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# sqlglot.dialects.snowflake

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import typing as t
       4
       5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
       6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
       7    Dialect,
       8    NormalizationStrategy,
       9    binary_from_function,
      10    build_default_decimal_type,
      11    build_timestamp_from_parts,
      12    date_delta_sql,
      13    date_trunc_to_time,
      14    datestrtodate_sql,
      15    build_formatted_time,
      16    if_sql,
      17    inline_array_sql,
      18    max_or_greatest,
      19    min_or_least,
      20    rename_func,
      21    timestamptrunc_sql,
      22    timestrtotime_sql,
      23    var_map_sql,
      24    map_date_part,
      25    no_safe_divide_sql,
      26    no_timestamp_sql,
      27    timestampdiff_sql,
      28    no_make_interval_sql,
      29)
      30from sqlglot.generator import unsupported_args
      31from sqlglot.helper import flatten, is_float, is_int, seq_get
      32from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
      33
      34if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      35    from sqlglot._typing import E
      36
      37
      38# from https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_timestamp.html
      39def _build_datetime(
      40    name: str, kind: exp.DataType.Type, safe: bool = False
      41) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.Func]:
      42    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
      43        value = seq_get(args, 0)
      44        int_value = value is not None and is_int(value.name)
      45
      46        if isinstance(value, exp.Literal):
      47            # Converts calls like `TO_TIME('01:02:03')` into casts
      48            if len(args) == 1 and value.is_string and not int_value:
      49                return (
      50                    exp.TryCast(this=value, to=exp.DataType.build(kind))
      51                    if safe
      52                    else exp.cast(value, kind)
      53                )
      54
      55            # Handles `TO_TIMESTAMP(str, fmt)` and `TO_TIMESTAMP(num, scale)` as special
      56            # cases so we can transpile them, since they're relatively common
      57            if kind == exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP:
      58                if int_value and not safe:
      59                    # TRY_TO_TIMESTAMP('integer') is not parsed into exp.UnixToTime as
      60                    # it's not easily transpilable
      61                    return exp.UnixToTime(this=value, scale=seq_get(args, 1))
      62                if not is_float(value.this):
      63                    expr = build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "snowflake")(args)
      64                    expr.set("safe", safe)
      65                    return expr
      66
      67        if kind == exp.DataType.Type.DATE and not int_value:
      68            formatted_exp = build_formatted_time(exp.TsOrDsToDate, "snowflake")(args)
      69            formatted_exp.set("safe", safe)
      70            return formatted_exp
      71
      72        return exp.Anonymous(this=name, expressions=args)
      73
      74    return _builder
      75
      76
      77def _build_object_construct(args: t.List) -> t.Union[exp.StarMap, exp.Struct]:
      78    expression = parser.build_var_map(args)
      79
      80    if isinstance(expression, exp.StarMap):
      81        return expression
      82
      83    return exp.Struct(
      84        expressions=[
      85            exp.PropertyEQ(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(expression.keys, expression.values)
      86        ]
      87    )
      88
      89
      90def _build_datediff(args: t.List) -> exp.DateDiff:
      91    return exp.DateDiff(
      92        this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0))
      93    )
      94
      95
      96def _build_date_time_add(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
      97    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
      98        return expr_type(
      99            this=seq_get(args, 2),
     100            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     101            unit=map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0)),
     102        )
     103
     104    return _builder
     105
     106
     107# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/div0
     108def _build_if_from_div0(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
     109    lhs = exp._wrap(seq_get(args, 0), exp.Binary)
     110    rhs = exp._wrap(seq_get(args, 1), exp.Binary)
     111
     112    cond = exp.EQ(this=rhs, expression=exp.Literal.number(0)).and_(
     113        exp.Is(this=lhs, expression=exp.null()).not_()
     114    )
     115    true = exp.Literal.number(0)
     116    false = exp.Div(this=lhs, expression=rhs)
     117    return exp.If(this=cond, true=true, false=false)
     118
     119
     120# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
     121def _build_if_from_zeroifnull(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
     122    cond = exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Null())
     123    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Literal.number(0), false=seq_get(args, 0))
     124
     125
     126# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
     127def _build_if_from_nullifzero(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
     128    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
     129    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Null(), false=seq_get(args, 0))
     130
     131
     132def _regexpilike_sql(self: Snowflake.Generator, expression: exp.RegexpILike) -> str:
     133    flag = expression.text("flag")
     134
     135    if "i" not in flag:
     136        flag += "i"
     137
     138    return self.func(
     139        "REGEXP_LIKE", expression.this, expression.expression, exp.Literal.string(flag)
     140    )
     141
     142
     143def _build_regexp_replace(args: t.List) -> exp.RegexpReplace:
     144    regexp_replace = exp.RegexpReplace.from_arg_list(args)
     145
     146    if not regexp_replace.args.get("replacement"):
     147        regexp_replace.set("replacement", exp.Literal.string(""))
     148
     149    return regexp_replace
     150
     151
     152def _show_parser(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[Snowflake.Parser], exp.Show]:
     153    def _parse(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> exp.Show:
     154        return self._parse_show_snowflake(*args, **kwargs)
     155
     156    return _parse
     157
     158
     159def _date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
     160    trunc = date_trunc_to_time(args)
     161    trunc.set("unit", map_date_part(trunc.args["unit"]))
     162    return trunc
     163
     164
     165def _unqualify_unpivot_columns(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     166    """
     167    Snowflake doesn't allow columns referenced in UNPIVOT to be qualified,
     168    so we need to unqualify them.
