992            if (
     993                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
     994                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
     995                or not part_index
     996                or split_count > 4
     997            ):
     998                self.unsupported(
     999                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
    1000                )
    1001                return ""
    1002
    1003            return self.func(
    1004                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
    1005            )
    1006
    1007        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    1008            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1009            if nano is not None:
    1010                nano.pop()
    1011                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1012
    1013            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
    1014                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1015            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
    1016                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1017
    1018            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1019
    1020        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1021            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1022            if zone is not None:
    1023                zone.pop()
    1024                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1025
    1026            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1027            if nano is not None:
    1028                nano.pop()
    1029                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1030
    1031            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
    1032                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1033
    1034            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1035
    1036        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
    1037            this = expression.this
    1038            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
    1039                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
    1040                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
    1041
    1042            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
    1043
    1044        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
    1045            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
    1046                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
    1047            ):
    1048                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
    1049
    1050            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
    1051
    1052        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
    1053            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
    1054                return self.binary(expression, "=")
    1055            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
    1056
    1057        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
    1058            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1059            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
    1060
    1061            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
    1062                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
    1063                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
    1064            ):
    1065                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
    1066
    1067            return sql
    1068
    1069        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    1070            kind = expression.kind
    1071            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
    1072
    1073            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
    1074            if like_property:
    1075                ctas_expression = like_property.this
    1076            else:
    1077                ctas_expression = expression.expression
    1078
    1079            if kind == "VIEW":
    1080                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1081                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
    1082                if ctas_expression and with_:
    1083                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
    1084                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
    1085                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
    1086                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
    1087
    1088            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
    1089
    1090            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
    1091
    1092            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
    1093            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
    1094                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
    1095                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
    1096
    1097                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
    1098                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
    1099
    1100                if like_property:
    1101                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
    1102
    1103                sql = self.sql(select_into)
    1104
    1105            if exists:
    1106                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
    1107                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1108                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
    1109                if kind == "SCHEMA":
    1110                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1111                elif kind == "TABLE":
    1112                    assert table
    1113                    where = exp.and_(
    1114                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
    1115                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
    1116                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
    1117                    )
    1118                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1119                elif kind == "INDEX":
    1120                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
    1121                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1122            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
    1123                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
    1124
    1125            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1126
    1127        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
    1128            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
    1129            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
    1130
    1131        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
    1132            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
    1133
    1134        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    1135            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
    1136            this = f"FOR {name}"
    1137            expr = expression.expression
    1138            kind = expression.text("kind")
    1139            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
    1140                args = expr.expressions
    1141                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
    1142                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
    1143            else:
    1144                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
    1145
    1146            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
    1147            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
    1148
    1149        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
    1150            table = expression.args.get("table")
    1151            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
    1152            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1153
    1154        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
    1155            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
    1156            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
    1157            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
    1158
    1159        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    1160            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1161            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1162            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
    1163            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
    1164            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
    1165
    1166        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
    1167            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1168            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1169            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
    1170            durability = (
    1171                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
    1172                if durability is not None
    1173                else ""
    1174            )
    1175            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
    1176
    1177        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
    1178            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1179            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1180            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
    1181
    1182        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
    1183            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
    1184
    1185            if expression.args.get("global"):
    1186                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
    1187            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
    1188                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
    1189
    1190            return identifier
    1191
    1192        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
    1193            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1194            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
    1195            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
    1196
    1197        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1198            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
    1199
    1200        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
    1201            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
    1202
    1203        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1204            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
    1205
    1206        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
    1207            this = expression.this
    1208            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
    1209                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
    1210            else:
    1211                this_sql = self.sql(this)
    1212            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1213            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
    1214
    1215        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
    1216            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
    1217
    1218        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
    1219            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
    1220            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
    1221                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
    1222            return super().alter_sql(expression)
    1223
    1224        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
    1225            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
    1226                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1227            return super().drop_sql(expression)
    1228
    1229        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
    1230            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"
    1231
    1232        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
    1233            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1234            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
    1235            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
    1236
    1237            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
    1238            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
    1239                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
    1240
    1241            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"
    1242
    1243        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1244            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
    1245            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
    1246
    1247        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
    1248            return self.sql(
    1249                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
    1250            )

FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {'weekday': '%A', 'dw': '%A', 'w': '%A', 'month': '%B', 'mm': '%B', 'm': '%B'}
DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {'year': 'year', 'yyyy': 'year', 'yy': 'year', 'quarter': 'quarter', 'qq': 'quarter', 'q': 'quarter', 'month': 'month', 'mm': 'month', 'm': 'month', 'week': 'week', 'ww': 'week', 'wk': 'week', 'day': 'day', 'dd': 'day', 'd': 'day'}
DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile('([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})')
TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {'C', 'N'}
DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
BIT_TYPES = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Is'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NEQ'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EQ'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Alias'>}
OPTIONS: Dict[str, Sequence[Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = {'DISABLE_OPTIMIZED_PLAN_FORCING': (), 'FAST': (), 'IGNORE_NONCLUSTERED_COLUMNSTORE_INDEX': (), 'LABEL': (), 'MAXDOP': (), 'MAXRECURSION': (), 'MAX_GRANT_PERCENT': (), 'MIN_GRANT_PERCENT': (), 'NO_PERFORMANCE_SPOOL': (), 'QUERYTRACEON': (), 'RECOMPILE': (), 'CONCAT': ('UNION',), 'DISABLE': ('EXTERNALPUSHDOWN', 'SCALEOUTEXECUTION'), 'EXPAND': ('VIEWS',), 'FORCE': ('EXTERNALPUSHDOWN', 'ORDER', 'SCALEOUTEXECUTION'), 'HASH': ('GROUP', 'JOIN', 'UNION'), 'KEEP': ('PLAN',), 'KEEPFIXED': ('PLAN',), 'LOOP': ('JOIN',), 'MERGE': ('JOIN', 'UNION'), 'OPTIMIZE': (('FOR', 'UNKNOWN'),), 'ORDER': ('GROUP',), 'PARAMETERIZATION': ('FORCED', 'SIMPLE'), 'ROBUST': ('PLAN',), 'USE': ('PLAN',)}
OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL = ('MAX_GRANT_PERCENT', 'MIN_GRANT_PERCENT', 'LABEL')
DATEPART_ONLY_FORMATS = {'QUARTER', 'WK', 'DW', 'HOUR'}
def qualify_derived_table_outputs( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    252def qualify_derived_table_outputs(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    253    """Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries."""
    254    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    255
    256    if (
    257        isinstance(expression, (exp.CTE, exp.Subquery))
    258        and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
    259        and not alias.columns
    260    ):
    261        from sqlglot.optimizer.qualify_columns import qualify_outputs
    262
    263        # We keep track of the unaliased column projection indexes instead of the expressions
    264        # themselves, because the latter are going to be replaced by new nodes when the aliases
    265        # are added and hence we won't be able to reach these newly added Alias parents
    266        query = expression.this
    267        unaliased_column_indexes = (
    268            i for i, c in enumerate(query.selects) if isinstance(c, exp.Column) and not c.alias
    269        )
    270
    271        qualify_outputs(query)
    272
    273        # Preserve the quoting information of columns for newly added Alias nodes
    274        query_selects = query.selects
    275        for select_index in unaliased_column_indexes:
    276            alias = query_selects[select_index]
    277            column = alias.this
    278            if isinstance(column.this, exp.Identifier):
    279                alias.args["alias"].set("quoted", column.this.quoted)
    280
    281    return expression