     169
     170    Example:
     171        >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
     172        >>> expr = parse_one("SELECT * FROM m_sales UNPIVOT(sales FOR month IN (m_sales.jan, feb, mar, april))")
     173        >>> print(_unqualify_unpivot_columns(expr).sql(dialect="snowflake"))
     174        SELECT * FROM m_sales UNPIVOT(sales FOR month IN (jan, feb, mar, april))
     175    """
     176    if isinstance(expression, exp.Pivot) and expression.unpivot:
     177        expression = transforms.unqualify_columns(expression)
     178
     179    return expression
     180
     181
     182def _flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     183    assert isinstance(expression, exp.Create)
     184
     185    def _flatten_structured_type(expression: exp.DataType) -> exp.DataType:
     186        if expression.this in exp.DataType.NESTED_TYPES:
     187            expression.set("expressions", None)
     188        return expression
     189
     190    props = expression.args.get("properties")
     191    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Schema) and not (props and props.find(exp.IcebergProperty)):
     192        for schema_expression in expression.this.expressions:
     193            if isinstance(schema_expression, exp.ColumnDef):
     194                column_type = schema_expression.kind
     195                if isinstance(column_type, exp.DataType):
     196                    column_type.transform(_flatten_structured_type, copy=False)
     197
     198    return expression
     199
     200
     201def _unnest_generate_date_array(unnest: exp.Unnest) -> None:
     202    generate_date_array = unnest.expressions[0]
     203    start = generate_date_array.args.get("start")
     204    end = generate_date_array.args.get("end")
     205    step = generate_date_array.args.get("step")
     206
     207    if not start or not end or not isinstance(step, exp.Interval) or step.name != "1":
     208        return
     209
     210    unit = step.args.get("unit")
     211
     212    unnest_alias = unnest.args.get("alias")
     213    if unnest_alias:
     214        unnest_alias = unnest_alias.copy()
     215        sequence_value_name = seq_get(unnest_alias.columns, 0) or "value"
     216    else:
     217        sequence_value_name = "value"
     218
     219    # We'll add the next sequence value to the starting date and project the result
     220    date_add = _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd)(
     221        [unit, exp.cast(sequence_value_name, "int"), exp.cast(start, "date")]
     222    ).as_(sequence_value_name)
     223
     224    # We use DATEDIFF to compute the number of sequence values needed
     225    number_sequence = Snowflake.Parser.FUNCTIONS["ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE"](
     226        [exp.Literal.number(0), _build_datediff([unit, start, end]) + 1]
     227    )
     228
     229    unnest.set("expressions", [number_sequence])
     230    unnest.replace(exp.select(date_add).from_(unnest.copy()).subquery(unnest_alias))
     231
     232
     233def _transform_generate_date_array(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     234    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
     235        for generate_date_array in expression.find_all(exp.GenerateDateArray):
     236            parent = generate_date_array.parent
     237
     238            # If GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY is used directly as an array (e.g passed into ARRAY_LENGTH), the transformed Snowflake
     239            # query is the following (it'll be unnested properly on the next iteration due to copy):
     240            # SELECT ref(GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY(...)) -> SELECT ref((SELECT ARRAY_AGG(*) FROM UNNEST(GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY(...))))