Ensures all (unnamed) output columns are aliased for CTEs and Subqueries.

class TSQL(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

     374class TSQL(Dialect):
     375    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
     376    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
     377    TYPED_DIVISION = True
     378    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
     379    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     380
     381    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
     382
     383    TIME_MAPPING = {
     384        "year": "%Y",
     385        "dayofyear": "%j",
     386        "day": "%d",
     387        "dy": "%d",
     388        "y": "%Y",
     389        "week": "%W",
     390        "ww": "%W",
     391        "wk": "%W",
     392        "hour": "%h",
     393        "hh": "%I",
     394        "minute": "%M",
     395        "mi": "%M",
     396        "n": "%M",
     397        "second": "%S",
     398        "ss": "%S",
     399        "s": "%-S",
     400        "millisecond": "%f",
     401        "ms": "%f",
     402        "weekday": "%w",
     403        "dw": "%w",
     404        "month": "%m",
     405        "mm": "%M",
     406        "m": "%-M",
     407        "Y": "%Y",
     408        "YYYY": "%Y",
     409        "YY": "%y",
     410        "MMMM": "%B",
     411        "MMM": "%b",
     412        "MM": "%m",
     413        "M": "%-m",
     414        "dddd": "%A",
     415        "dd": "%d",
     416        "d": "%-d",
     417        "HH": "%H",
     418        "H": "%-H",
     419        "h": "%-I",
     420        "ffffff": "%f",
     421        "yyyy": "%Y",
     422        "yy": "%y",
     423    }
     424
     425    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
     426        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
     427        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
     428        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
     429        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
     430        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
     431        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
     432        "6": "%d %b %y",
     433        "7": "%b %d, %y",
     434        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
     435        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
     436        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
     437        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
     438        "12": "yymmdd",
     439        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
     440        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
     441        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     442        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     443        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     444        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
     445        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
     446        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     447        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
     448        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
     449        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
     450        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
     451        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
     452        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
     453        "106": "%d %b %Y",
     454        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
     455        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
     456        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
     457        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
     458        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
     459        "112": "%Y%m%d",
     460        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
     461        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
     462        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     463        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
     464    }
     465
     466    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
     467        "y": "%B %Y",
     468        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
     469        "H": "%-H",
     470        "h": "%-I",
     471        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
     472        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
     473        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
     474        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     475        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
     476        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
     477        "M": "%B %-d",
     478        "m": "%B %-d",
     479        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
     480        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
     481        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
     482        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
     483        "t": "%-I:%M",
     484        "Y": "%a %Y",
     485    }
     486
     487    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     488        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
     489        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
     490        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
     491        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
     492
     493        KEYWORDS = {
     494            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     495            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
     496            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
     497            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     498            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
     499            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
     500            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
     501            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
     502            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
     503            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
     504            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
     505            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
     506            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
     507            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
     508            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
     509            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
     510            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
     511            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
     512            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
     513            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
     514            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
     515            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
     516            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
     517            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
     518            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
     519            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
     520            "XML": TokenType.XML,
     521        }
     522        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     523
     524        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}
     525
     526    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     527        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
     528        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
     529        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
     530        STRING_ALIASES = True
     531        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
     532
     533        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
     534            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
     535            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
     536        }
     537
     538        FUNCTIONS = {
     539            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     540            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
     541                this=seq_get(args, 1),
     542                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
     543                position=seq_get(args, 2),
     544            ),
     545            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
     546                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
     547            ),
     548            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
     549                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
     550            ),
     551            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
     552            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
     553            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
     554            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
     555            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
     556            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
     557            "FORMAT": _build_format,
     558            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     559            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
     560            "ISNULL": build_coalesce,
     561            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
     562            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     563            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
     564            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
     565            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
     566            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
     567            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
     568            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
     569            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     570            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     571            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     572            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
     573            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
     574        }
     575
     576        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
     577
     578        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
     579            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
     580        )
     581
     582        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
     583            TokenType.TABLE,
     584            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
     585        }
     586
     587        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     588            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     589            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
     590        }
     591
     592        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     593            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     594            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
     595                exp.ScopeResolution,
     596                this=this,
     597                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
     598            ),
     599        }
     600
     601        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
     602        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
     603            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
     604            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
     605            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
     606            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
     607        }
     608
     609        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     610            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
     611            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
     612            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
     613                return self._parse_types()
     614
     615            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
     616
     617        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
     618            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
     619                return None
     620
     621            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     622                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
     623                if not option:
     624                    return None
     625
     626                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     627                return self.expression(
     628                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
     629                )
     630
     631            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
     632
     633        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
     634            """
     635            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
     636            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
     637
     638            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
     639            """
     640            return [
     641                (
     642                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
     643                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
     644                    else projection
     645                )
     646                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
     647            ]
     648
     649        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
     650            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
     651            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     652                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
     653                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
     654
     655            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     656                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
     657                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
     658            """
     659            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
     660
     661            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
     662            this = self._parse_id_var()
     663
     664            if rollback:
     665                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
     666
     667            durability = None
     668            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
     669                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
     670                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     671
     672                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
     673                    durability = False
     674                else:
     675                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
     676                    durability = True
     677
     678                self._match_r_paren()
     679
     680            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
     681
     682        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
     683            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
     684            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
     685            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
     686            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
     687            ]
     688            """
     689            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
     690                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
     691                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
     692                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
     693
     694                return transaction
     695
     696            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
     697
     698        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
     699            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
     700            returns = super()._parse_returns()
     701            returns.set("table", table)
     702            return returns
     703
     704        def _parse_convert(
     705            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
     706        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     707            this = self._parse_types()
     708            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     709            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
     710            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
     711            convert.set("safe", safe)
     712            convert.set("strict", strict)
     713            return convert
     714
     715        def _parse_user_defined_function(
     716            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
     717        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     718            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
     719
     720            if (
     721                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
     722                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
     723                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
     724            ):
     725                return this
     726
     727            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
     728                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
     729            else:
     730                expressions = None
     731
     732            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
     733
     734        def _parse_id_var(
     735            self,
     736            any_token: bool = True,
     737            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     738        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     739            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
     740            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
     741
     742            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     743            if this:
     744                if is_global:
     745                    this.set("global", True)
     746                elif is_temporary:
     747                    this.set("temporary", True)
     748
     749            return this
     750
     751        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
     752            create = super()._parse_create()
     753
     754            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
     755                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
     756                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
     757                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
     758                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
     759
     760                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
     761
     762            return create
     763
     764        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     765            index = self._index
     766
     767            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
     768                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
     769                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
     770                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
     771                self._retreat(index)
     772
     773            return super()._parse_if()
     774
     775        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
     776            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
     777                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
     778            else:
     779                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
     780
     781            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
     782
     783        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
     784            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
     785                return None
     786
     787            def parse_range():
     788                low = self._parse_bitwise()
     789                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
     790
     791                return (
     792                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
     793                )
     794
     795            partition = self.expression(
     796                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
     797            )
     798
     799            self._match_r_paren()
     800
     801            return partition
     802
     803        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
     804            index = self._index
     805            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
     806
     807            if not expressions or self._curr:
     808                self._retreat(index)
     809                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
     810
     811            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
     812
     813        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
     814            var = self._parse_id_var()
     815            if not var:
     816                return None
     817
     818            value = None
     819            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
     820            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
     821                data_type = self._parse_schema()
     822            else:
     823                data_type = self._parse_types()
     824                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
     825                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
     826
     827            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)
     828