     241            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Unnest):
     242                unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_date_array.copy()])
     243                generate_date_array.replace(
     244                    exp.select(exp.ArrayAgg(this=exp.Star())).from_(unnest).subquery()
     245                )
     246
     247            if (
     248                isinstance(parent, exp.Unnest)
     249                and isinstance(parent.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join))
     250                and len(parent.expressions) == 1
     251            ):
     252                _unnest_generate_date_array(parent)
     253
     254    return expression
     255
     256
     257def _build_regexp_extract(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     258    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
     259        return expr_type(
     260            this=seq_get(args, 0),
     261            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     262            position=seq_get(args, 2),
     263            occurrence=seq_get(args, 3),
     264            parameters=seq_get(args, 4),
     265            group=seq_get(args, 5) or exp.Literal.number(0),
     266        )
     267
     268    return _builder
     269
     270
     271def _regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract | exp.RegexpExtractAll) -> str:
     272    # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
     273    # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
     274    group = expression.args.get("group")
     275
     276    # To avoid generating all these default values, we set group to None if
     277    # it's 0 (also default value) which doesn't trigger the following chain
     278    if group and group.name == "0":
     279        group = None
     280
     281    parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
     282    occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
     283    position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
     284
     285    return self.func(
     286        "REGEXP_SUBSTR" if isinstance(expression, exp.RegexpExtract) else "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL",
     287        expression.this,
     288        expression.expression,
     289        position,
     290        occurrence,
     291        parameters,
     292        group,
     293    )
     294
     295
     296def _json_extract_value_array_sql(
     297    self: Snowflake.Generator, expression: exp.JSONValueArray | exp.JSONExtractArray
     298) -> str:
     299    json_extract = exp.JSONExtract(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression)
     300    ident = exp.to_identifier("x")
     301
     302    if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONValueArray):
     303        this: exp.Expression = exp.cast(ident, to=exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
     304    else:
     305        this = exp.ParseJSON(this=f"TO_JSON({ident})")
     306
     307    transform_lambda = exp.Lambda(expressions=[ident], this=this)
     308
     309    return self.func("TRANSFORM", json_extract, transform_lambda)
     310
     311
     312class Snowflake(Dialect):
     313    # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/identifiers-syntax
     314    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     315    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
     316    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
     317    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     318    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
     319    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True
     320    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
     321    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
     322    ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS = None
     323
     324    TIME_MAPPING = {
     325        "YYYY": "%Y",
     326        "yyyy": "%Y",
     327        "YY": "%y",
     328        "yy": "%y",
     329        "MMMM": "%B",
     330        "mmmm": "%B",
     331        "MON": "%b",
     332        "mon": "%b",
     333        "MM": "%m",
     334        "mm": "%m",
     335        "DD": "%d",
     336        "dd": "%-d",
     337        "DY": "%a",
     338        "dy": "%w",
     339        "HH24": "%H",
     340        "hh24": "%H",
     341        "HH12": "%I",
     342        "hh12": "%I",
     343        "MI": "%M",
     344        "mi": "%M",
     345        "SS": "%S",
     346        "ss": "%S",
     347        "FF": "%f",
     348        "ff": "%f",
     349        "FF6": "%f",
     350        "ff6": "%f",
     351    }
     352
     353    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
     354        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
     355        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
     356        if (
     357            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
     358            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
     359            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
     360        ):
     361            return expression  # type: ignore
     362
     363        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)
     364
     365    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     366        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
     367        DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD = "BERNOULLI"
     368        COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT = True
     369
     370        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
     371            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
     372            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     373        }
     374
     375        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
     376        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
     377
     378        FUNCTIONS = {
     379            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     380            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list,
     381            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
     382            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
     383                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
     384            ),
     385            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
     386                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
     387                start=seq_get(args, 0),
     388                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
     389                step=seq_get(args, 2),
     390            ),
     391            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     392            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     393            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
     394            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     395            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
     396            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     397            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     398            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
     399            "EDITDISTANCE": lambda args: exp.Levenshtein(
     400                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), max_dist=seq_get(args, 2)
     401            ),
     402            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     403            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
     404                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
     405            ),
     406            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
     407            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
     408                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
     409            ),
     410            "LEN": lambda args: exp.Length(this=seq_get(args, 0), binary=True),
     411            "LENGTH": lambda args: exp.Length(this=seq_get(args, 0), binary=True),
     412            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     413            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
     414            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
     415            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": _build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
     416            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
     417            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": _build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
     418            "REGEXP_SUBSTR_ALL": _build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
     419            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     420            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
     421            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
     422            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     423            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     424            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
     425            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
     426            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
     427            "TIMESTAMPNTZFROMPARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
     428            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ_FROM_PARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
     429            "TRY_PARSE_JSON": lambda args: exp.ParseJSON(this=seq_get(args, 0), safe=True),
     430            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
     431            "TRY_TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime(
     432                "TRY_TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, safe=True
     433            ),
     434            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     435            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
     436                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     437                format=seq_get(args, 1),
     438                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
     439                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
     440            ),
     441            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
     442            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     443            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
     444            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     445            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
     446            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
     447            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
     448        }
     449
     450        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     451            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     452            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
     453            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
     454        }
     455        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
     456
     457        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
     458
     459        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     460            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     461            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
     462            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
     463        }
     464
     465        ALTER_PARSERS = {
     466            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
     467            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
     468                exp.Set,
     469                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
     470                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
     471                unset=True,
     472            ),
     473        }
     474
     475        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     476            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     477            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
     478        }
     479
     480        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
     481            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
     482            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location_property(),
     483            "TAG": lambda self: self._parse_tag(),
     484        }
     485
     486        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
     487            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-numeric#number
     488            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=38, scale=0),
     489        }
     490
     491        SHOW_PARSERS = {
     492            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     493            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     494            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     495            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     496            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     497            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     498            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     499            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     500            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     501            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     502            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     503            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     504            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     505            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     506            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     507            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     508            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
     509            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     510            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     511        }
     512
     513        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
     514            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
     515            "WITH": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
     516            "MASKING": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
     517            "PROJECTION": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
     518            "TAG": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
     519        }
     520
     521        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     522            TokenType.DOT,
     523            TokenType.MOD,
     524            TokenType.SLASH,
     525        }
     526
     527        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
     528
     529        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
     530
     531        NON_TABLE_CREATABLES = {"STORAGE INTEGRATION", "TAG", "WAREHOUSE", "STREAMLIT"}
     532
     533        LAMBDAS = {
     534            **parser.Parser.LAMBDAS,
     535            TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, expressions: self.expression(
     536                exp.Lambda,
     537                this=self._replace_lambda(
     538                    self._parse_assignment(),
     539                    expressions,
     540                ),
     541                expressions=[e.this if isinstance(e, exp.Cast) else e for e in expressions],
     542            ),
     543        }
     544
     545        def _negate_range(
     546            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
     547        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     548            if not this:
     549                return this
     550
     551            query = this.args.get("query")
     552            if isinstance(this, exp.In) and isinstance(query, exp.Query):
     553                # Snowflake treats `value NOT IN (subquery)` as `VALUE <> ALL (subquery)`, so
     554                # we do this conversion here to avoid parsing it into `NOT value IN (subquery)`
     555                # which can produce different results (most likely a SnowFlake bug).