     829    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     830        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
     831        QUERY_HINTS = False
     832        RETURNING_END = False
     833        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     834        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
     835        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
     836        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
     837        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
     838        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
     839        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
     840        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
     841        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     842        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
     843        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     844        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     845        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
     846        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
     847        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
     848        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
     849
     850        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
     851            exp.Create,
     852            exp.Delete,
     853            exp.Insert,
     854            exp.Intersect,
     855            exp.Except,
     856            exp.Merge,
     857            exp.Select,
     858            exp.Subquery,
     859            exp.Union,
     860            exp.Update,
     861        }
     862
     863        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     864            exp.JSONPathKey,
     865            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     866            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     867        }
     868
     869        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     870            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     871            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
     872            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
     873            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
     874            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
     875            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
     876            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
     877            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
     878            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
     879            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
     880            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
     881            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
     882        }
     883
     884        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
     885        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
     886
     887        TRANSFORMS = {
     888            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     889            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
     890            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
     891            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
     892            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     893            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     894            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     895            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     896            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     897            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     898            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
     899            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
     900            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
     901            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
     902            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
     903            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
     904            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
     905            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
     906            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     907            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
     908            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     909            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
     910            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
     911            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     912                [
     913                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     914                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     915                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
     916                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
     917                ]
     918            ),
     919            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
     920            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     921                "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     922            ),
     923            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     924            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
     925            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
     926                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
     927            ),
     928            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
     929            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
     930            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
     931            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
     932            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     933            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     934        }
     935
     936        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
     937
     938        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     939            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     940            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     941        }
     942
     943        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
     944            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
     945
     946        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
     947            if expression.args.get("offset"):
     948                if not expression.args.get("order"):
     949                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
     950                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
     951                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
     952                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
     953
     954                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
     955                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
     956                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
     957                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
     958                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
     959
     960            return super().select_sql(expression)
     961
     962        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
     963            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
     964            return self.func(
     965                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
     966            )
     967
     968        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
     969            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
     970            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     971            if value:
     972                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
     973                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
     974            return option
     975
     976        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
     977            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
     978            if cross_apply is True:
     979                return "CROSS APPLY"
     980            if cross_apply is False:
     981                return "OUTER APPLY"
     982
     983            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
     984            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
     985            return "LATERAL"
     986
     987        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
     988            this = expression.this
     989            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
     990            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
     991            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
     992
     993            if (
     994                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
     995                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
     996                or not part_index
     997                or split_count > 4
     998            ):
     999                self.unsupported(
    1000                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
    1001                )
    1002                return ""
    1003
    1004            return self.func(
    1005                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
    1006            )
    1007
    1008        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    1009            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1010            if nano is not None:
    1011                nano.pop()
    1012                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1013
    1014            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
    1015                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1016            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
    1017                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1018
    1019            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1020
    1021        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1022            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1023            if zone is not None:
    1024                zone.pop()
    1025                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1026
    1027            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1028            if nano is not None:
    1029                nano.pop()
    1030                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1031
    1032            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
    1033                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1034
    1035            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1036
    1037        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
    1038            this = expression.this
    1039            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
    1040                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
    1041                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
    1042
    1043            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
    1044
    1045        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
    1046            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
    1047                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
    1048            ):
    1049                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
    1050
    1051            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
    1052
    1053        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
    1054            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
    1055                return self.binary(expression, "=")
    1056            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
    1057
    1058        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
    1059            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1060            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
    1061
    1062            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
    1063                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
    1064                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
    1065            ):
    1066                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
    1067
    1068            return sql
    1069
    1070        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    1071            kind = expression.kind
    1072            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
    1073
    1074            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
    1075            if like_property:
    1076                ctas_expression = like_property.this
    1077            else:
    1078                ctas_expression = expression.expression
    1079
    1080            if kind == "VIEW":
    1081                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1082                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
    1083                if ctas_expression and with_:
    1084                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
    1085                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
    1086                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
    1087                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
    1088
    1089            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
    1090
    1091            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
    1092
    1093            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
    1094            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
    1095                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
    1096                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
    1097
    1098                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
    1099                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
    1100
    1101                if like_property:
    1102                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
    1103
    1104                sql = self.sql(select_into)
    1105
    1106            if exists:
    1107                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
    1108                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1109                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
    1110                if kind == "SCHEMA":
    1111                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1112                elif kind == "TABLE":
    1113                    assert table
    1114                    where = exp.and_(
    1115                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
    1116                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
    1117                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
    1118                    )
    1119                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1120                elif kind == "INDEX":
    1121                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
    1122                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1123            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
    1124                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
    1125
    1126            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1127
    1128        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
    1129            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
    1130            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
    1131
    1132        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
    1133            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
    1134
    1135        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    1136            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
    1137            this = f"FOR {name}"
    1138            expr = expression.expression
    1139            kind = expression.text("kind")
    1140            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
    1141                args = expr.expressions
    1142                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
    1143                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
    1144            else:
    1145                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
    1146
    1147            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
    1148            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
    1149
    1150        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
    1151            table = expression.args.get("table")
    1152            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
    1153            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1154
    1155        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
    1156            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
    1157            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
    1158            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
    1159
    1160        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    1161            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1162            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1163            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
    1164            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
    1165            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
    1166
    1167        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
    1168            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1169            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1170            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
    1171            durability = (
    1172                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
    1173                if durability is not None
    1174                else ""
    1175            )
    1176            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
    1177
    1178        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
    1179            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1180            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1181            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
    1182
    1183        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
    1184            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
    1185
    1186            if expression.args.get("global"):
    1187                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
    1188            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
    1189                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
    1190
    1191            return identifier
    1192
    1193        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
    1194            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1195            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
    1196            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
    1197
    1198        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1199            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
    1200
    1201        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
    1202            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
    1203
    1204        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1205            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
    1206
    1207        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
    1208            this = expression.this
    1209            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
    1210                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
    1211            else:
    1212                this_sql = self.sql(this)
    1213            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1214            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
    1215
    1216        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
    1217            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
    1218
    1219        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
    1220            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
    1221            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
    1222                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
    1223            return super().alter_sql(expression)
    1224
    1225        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
    1226            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
    1227                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1228            return super().drop_sql(expression)
    1229
    1230        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
    1231            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"
    1232
    1233        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
    1234            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1235            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
    1236            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
    1237
    1238            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
    1239            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
    1240                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
    1241
    1242            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"
    1243
    1244        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1245            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
    1246            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
    1247
    1248        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
    1249            return self.sql(
    1250                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
    1251            )

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

LOG_BASE_FIRST: Optional[bool] = False

Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function. Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)

TYPED_DIVISION = True

Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`. False means `a / b` is always float division. True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'year': '%Y', 'dayofyear': '%j', 'day': '%d', 'dy': '%d', 'y': '%Y', 'week': '%W', 'ww': '%W', 'wk': '%W', 'hour': '%h', 'hh': '%I', 'minute': '%M', 'mi': '%M', 'n': '%M', 'second': '%S', 'ss': '%S', 's': '%-S', 'millisecond': '%f', 'ms': '%f', 'weekday': '%w', 'dw': '%w', 'month': '%m', 'mm': '%M', 'm': '%-M', 'Y': '%Y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'MMMM': '%B', 'MMM': '%b', 'MM': '%m', 'M': '%-m', 'dddd': '%A', 'dd': '%d', 'd': '%-d', 'HH': '%H', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 'ffffff': '%f', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'yy': '%y'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {'0': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p', '1': '%m/%d/%y', '2': '%y.%m.%d', '3': '%d/%m/%y', '4': '%d.%m.%y', '5': '%d-%m-%y', '6': '%d %b %y', '7': '%b %d, %y', '8': '%H:%M:%S', '9': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p', '10': 'mm-dd-yy', '11': 'yy/mm/dd', '12': 'yymmdd', '13': '%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f', '14': '%H:%M:%S:%f', '20': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '21': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '22': '%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p', '23': '%Y-%m-%d', '24': '%H:%M:%S', '25': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '100': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p', '101': '%m/%d/%Y', '102': '%Y.%m.%d', '103': '%d/%m/%Y', '104': '%d.%m.%Y', '105': '%d-%m-%Y', '106': '%d %b %Y', '107': '%b %d, %Y', '108': '%H:%M:%S', '109': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p', '110': '%m-%d-%Y', '111': '%Y/%m/%d', '112': '%Y%m%d', '113': '%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f', '114': '%H:%M:%S:%f', '120': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '121': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f'}
FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {'y': '%B %Y', 'd': '%m/%d/%Y', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 's': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', 'D': '%A,%B,%Y', 'f': '%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p', 'F': '%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p', 'g': '%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p', 'G': '%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p', 'M': '%B %-d', 'm': '%B %-d', 'O': '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S', 'u': '%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z', 'U': '%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z', 'T': '%-I:%M:%S %p', 't': '%-I:%M', 'Y': '%a %Y'}
SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'TSQL.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'TSQL.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'TSQL.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {0: True}}}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {'f': {0: True}}}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%Y': 'yyyy', '%j': 'dayofyear', '%d': 'dd', '%W': 'wk', '%h': 'hour', '%I': 'hh', '%M': 'mm', '%S': 'ss', '%-S': 's', '%f': 'ffffff', '%w': 'dw', '%m': 'MM', '%-M': 'm', '%y': 'yy', '%B': 'MMMM', '%b': 'MMM', '%-m': 'M', '%A': 'dddd', '%-d': 'd', '%H': 'HH', '%-H': 'H', '%-I': 'h'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'Y': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, '-': {'S': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'f': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '['
IDENTIFIER_END = ']'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = '0x'
HEX_END: Optional[str] = ''
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  INDEX_OFFSET
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES
  NULL_ORDERING
  SAFE_DIVISION
  HEX_LOWERCASE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION
  EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY
  SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL
  HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS
  STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX
  ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR
  ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS
  PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE
  REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP
  SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT
  CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING
  DATE_PART_MAPPING
  TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS
  ANNOTATORS
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  settings
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  to_json_path
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  jsonpath_tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class TSQL.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    487    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    488        IDENTIFIERS = [("[", "]"), '"']
    489        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
    490        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
    491        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"@", "$", "#"}
    492
    493        KEYWORDS = {
    494            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    495            "CLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
    496            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
    497            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    498            "DECLARE": TokenType.DECLARE,
    499            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
    500            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
    501            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
    502            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
    503            "NONCLUSTERED INDEX": TokenType.INDEX,
    504            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
    505            "OPTION": TokenType.OPTION,
    506            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
    507            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    508            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
    509            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
    510            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
    511            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
    512            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
    513            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
    514            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
    515            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    516            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
    517            "TINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    518            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
    519            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
    520            "XML": TokenType.XML,
    521        }
    522        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    523
    524        COMMANDS = {*tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS, TokenType.END}