     556                #
     557                # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/in
     558                # Context: https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/issues/3890
     559                return self.expression(
     560                    exp.NEQ, this=this.this, expression=exp.All(this=query.unnest())
     561                )
     562
     563            return self.expression(exp.Not, this=this)
     564
     565        def _parse_tag(self) -> exp.Tags:
     566            return self.expression(
     567                exp.Tags,
     568                expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_property),
     569            )
     570
     571        def _parse_with_constraint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     572            if self._prev.token_type != TokenType.WITH:
     573                self._retreat(self._index - 1)
     574
     575            if self._match_text_seq("MASKING", "POLICY"):
     576                policy = self._parse_column()
     577                return self.expression(
     578                    exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint,
     579                    this=policy.to_dot() if isinstance(policy, exp.Column) else policy,
     580                    expressions=self._match(TokenType.USING)
     581                    and self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_id_var),
     582                )
     583            if self._match_text_seq("PROJECTION", "POLICY"):
     584                policy = self._parse_column()
     585                return self.expression(
     586                    exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint,
     587                    this=policy.to_dot() if isinstance(policy, exp.Column) else policy,
     588                )
     589            if self._match(TokenType.TAG):
     590                return self._parse_tag()
     591
     592            return None
     593
     594        def _parse_with_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression] | t.List[exp.Expression]:
     595            if self._match(TokenType.TAG):
     596                return self._parse_tag()
     597
     598            return super()._parse_with_property()
     599
     600        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
     601            expression = super()._parse_create()
     602            if isinstance(expression, exp.Create) and expression.kind in self.NON_TABLE_CREATABLES:
     603                # Replace the Table node with the enclosed Identifier
     604                expression.this.replace(expression.this.this)
     605
     606            return expression
     607
     608        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
     609        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
     610        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     611            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
     612
     613            if not this:
     614                return None
     615
     616            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     617            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
     618            this = map_date_part(this)
     619            name = this.name.upper()
     620
     621            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
     622                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
     623                    scale = 10**3
     624                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
     625                    scale = 10**6
     626                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
     627                    scale = 10**9
     628                else:
     629                    scale = None
     630
     631                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
     632                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
     633
     634                if scale:
     635                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
     636
     637                return to_unix
     638
     639            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
     640
     641        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     642            if is_map:
     643                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
     644                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
     645                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
     646                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
     647
     648            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment(), explicit=True))
     649
     650        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
     651            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
     652            if not lateral:
     653                return lateral
     654
     655            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
     656                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
     657                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
     658                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
     659                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
     660                elif not table_alias:
     661                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
     662
     663            return lateral
     664
     665        def _parse_table_parts(
     666            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
     667        ) -> exp.Table:
     668            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
     669            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
     670                table = self._parse_string()
     671            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
     672                table = self._parse_location_path()
     673            else:
     674                table = None
     675
     676            if table:
     677                file_format = None
     678                pattern = None
     679
     680                wrapped = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
     681                while self._curr and wrapped and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
     682                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
     683                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
     684                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
     685                        )
     686                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
     687                        pattern = self._parse_string()
     688                    else:
     689                        break
     690
     691                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     692
     693                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
     694            else:
     695                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
     696
     697            return table
     698
     699        def _parse_id_var(
     700            self,
     701            any_token: bool = True,
     702            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     703        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     704            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
     705                identifier = (
     706                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     707                    or self._parse_string()
     708                )
     709                self._match_r_paren()
     710                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
     711
     712            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     713
     714        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
     715            scope = None
     716            scope_kind = None
     717
     718            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
     719            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
     720            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
     721
     722            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
     723
     724            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
     725
     726            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
     727                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
     728                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
     729                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
     730                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
     731                    if self._curr:
     732                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     733                elif self._curr:
     734                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
     735                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     736
     737            return self.expression(
     738                exp.Show,
     739                **{
     740                    "terse": terse,
     741                    "this": this,
     742                    "history": history,
     743                    "like": like,
     744                    "scope": scope,
     745                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
     746                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
     747                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
     748                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
     749                },
     750            )
     751
     752        def _parse_location_property(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
     753            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     754            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
     755
     756        def _parse_file_location(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     757            # Parse either a subquery or a staged file
     758            return (
     759                self._parse_select(table=True, parse_subquery_alias=False)
     760                if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False)
     761                else self._parse_table_parts()
     762            )
     763
     764        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
     765            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
     766
     767            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
     768            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator, as well as closing paren
     769            # in case of subqueries
     770            while self._is_connected() and not self._match_set(
     771                (TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.L_PAREN, TokenType.R_PAREN), advance=False
     772            ):
     773                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
     774
     775            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))
     776
     777        def _parse_lambda_arg(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     778            this = super()._parse_lambda_arg()
     779
     780            if not this:
     781                return this
     782
     783            typ = self._parse_types()
     784
     785            if typ:
     786                return self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=typ)
     787
     788            return this
     789