IDENTIFIERS = [('[', ']'), '"']
QUOTES = ["'", '"']
HEX_STRINGS = [('0x', ''), ('0X', '')]
VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {'$', '#', '@'}
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'CLUSTERED INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'DATETIME2': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'DATETIMEOFFSET': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.DECLARE: 'DECLARE'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'FOR SYSTEM_TIME': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'IMAGE': <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NONCLUSTERED INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'NTEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'OPTION': <TokenType.OPTION: 'OPTION'>, 'OUTPUT': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'PRINT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PROC': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'ROWVERSION': <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, 'SMALLDATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'SMALLMONEY': <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, 'SQL_VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'SYSTEM_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER': <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, 'UPDATE STATISTICS': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'XML': <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>}
COMMANDS = {<TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  SINGLE_TOKENS
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  STRING_ESCAPES
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER
  HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE
  STRING_ESCAPES_ALLOWED_IN_RAW_STRINGS
  NESTED_COMMENTS
  HINT_START
  TOKENS_PRECEDING_HINT
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class TSQL.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    526    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    527        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
    528        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
    529        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
    530        STRING_ALIASES = True
    531        NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
    532
    533        QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {
    534            **parser.Parser.QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS,
    535            TokenType.OPTION: lambda self: ("options", self._parse_options()),
    536        }
    537
    538        FUNCTIONS = {
    539            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    540            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
    541                this=seq_get(args, 1),
    542                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
    543                position=seq_get(args, 2),
    544            ),
    545            "COUNT": lambda args: exp.Count(
    546                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=False
    547            ),
    548            "COUNT_BIG": lambda args: exp.Count(
    549                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=args[1:], big_int=True
    550            ),
    551            "DATEADD": build_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
    552            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
    553            "DATENAME": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
    554            "DATEPART": _build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr),
    555            "DATETIMEFROMPARTS": _build_datetimefromparts,
    556            "EOMONTH": _build_eomonth,
    557            "FORMAT": _build_format,
    558            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    559            "HASHBYTES": _build_hashbytes,
    560            "ISNULL": build_coalesce,
    561            "JSON_QUERY": _build_json_query,
    562            "JSON_VALUE": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    563            "LEN": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Length),
    564            "LEFT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Left),
    565            "RIGHT": _build_with_arg_as_text(exp.Right),
    566            "PARSENAME": _build_parsename,
    567            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
    568            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
    569            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    570            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
    571            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
    572            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
    573            "TIMEFROMPARTS": _build_timefromparts,
    574        }
    575
    576        JOIN_HINTS = {"LOOP", "HASH", "MERGE", "REMOTE"}
    577
    578        PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = dict.fromkeys(
    579            ("ENCRYPTION", "RECOMPILE", "SCHEMABINDING", "NATIVE_COMPILATION", "EXECUTE"), tuple()
    580        )
    581
    582        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
    583            TokenType.TABLE,
    584            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
    585        }
    586
    587        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    588            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    589            TokenType.DECLARE: lambda self: self._parse_declare(),
    590        }
    591
    592        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    593            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    594            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this: self.expression(
    595                exp.ScopeResolution,
    596                this=this,
    597                expression=self._parse_function() or self._parse_var(any_token=True),
    598            ),
    599        }
    600
    601        # The DCOLON (::) operator serves as a scope resolution (exp.ScopeResolution) operator in T-SQL
    602        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    603            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
    604            TokenType.DCOLON: lambda self, this, to: self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=to)
    605            if isinstance(to, exp.DataType) and to.this != exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    606            else self.expression(exp.ScopeResolution, this=this, expression=to),
    607        }
    608
    609        def _parse_dcolon(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    610            # We want to use _parse_types() if the first token after :: is a known type,
    611            # otherwise we could parse something like x::varchar(max) into a function
    612            if self._match_set(self.TYPE_TOKENS, advance=False):
    613                return self._parse_types()
    614
    615            return self._parse_function() or self._parse_types()
    616
    617        def _parse_options(self) -> t.Optional[t.List[exp.Expression]]:
    618            if not self._match(TokenType.OPTION):
    619                return None
    620
    621            def _parse_option() -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    622                option = self._parse_var_from_options(OPTIONS)
    623                if not option:
    624                    return None
    625
    626                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    627                return self.expression(
    628                    exp.QueryOption, this=option, expression=self._parse_primary_or_var()
    629                )
    630
    631            return self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_option)
    632
    633        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
    634            """
    635            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
    636            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
    637
    638            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
    639            """
    640            return [
    641                (
    642                    exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
    643                    if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
    644                    else projection
    645                )
    646                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
    647            ]
    648
    649        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
    650            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
    651            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
    652                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
    653                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
    654
    655            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
    656                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
    657                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
    658            """
    659            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
    660
    661            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
    662            this = self._parse_id_var()
    663
    664            if rollback:
    665                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
    666
    667            durability = None
    668            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
    669                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
    670                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    671
    672                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
    673                    durability = False
    674                else:
    675                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
    676                    durability = True
    677
    678                self._match_r_paren()
    679
    680            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
    681
    682        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
    683            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
    684            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
    685            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
    686            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
    687            ]
    688            """
    689            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
    690                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
    691                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
    692                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
    693
    694                return transaction
    695
    696            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    697
    698        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
    699            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
    700            returns = super()._parse_returns()
    701            returns.set("table", table)
    702            return returns
    703
    704        def _parse_convert(
    705            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
    706        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    707            this = self._parse_types()
    708            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    709            args = [this, *self._parse_csv(self._parse_assignment)]
    710            convert = exp.Convert.from_arg_list(args)
    711            convert.set("safe", safe)
    712            convert.set("strict", strict)
    713            return convert
    714
    715        def _parse_user_defined_function(
    716            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
    717        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    718            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
    719
    720            if (
    721                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
    722                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
    723                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
    724            ):
    725                return this
    726
    727            if not self._match(TokenType.WITH, advance=False):
    728                expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
    729            else:
    730                expressions = None
    731
    732            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
    733
    734        def _parse_id_var(
    735            self,
    736            any_token: bool = True,
    737            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    738        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    739            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
    740            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
    741
    742            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
    743            if this:
    744                if is_global:
    745                    this.set("global", True)
    746                elif is_temporary:
    747                    this.set("temporary", True)
    748
    749            return this
    750
    751        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
    752            create = super()._parse_create()
    753
    754            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
    755                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
    756                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
    757                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
    758                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
    759
    760                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
    761
    762            return create
    763
    764        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    765            index = self._index
    766
    767            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
    768                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
    769                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
    770                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
    771                self._retreat(index)
    772
    773            return super()._parse_if()
    774
    775        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
    776            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
    777                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
    778            else:
    779                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
    780
    781            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
    782
    783        def _parse_partition(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Partition]:
    784            if not self._match_text_seq("WITH", "(", "PARTITIONS"):
    785                return None
    786
    787            def parse_range():
    788                low = self._parse_bitwise()
    789                high = self._parse_bitwise() if self._match_text_seq("TO") else None
    790
    791                return (
    792                    self.expression(exp.PartitionRange, this=low, expression=high) if high else low
    793                )
    794
    795            partition = self.expression(
    796                exp.Partition, expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(parse_range)
    797            )
    798
    799            self._match_r_paren()
    800
    801            return partition
    802
    803        def _parse_declare(self) -> exp.Declare | exp.Command:
    804            index = self._index
    805            expressions = self._try_parse(partial(self._parse_csv, self._parse_declareitem))
    806
    807            if not expressions or self._curr:
    808                self._retreat(index)
    809                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    810
    811            return self.expression(exp.Declare, expressions=expressions)
    812
    813        def _parse_declareitem(self) -> t.Optional[exp.DeclareItem]:
    814            var = self._parse_id_var()
    815            if not var:
    816                return None
    817
    818            value = None
    819            self._match(TokenType.ALIAS)
    820            if self._match(TokenType.TABLE):
    821                data_type = self._parse_schema()
    822            else:
    823                data_type = self._parse_types()
    824                if self._match(TokenType.EQ):
    825                    value = self._parse_bitwise()
    826
    827            return self.expression(exp.DeclareItem, this=var, kind=data_type, default=value)