     790    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     791        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
     792        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
     793        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
     794        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
     795        NESTED_COMMENTS = False
     796
     797        KEYWORDS = {
     798            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     799            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
     800            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     801            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     802            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     803            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
     804            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
     805            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     806            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
     807            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     808            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     809            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
     810            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
     811            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
     812            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
     813            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
     814            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     815            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
     816            "TAG": TokenType.TAG,
     817            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     818            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
     819            "WAREHOUSE": TokenType.WAREHOUSE,
     820            "STREAMLIT": TokenType.STREAMLIT,
     821        }
     822        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     823
     824        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     825            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     826            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     827        }
     828
     829        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
     830
     831        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
     832
     833    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     834        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     835        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
     836        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
     837        JOIN_HINTS = False
     838        TABLE_HINTS = False
     839        QUERY_HINTS = False
     840        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
     841        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
     842        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
     843        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
     844        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     845        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
     846        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     847        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
     848        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
     849        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     850        SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = False
     851        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     852        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
     853        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
     854        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
     855        ARRAY_SIZE_NAME = "ARRAY_SIZE"
     856
     857        TRANSFORMS = {
     858            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     859            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
     860            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
     861            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
     862            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
     863            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CAT"),
     864            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
     865            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     866                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
     867            ),
     868            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
     869            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
     870            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     871            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     872            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMESTAMPADD"),
     873            exp.DatetimeDiff: timestampdiff_sql,
     874            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     875            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     876            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     877            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     878            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
     879            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
     880            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     881                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
     882            ),
     883            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
     884                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
     885            ),
     886            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
     887            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
     888            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     889            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
     890                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
     891            ),
     892            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
     893            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
     894            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     895            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
     896            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
     897            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     898            exp.MakeInterval: no_make_interval_sql,
     899            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     900            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     901            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.func(
     902                "TRY_PARSE_JSON" if e.args.get("safe") else "PARSE_JSON", e.this
     903            ),
     904            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
     905            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
     906                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     907            ),
     908            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
     909                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     910            ),
     911            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
     912            exp.RegexpExtract: _regexpextract_sql,
     913            exp.RegexpExtractAll: _regexpextract_sql,
     914            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
     915            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     916            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     917                [
     918                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     919                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
     920                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     921                    _transform_generate_date_array,
     922                ]
     923            ),
     924            exp.SafeDivide: lambda self, e: no_safe_divide_sql(self, e, "IFF"),
     925            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     926            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     927            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
     928            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     929                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     930            ),
     931            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     932            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
     933            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
     934            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     935            exp.TimestampAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMESTAMPADD"),
     936            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     937                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
     938            ),
     939            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     940            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     941            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
     942            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
     943            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
     944            exp.ToDouble: rename_func("TO_DOUBLE"),
     945            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     946            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     947            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
     948                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
     949            ),
     950            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
     951            exp.Uuid: rename_func("UUID_STRING"),
     952            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     953            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     954            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
     955            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost")(
     956                rename_func("EDITDISTANCE")
     957            ),
     958        }
     959
     960        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     961            exp.JSONPathKey,
     962            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     963            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     964        }
     965
     966        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     967            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     968            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
     969            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
     970        }
     971
     972        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     973            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     974            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     975            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     976        }
     977
     978        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
     979            exp.Map,
     980            exp.StarMap,
     981            exp.Struct,
     982            exp.VarMap,
     983        }
     984
     985        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