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN = False
STRING_ALIASES = True
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS = False
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PREWHERE: 'PREWHERE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OPTION: 'OPTION'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function build_convert_timezone>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FEATURES_AT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FeaturesAtTime'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'INT64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'J_S_O_N_VALUE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <function _build_with_arg_as_text.<locals>._parse>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <function _build_timefromparts>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'CHARINDEX': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_BIG': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATEADD': <function build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATENAME': <function _build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATEPART': <function _build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATETIMEFROMPARTS': <function _build_datetimefromparts>, 'EOMONTH': <function _build_eomonth>, 'FORMAT': <function _build_format>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'HASHBYTES': <function _build_hashbytes>, 'ISNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'JSON_QUERY': <function _build_json_query>, 'JSON_VALUE': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'PARSENAME': <function _build_parsename>, 'REPLICATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'SQUARE': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'SUSER_NAME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'SUSER_SNAME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'SYSTEM_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>}
JOIN_HINTS = {'LOOP', 'HASH', 'MERGE', 'REMOTE'}
PROCEDURE_OPTIONS = {'ENCRYPTION': (), 'RECOMPILE': (), 'SCHEMABINDING': (), 'NATIVE_COMPILATION': (), 'EXECUTE': ()}
RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DECLARE: 'DECLARE'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
COLUMN_OPERATORS = {<TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>: None, <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ALTERABLES
  INTERVAL_VARS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  ASSIGNMENT
  DISJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  BITWISE
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  LAMBDAS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  FUNCTION_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  TYPE_CONVERTERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
  EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
  KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
  IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
  ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
  ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
  PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  DESCRIBE_STYLES
  OPERATION_MODIFIERS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class TSQL.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

     829    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     830        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
     831        QUERY_HINTS = False
     832        RETURNING_END = False
     833        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     834        ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
     835        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
     836        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
     837        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
     838        ENSURE_BOOLS = True
     839        NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
     840        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
     841        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     842        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
     843        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     844        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     845        SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
     846        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
     847        PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
     848        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
     849
     850        EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {
     851            exp.Create,
     852            exp.Delete,
     853            exp.Insert,
     854            exp.Intersect,
     855            exp.Except,
     856            exp.Merge,
     857            exp.Select,
     858            exp.Subquery,
     859            exp.Union,
     860            exp.Update,
     861        }
     862
     863        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     864            exp.JSONPathKey,
     865            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     866            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     867        }
     868
     869        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     870            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     871            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
     872            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
     873            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
     874            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
     875            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
     876            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "ROWVERSION",
     877            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
     878            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
     879            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
     880            exp.DataType.Type.UTINYINT: "TINYINT",
     881            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
     882        }
     883
     884        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR)
     885        TYPE_MAPPING.pop(exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR)
     886
     887        TRANSFORMS = {
     888            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     889            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
     890            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
     891            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
     892            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     893            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     894            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     895            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     896            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
     897            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     898            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
     899            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
     900            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
     901            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
     902            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql,
     903            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql,
     904            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("EOMONTH", e.this),
     905            exp.Ln: rename_func("LOG"),
     906            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     907            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
     908            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     909            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
     910            exp.Repeat: rename_func("REPLICATE"),
     911            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     912                [
     913                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     914                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     915                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
     916                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
     917                ]
     918            ),
     919            exp.Stddev: rename_func("STDEV"),
     920            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     921                "CHARINDEX", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     922            ),
     923            exp.Subquery: transforms.preprocess([qualify_derived_table_outputs]),
     924            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
     925            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
     926                "HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"), e.this
     927            ),
     928            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
     929            exp.TimeStrToTime: _timestrtotime_sql,
     930            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
     931            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
     932            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     933            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     934        }
     935
     936        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
     937
     938        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     939            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     940            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     941        }
     942
     943        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
     944            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"
     945
     946        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
     947            if expression.args.get("offset"):
     948                if not expression.args.get("order"):
     949                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
     950                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
     951                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
     952                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
     953
     954                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
     955                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
     956                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
     957                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
     958                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
     959
     960            return super().select_sql(expression)
     961
     962        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
     963            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
     964            return self.func(
     965                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
     966            )
     967
     968        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
     969            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
     970            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     971            if value:
     972                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
     973                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
     974            return option
     975
     976        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
     977            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
     978            if cross_apply is True:
     979                return "CROSS APPLY"
     980            if cross_apply is False:
     981                return "OUTER APPLY"
     982
     983            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
     984            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
     985            return "LATERAL"
     986
     987        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
     988            this = expression.this
     989            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
     990            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
     991            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
     992
     993            if (
     994                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
     995                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
     996                or not part_index
     997                or split_count > 4
     998            ):
     999                self.unsupported(
    1000                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
    1001                )
    1002                return ""
    1003
    1004            return self.func(
    1005                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
    1006            )
    1007
    1008        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    1009            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1010            if nano is not None:
    1011                nano.pop()
    1012                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1013
    1014            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
    1015                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1016            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
    1017                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1018
    1019            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1020
    1021        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1022            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1023            if zone is not None:
    1024                zone.pop()
    1025                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1026
    1027            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1028            if nano is not None:
    1029                nano.pop()
    1030                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1031
    1032            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
    1033                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1034
    1035            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)
    1036
    1037        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
    1038            this = expression.this
    1039            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
    1040                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
    1041                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
    1042
    1043            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
    1044
    1045        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
    1046            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
    1047                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
    1048            ):
    1049                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
    1050
    1051            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
    1052
    1053        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
    1054            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
    1055                return self.binary(expression, "=")
    1056            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
    1057
    1058        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
    1059            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1060            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
    1061
    1062            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
    1063                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
    1064                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
    1065            ):
    1066                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
    1067
    1068            return sql
    1069
    1070        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    1071            kind = expression.kind
    1072            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
    1073
    1074            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
    1075            if like_property:
    1076                ctas_expression = like_property.this
    1077            else:
    1078                ctas_expression = expression.expression
    1079
    1080            if kind == "VIEW":
    1081                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1082                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
    1083                if ctas_expression and with_:
    1084                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
    1085                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
    1086                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
    1087                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
    1088
    1089            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
    1090
    1091            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
    1092
    1093            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
    1094            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
    1095                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
    1096                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
    1097
    1098                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
    1099                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
    1100
    1101                if like_property:
    1102                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
    1103
    1104                sql = self.sql(select_into)
    1105
    1106            if exists:
    1107                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
    1108                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1109                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
    1110                if kind == "SCHEMA":
    1111                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1112                elif kind == "TABLE":
    1113                    assert table
    1114                    where = exp.and_(
    1115                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
    1116                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
    1117                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
    1118                    )
    1119                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1120                elif kind == "INDEX":
    1121                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
    1122                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1123            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
    1124                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
    1125
    1126            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1127
    1128        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
    1129            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
    1130            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)
    1131
    1132        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
    1133            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
    1134
    1135        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    1136            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
    1137            this = f"FOR {name}"
    1138            expr = expression.expression
    1139            kind = expression.text("kind")
    1140            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
    1141                args = expr.expressions
    1142                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
    1143                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
    1144            else:
    1145                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
    1146
    1147            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
    1148            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
    1149
    1150        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
    1151            table = expression.args.get("table")
    1152            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
    1153            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1154
    1155        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
    1156            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
    1157            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
    1158            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
    1159
    1160        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    1161            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1162            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1163            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
    1164            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
    1165            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
    1166
    1167        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
    1168            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1169            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1170            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
    1171            durability = (
    1172                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
    1173                if durability is not None
    1174                else ""
    1175            )
    1176            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
    1177
    1178        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
    1179            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1180            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1181            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
    1182
    1183        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
    1184            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
    1185
    1186            if expression.args.get("global"):
    1187                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
    1188            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
    1189                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
    1190
    1191            return identifier
    1192
    1193        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
    1194            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1195            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
    1196            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
    1197
    1198        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1199            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")
    1200
    1201        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
    1202            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")
    1203
    1204        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1205            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")
    1206
    1207        def _uncast_text(self, expression: exp.Expression, name: str) -> str:
    1208            this = expression.this
    1209            if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TEXT):
    1210                this_sql = self.sql(this, "this")
    1211            else:
    1212                this_sql = self.sql(this)
    1213            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1214            return self.func(name, this_sql, expression_sql if expression_sql else None)
    1215
    1216        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
    1217            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"
    1218
    1219        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
    1220            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
    1221            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
    1222                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
    1223            return super().alter_sql(expression)
    1224
    1225        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
    1226            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
    1227                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1228            return super().drop_sql(expression)
    1229
    1230        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
    1231            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"
    1232
    1233        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
    1234            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1235            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
    1236            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
    1237
    1238            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
    1239            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
    1240                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
    1241
    1242            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"
    1243
    1244        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1245            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
    1246            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""
    1247
    1248        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
    1249            return self.sql(
    1250                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
    1251            )