     986            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.sep(""), sep=" ")
     987
     988        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
     989            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
     990                values_as_table = False
     991
     992            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
     993
     994        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     995            expressions = expression.expressions
     996            if (
     997                expressions
     998                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
     999                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
    1000            ):
    1001                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
    1002                return "OBJECT"
    1003
    1004            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
    1005
    1006        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1007            return self.func(
    1008                "TO_NUMBER",
    1009                expression.this,
    1010                expression.args.get("format"),
    1011                expression.args.get("precision"),
    1012                expression.args.get("scale"),
    1013            )
    1014
    1015        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1016            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    1017            if milli is not None:
    1018                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
    1019                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
    1020
    1021            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
    1022
    1023        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    1024            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.GEOGRAPHY):
    1025                return self.func("TO_GEOGRAPHY", expression.this)
    1026            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.GEOMETRY):
    1027                return self.func("TO_GEOMETRY", expression.this)
    1028
    1029            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    1030
    1031        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    1032            value = expression.this
    1033
    1034            if value.type is None:
    1035                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1036
    1037                value = annotate_types(value)
    1038
    1039            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
    1040                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
    1041
    1042            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
    1043            return self.cast_sql(expression)
    1044
    1045        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
    1046            if not expression.expression:
    1047                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
    1048
    1049            return super().log_sql(expression)
    1050
    1051        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1052            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1053            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    1054
    1055            columns = [
    1056                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
    1057                exp.to_identifier("key"),
    1058                exp.to_identifier("path"),
    1059                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
    1060                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
    1061                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
    1062                exp.to_identifier("this"),
    1063            ]
    1064
    1065            if unnest_alias:
    1066                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
    1067            else:
    1068                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
    1069
    1070            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
    1071            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
    1072            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    1073            return f"{explode}{alias}"
    1074
    1075        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
    1076            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
    1077            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
    1078            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
    1079            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
    1080
    1081            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
    1082            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
    1083
    1084            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
    1085            if scope_kind:
    1086                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
    1087
    1088            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
    1089            if starts_with:
    1090                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
    1091
    1092            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
    1093
    1094            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
    1095            if from_:
    1096                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
    1097
    1098            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
    1099
    1100        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1101            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1102            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1103            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1104            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1105            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1106            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1107            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
    1108
    1109        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1110            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1111        ) -> str:
    1112            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1113            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1114            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1115            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1116            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
    1117
    1118        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1119            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    1120
    1121        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1122            keys = []
    1123            values = []
    1124
    1125            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1126                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1127                    keys.append(
    1128                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1129                    )
    1130                    values.append(e.expression)
    1131                else:
    1132                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1133                    values.append(e)
    1134
    1135            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))
    1136
    1137        @unsupported_args("weight", "accuracy")
    1138        def approxquantile_sql(self, expression: exp.ApproxQuantile) -> str:
    1139            return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))
    1140
    1141        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    1142            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1143            exprs = f" {exprs}" if exprs else ""
    1144            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
    1145            file_format = f" STAGE_FILE_FORMAT = ({file_format})" if file_format else ""
    1146            copy_options = self.expressions(expression, key="copy_options", flat=True, sep=" ")
    1147            copy_options = f" STAGE_COPY_OPTIONS = ({copy_options})" if copy_options else ""
    1148            tag = self.expressions(expression, key="tag", flat=True)
    1149            tag = f" TAG {tag}" if tag else ""
    1150
    1151            return f"SET{exprs}{file_format}{copy_options}{tag}"
    1152
    1153        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime):
    1154            safe_prefix = "TRY_" if expression.args.get("safe") else ""
    1155            return self.func(
    1156                f"{safe_prefix}TO_TIMESTAMP", expression.this, self.format_time(expression)
    1157            )
    1158
    1159        def timestampsub_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampSub):
    1160            return self.sql(
    1161                exp.TimestampAdd(
    1162                    this=expression.this,
    1163                    expression=expression.expression * -1,
    1164                    unit=expression.unit,
    1165                )
    1166            )
    1167
    1168        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract):
    1169            this = expression.this
    1170
    1171            # JSON strings are valid coming from other dialects such as BQ
    1172            return self.func(
    1173                "GET_PATH",
    1174                exp.ParseJSON(this=this) if this.is_string else this,
    1175                expression.expression,
    1176            )
    1177
    1178        def timetostr_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
    1179            this = expression.this
    1180            if not isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp):
    1181                this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1182
    1183            return self.func("TO_CHAR", this, self.format_time(expression))

class Snowflake(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

     313class Snowflake(Dialect):
     314    # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/identifiers-syntax
     315    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     316    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
     317    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
     318    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     319    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
     320    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True
     321    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
     322    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
     323    ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS = None
     324
     325    TIME_MAPPING = {
     326        "YYYY": "%Y",
     327        "yyyy": "%Y",
     328        "YY": "%y",
     329        "yy": "%y",
     330        "MMMM": "%B",
     331        "mmmm": "%B",
     332        "MON": "%b",
     333        "mon": "%b",
     334        "MM": "%m",
     335        "mm": "%m",
     336        "DD": "%d",
     337        "dd": "%-d",
     338        "DY": "%a",
     339        "dy": "%w",
     340        "HH24": "%H",
     341        "hh24": "%H",
     342        "HH12": "%I",
     343        "hh12": "%I",
     344        "MI": "%M",
     345        "mi": "%M",
     346        "SS": "%S",
     347        "ss": "%S",
     348        "FF": "%f",
     349        "ff": "%f",
     350        "FF6": "%f",
     351        "ff6": "%f",
     352    }
     353
     354    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
     355        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
     356        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