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
QUERY_HINTS = False
RETURNING_END = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'FETCH'
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
ENSURE_BOOLS = True
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = None
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
SET_OP_MODIFIERS = False
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
PARSE_JSON_NAME = None
EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Delete'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Insert'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Subquery'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Merge'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Update'>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'ROWVERSION', <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>: 'BIT', <Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: 'NUMERIC', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'DATETIME2', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'FLOAT', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'VARCHAR(MAX)', <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: 'DATETIME2', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'DATETIMEOFFSET', <Type.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>: 'TINYINT', <Type.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>: 'SQL_VARIANT'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function any_value_to_max_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CTE'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint'>: <function generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _string_agg_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>: <function _format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Subquery'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function _timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function _format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IncludeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str: View Source

    943        def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str:
    944            return f"{scope_name}::{rhs}"

def select_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Select) -> str: View Source

    946        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
    947            if expression.args.get("offset"):
    948                if not expression.args.get("order"):
    949                    # ORDER BY is required in order to use OFFSET in a query, so we use
    950                    # a noop order by, since we don't really care about the order.
    951                    # See: https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2314819
    952                    expression.order_by(exp.select(exp.null()).subquery(), copy=False)
    953
    954                limit = expression.args.get("limit")
    955                if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit):
    956                    # TOP and OFFSET can't be combined, we need use FETCH instead of TOP
    957                    # we replace here because otherwise TOP would be generated in select_sql
    958                    limit.replace(exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression))
    959
    960            return super().select_sql(expression)

def convert_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Convert) -> str: View Source

    962        def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str:
    963            name = "TRY_CONVERT" if expression.args.get("safe") else "CONVERT"
    964            return self.func(
    965                name, expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("style")
    966            )

def queryoption_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.QueryOption) -> str: View Source

    968        def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str:
    969            option = self.sql(expression, "this")
    970            value = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    971            if value:
    972                optional_equal_sign = "= " if option in OPTIONS_THAT_REQUIRE_EQUAL else ""
    973                return f"{option} {optional_equal_sign}{value}"
    974            return option

def lateral_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Lateral) -> str: View Source

    976        def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
    977            cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply")
    978            if cross_apply is True:
    979                return "CROSS APPLY"
    980            if cross_apply is False:
    981                return "OUTER APPLY"
    982
    983            # TODO: perhaps we can check if the parent is a Join and transpile it appropriately
    984            self.unsupported("LATERAL clause is not supported.")
    985            return "LATERAL"

def splitpart_sql( self: TSQL.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart) -> str: View Source

     987        def splitpart_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.SplitPart) -> str:
     988            this = expression.this
     989            split_count = len(this.name.split("."))
     990            delimiter = expression.args.get("delimiter")
     991            part_index = expression.args.get("part_index")
     992
     993            if (
     994                not all(isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) for arg in (this, delimiter, part_index))
     995                or (delimiter and delimiter.name != ".")
     996                or not part_index
     997                or split_count > 4
     998            ):
     999                self.unsupported(
    1000                    "SPLIT_PART can be transpiled to PARSENAME only for '.' delimiter and literal values"
    1001                )
    1002                return ""
    1003
    1004            return self.func(
    1005                "PARSENAME", this, exp.Literal.number(split_count + 1 - part_index.to_py())
    1006            )

def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts) -> str: View Source

    1008        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    1009            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1010            if nano is not None:
    1011                nano.pop()
    1012                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in TIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1013
    1014            if expression.args.get("fractions") is None:
    1015                expression.set("fractions", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1016            if expression.args.get("precision") is None:
    1017                expression.set("precision", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1018
    1019            return rename_func("TIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str: View Source

    1021        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1022            zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1023            if zone is not None:
    1024                zone.pop()
    1025                self.unsupported("Time zone is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1026
    1027            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    1028            if nano is not None:
    1029                nano.pop()
    1030                self.unsupported("Specifying nanoseconds is not supported in DATETIMEFROMPARTS.")
    1031
    1032            if expression.args.get("milli") is None:
    1033                expression.set("milli", exp.Literal.number(0))
    1034
    1035            return rename_func("DATETIMEFROMPARTS")(self, expression)

def setitem_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SetItem) -> str: View Source

    1037        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
    1038            this = expression.this
    1039            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
    1040                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
    1041                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
    1042
    1043            return super().setitem_sql(expression)

def boolean_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Boolean) -> str: View Source

    1045        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
    1046            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES or isinstance(
    1047                expression.find_ancestor(exp.Values, exp.Select), exp.Values
    1048            ):
    1049                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
    1050
    1051            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"

def is_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Is) -> str: View Source

    1053        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
    1054            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
    1055                return self.binary(expression, "=")
    1056            return self.binary(expression, "IS")

def createable_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create, locations: DefaultDict) -> str: View Source

    1058        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
    1059            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1060            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
    1061
    1062            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
    1063                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
    1064                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
    1065            ):
    1066                sql = f"[#{sql[1:]}" if sql.startswith("[") else f"#{sql}"
    1067
    1068            return sql

def create_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create) -> str: View Source