     357        if (
     358            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
     359            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
     360            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
     361        ):
     362            return expression  # type: ignore
     363
     364        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)
     365
     366    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     367        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
     368        DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD = "BERNOULLI"
     369        COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT = True
     370
     371        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
     372            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
     373            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     374        }
     375
     376        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
     377        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
     378
     379        FUNCTIONS = {
     380            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     381            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list,
     382            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
     383            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
     384                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
     385            ),
     386            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
     387                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
     388                start=seq_get(args, 0),
     389                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
     390                step=seq_get(args, 2),
     391            ),
     392            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     393            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     394            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
     395            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     396            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
     397            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     398            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     399            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
     400            "EDITDISTANCE": lambda args: exp.Levenshtein(
     401                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), max_dist=seq_get(args, 2)
     402            ),
     403            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     404            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
     405                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
     406            ),
     407            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
     408            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
     409                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
     410            ),
     411            "LEN": lambda args: exp.Length(this=seq_get(args, 0), binary=True),
     412            "LENGTH": lambda args: exp.Length(this=seq_get(args, 0), binary=True),
     413            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     414            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
     415            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
     416            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": _build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
     417            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
     418            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": _build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
     419            "REGEXP_SUBSTR_ALL": _build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
     420            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     421            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
     422            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
     423            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     424            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     425            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
     426            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
     427            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
     428            "TIMESTAMPNTZFROMPARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
     429            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ_FROM_PARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
     430            "TRY_PARSE_JSON": lambda args: exp.ParseJSON(this=seq_get(args, 0), safe=True),
     431            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
     432            "TRY_TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime(
     433                "TRY_TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, safe=True
     434            ),
     435            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     436            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
     437                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     438                format=seq_get(args, 1),
     439                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
     440                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
     441            ),
     442            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
     443            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     444            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
     445            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     446            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
     447            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
     448            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
     449        }
     450
     451        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     452            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     453            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
     454            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
     455        }
     456        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
     457
     458        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
     459
     460        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     461            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     462            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
     463            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
     464        }
     465
     466        ALTER_PARSERS = {
     467            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
     468            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
     469                exp.Set,
     470                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
     471                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
     472                unset=True,
     473            ),
     474        }
     475
     476        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     477            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     478            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
     479        }
     480
     481        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
     482            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
     483            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location_property(),
     484            "TAG": lambda self: self._parse_tag(),
     485        }
     486
     487        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
     488            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-numeric#number
     489            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=38, scale=0),
     490        }
     491
     492        SHOW_PARSERS = {
     493            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     494            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     495            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     496            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     497            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     498            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     499            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     500            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     501            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     502            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     503            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     504            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     505            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     506            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     507            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     508            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     509            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
     510            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     511            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     512        }
     513
     514        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
     515            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
     516            "WITH": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
     517            "MASKING": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
     518            "PROJECTION": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
     519            "TAG": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
     520        }
     521
     522        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     523            TokenType.DOT,
     524            TokenType.MOD,
     525            TokenType.SLASH,
     526        }
     527
     528        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
     529
     530        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
     531
     532        NON_TABLE_CREATABLES = {"STORAGE INTEGRATION", "TAG", "WAREHOUSE", "STREAMLIT"}
     533
     534        LAMBDAS = {
     535            **parser.Parser.LAMBDAS,
     536            TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, expressions: self.expression(
     537                exp.Lambda,
     538                this=self._replace_lambda(
     539                    self._parse_assignment(),
     540                    expressions,
     541                ),
     542                expressions=[e.this if isinstance(e, exp.Cast) else e for e in expressions],
     543            ),
     544        }
     545
     546        def _negate_range(
     547            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
     548        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     549            if not this:
     550                return this
     551
     552            query = this.args.get("query")
     553            if isinstance(this, exp.In) and isinstance(query, exp.Query):
     554                # Snowflake treats `value NOT IN (subquery)` as `VALUE <> ALL (subquery)`, so
     555                # we do this conversion here to avoid parsing it into `NOT value IN (subquery)`
     556                # which can produce different results (most likely a SnowFlake bug).