    1070        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    1071            kind = expression.kind
    1072            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
    1073
    1074            like_property = expression.find(exp.LikeProperty)
    1075            if like_property:
    1076                ctas_expression = like_property.this
    1077            else:
    1078                ctas_expression = expression.expression
    1079
    1080            if kind == "VIEW":
    1081                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1082                with_ = expression.args.get("with")
    1083                if ctas_expression and with_:
    1084                    # We've already preprocessed the Create expression to bubble up any nested CTEs,
    1085                    # but CREATE VIEW actually requires the WITH clause to come after it so we need
    1086                    # to amend the AST by moving the CTEs to the CREATE VIEW statement's query.
    1087                    ctas_expression.set("with", with_.pop())
    1088
    1089            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
    1090
    1091            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
    1092
    1093            # Convert CTAS statement to SELECT .. INTO ..
    1094            if kind == "TABLE" and ctas_expression:
    1095                if isinstance(ctas_expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES):
    1096                    ctas_expression = ctas_expression.subquery()
    1097
    1098                select_into = exp.select("*").from_(exp.alias_(ctas_expression, "temp", table=True))
    1099                select_into.set("into", exp.Into(this=table))
    1100
    1101                if like_property:
    1102                    select_into.limit(0, copy=False)
    1103
    1104                sql = self.sql(select_into)
    1105
    1106            if exists:
    1107                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
    1108                sql_with_ctes = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
    1109                sql_literal = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql_with_ctes))
    1110                if kind == "SCHEMA":
    1111                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1112                elif kind == "TABLE":
    1113                    assert table
    1114                    where = exp.and_(
    1115                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
    1116                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
    1117                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
    1118                    )
    1119                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1120                elif kind == "INDEX":
    1121                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
    1122                    return f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql_literal})"""
    1123            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
    1124                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
    1125
    1126            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)

def count_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Count) -> str: View Source

    1128        def count_sql(self, expression: exp.Count) -> str:
    1129            func_name = "COUNT_BIG" if expression.args.get("big_int") else "COUNT"
    1130            return rename_func(func_name)(self, expression)

def offset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Offset) -> str: View Source

    1132        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
    1133            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"

def version_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Version) -> str: View Source

    1135        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    1136            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
    1137            this = f"FOR {name}"
    1138            expr = expression.expression
    1139            kind = expression.text("kind")
    1140            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
    1141                args = expr.expressions
    1142                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
    1143                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
    1144            else:
    1145                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
    1146
    1147            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
    1148            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"

def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty) -> str: View Source

    1150        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
    1151            table = expression.args.get("table")
    1152            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
    1153            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"

def returning_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Returning) -> str: View Source

    1155        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
    1156            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
    1157            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
    1158            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"

def transaction_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Transaction) -> str: View Source

    1160        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    1161            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1162            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1163            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
    1164            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
    1165            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"

def commit_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Commit) -> str: View Source

    1167        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
    1168            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1169            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1170            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
    1171            durability = (
    1172                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
    1173                if durability is not None
    1174                else ""
    1175            )
    1176            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"

def rollback_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Rollback) -> str: View Source

    1178        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
    1179            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1180            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
    1181            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"

def identifier_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Identifier) -> str: View Source

    1183        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
    1184            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
    1185
    1186            if expression.args.get("global"):
    1187                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
    1188            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
    1189                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
    1190
    1191            return identifier

def constraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Constraint) -> str: View Source

    1193        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
    1194            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1195            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
    1196            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"

def length_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Length) -> str: View Source

    1198        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1199            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEN")

def right_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Right) -> str: View Source

    1201        def right_sql(self, expression: exp.Right) -> str:
    1202            return self._uncast_text(expression, "RIGHT")

def left_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    1204        def left_sql(self, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1205            return self._uncast_text(expression, "LEFT")

def partition_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Partition) -> str: View Source

    1216        def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str:
    1217            return f"WITH (PARTITIONS({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}))"

def alter_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Alter) -> str: View Source

    1219        def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str:
    1220            action = seq_get(expression.args.get("actions") or [], 0)
    1221            if isinstance(action, exp.AlterRename):
    1222                return f"EXEC sp_rename '{self.sql(expression.this)}', '{action.this.name}'"
    1223            return super().alter_sql(expression)

def drop_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Drop) -> str: View Source

    1225        def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str:
    1226            if expression.args["kind"] == "VIEW":
    1227                expression.this.set("catalog", None)
    1228            return super().drop_sql(expression)

def declare_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Declare) -> str: View Source

    1230        def declare_sql(self, expression: exp.Declare) -> str:
    1231            return f"DECLARE {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}"

def declareitem_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DeclareItem) -> str: View Source

    1233        def declareitem_sql(self, expression: exp.DeclareItem) -> str:
    1234            variable = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1235            default = self.sql(expression, "default")
    1236            default = f" = {default}" if default else ""
    1237
    1238            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind")
    1239            if isinstance(expression.args.get("kind"), exp.Schema):
    1240                kind = f"TABLE {kind}"
    1241
    1242            return f"{variable} AS {kind}{default}"

def options_modifier(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> str: View Source

    1244        def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1245            options = self.expressions(expression, key="options")
    1246            return f" OPTION{self.wrap(options)}" if options else ""

def dpipe_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DPipe) -> str: View Source

    1248        def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str:
    1249            return self.sql(
    1250                reduce(lambda x, y: exp.Add(this=x, expression=y), expression.flatten())
    1251            )

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  JOIN_HINTS
  TABLE_HINTS
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
  COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
  STAR_EXCEPT
  HEX_FUNC
  WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
  QUOTE_JSON_PATH
  PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
  ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN
  SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
  SUPPORTS_MEDIAN
  SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
  ARRAY_SIZE_NAME
  ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  STRUCT_DELIMITER
  PARAMETER_TOKEN
  NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
  EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  set_operation
  set_operations
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  hex_sql
  lowerhex_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  groupingsets_sql
  rollup_sql
  cube_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  unnest_sql
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  bracket_sql
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  alterrename_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  alterset_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  div_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  try_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  duplicatekeyproperty_sql
  distributedbyproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodatetime_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql
  datadeletionproperty_sql
  maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
  gapfill_sql
  scoperesolution_sql
  parsejson_sql
  rand_sql
  changes_sql
  pad_sql
  summarize_sql
  explodinggenerateseries_sql
  arrayconcat_sql
  converttimezone_sql
  json_sql
  jsonvalue_sql
  conditionalinsert_sql
  multitableinserts_sql
  oncondition_sql
  jsonexists_sql
  arrayagg_sql
  apply_sql
  grant_sql
  grantprivilege_sql
  grantprincipal_sql
  columns_sql
  overlay_sql
  todouble_sql
  string_sql
  median_sql
  overflowtruncatebehavior_sql
  unixseconds_sql
  arraysize_sql
  attach_sql
  detach_sql
  attachoption_sql
  featuresattime_sql
  watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
  encodeproperty_sql
  includeproperty_sql