     557                #
     558                # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/in
     559                # Context: https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/issues/3890
     560                return self.expression(
     561                    exp.NEQ, this=this.this, expression=exp.All(this=query.unnest())
     562                )
     563
     564            return self.expression(exp.Not, this=this)
     565
     566        def _parse_tag(self) -> exp.Tags:
     567            return self.expression(
     568                exp.Tags,
     569                expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_property),
     570            )
     571
     572        def _parse_with_constraint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     573            if self._prev.token_type != TokenType.WITH:
     574                self._retreat(self._index - 1)
     575
     576            if self._match_text_seq("MASKING", "POLICY"):
     577                policy = self._parse_column()
     578                return self.expression(
     579                    exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint,
     580                    this=policy.to_dot() if isinstance(policy, exp.Column) else policy,
     581                    expressions=self._match(TokenType.USING)
     582                    and self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_id_var),
     583                )
     584            if self._match_text_seq("PROJECTION", "POLICY"):
     585                policy = self._parse_column()
     586                return self.expression(
     587                    exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint,
     588                    this=policy.to_dot() if isinstance(policy, exp.Column) else policy,
     589                )
     590            if self._match(TokenType.TAG):
     591                return self._parse_tag()
     592
     593            return None
     594
     595        def _parse_with_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression] | t.List[exp.Expression]:
     596            if self._match(TokenType.TAG):
     597                return self._parse_tag()
     598
     599            return super()._parse_with_property()
     600
     601        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
     602            expression = super()._parse_create()
     603            if isinstance(expression, exp.Create) and expression.kind in self.NON_TABLE_CREATABLES:
     604                # Replace the Table node with the enclosed Identifier
     605                expression.this.replace(expression.this.this)
     606
     607            return expression
     608
     609        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
     610        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
     611        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     612            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
     613
     614            if not this:
     615                return None
     616
     617            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     618            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
     619            this = map_date_part(this)
     620            name = this.name.upper()
     621
     622            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
     623                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
     624                    scale = 10**3
     625                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
     626                    scale = 10**6
     627                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
     628                    scale = 10**9
     629                else:
     630                    scale = None
     631
     632                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
     633                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
     634
     635                if scale:
     636                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
     637
     638                return to_unix
     639
     640            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
     641
     642        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     643            if is_map:
     644                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
     645                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
     646                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
     647                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
     648
     649            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment(), explicit=True))
     650
     651        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
     652            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
     653            if not lateral:
     654                return lateral
     655
     656            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
     657                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
     658                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
     659                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
     660                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
     661                elif not table_alias:
     662                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
     663
     664            return lateral
     665
     666        def _parse_table_parts(
     667            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
     668        ) -> exp.Table:
     669            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
     670            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
     671                table = self._parse_string()
     672            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
     673                table = self._parse_location_path()
     674            else:
     675                table = None
     676
     677            if table:
     678                file_format = None
     679                pattern = None
     680
     681                wrapped = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
     682                while self._curr and wrapped and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
     683                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
     684                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
     685                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
     686                        )
     687                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
     688                        pattern = self._parse_string()
     689                    else:
     690                        break
     691
     692                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     693
     694                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
     695            else:
     696                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
     697
     698            return table
     699
     700        def _parse_id_var(
     701            self,
     702            any_token: bool = True,
     703            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     704        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     705            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
     706                identifier = (
     707                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     708                    or self._parse_string()
     709                )
     710                self._match_r_paren()
     711                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
     712
     713            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     714
     715        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
     716            scope = None
     717            scope_kind = None
     718
     719            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
     720            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
     721            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
     722
     723            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
     724
     725            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
     726
     727            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
     728                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
     729                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
     730                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
     731                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
     732                    if self._curr:
     733                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     734                elif self._curr:
     735                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
     736                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     737
     738            return self.expression(
     739                exp.Show,
     740                **{
     741                    "terse": terse,
     742                    "this": this,
     743                    "history": history,
     744                    "like": like,
     745                    "scope": scope,
     746                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
     747                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
     748                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
     749                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
     750                },
     751            )
     752
     753        def _parse_location_property(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
     754            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     755            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
     756
     757        def _parse_file_location(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     758            # Parse either a subquery or a staged file
     759            return (
     760                self._parse_select(table=True, parse_subquery_alias=False)
     761                if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False)
     762                else self._parse_table_parts()
     763            )
     764
     765        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
     766            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
     767
     768            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
     769            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator, as well as closing paren
     770            # in case of subqueries
     771            while self._is_connected() and not self._match_set(
     772                (TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.L_PAREN, TokenType.R_PAREN), advance=False
     773            ):
     774                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
     775
     776            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))
     777
     778        def _parse_lambda_arg(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     779            this = super()._parse_lambda_arg()
     780
     781            if not this:
     782                return this
     783
     784            typ = self._parse_types()
     785
     786            if typ:
     787                return self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=typ)
     788
     789            return this
     790
     791    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     792        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
     793        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
     794        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
     795        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
     796        NESTED_COMMENTS = False
     797
     798        KEYWORDS = {
     799            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     800            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
     801            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     802            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     803            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     804            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
     805            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
     806            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     807            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
     808            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     809            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     810            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
     811            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
     812            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
     813            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
     814            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
     815            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     816            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
     817            "TAG": TokenType.TAG,
     818            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     819            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
     820            "WAREHOUSE": TokenType.WAREHOUSE,
     821            "STREAMLIT": TokenType.STREAMLIT,
     822        }
     823        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     824
     825        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     826            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     827            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     828        }
     829
     830        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
     831
     832        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
     833
     834    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     835        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     836        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
     837        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
     838        JOIN_HINTS = False
     839        TABLE_HINTS = False
     840        QUERY_HINTS = False
     841        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
     842        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
     843        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
     844        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
     845        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     846        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
     847        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     848        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
     849        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
     850        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     851        SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = False
     852        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     853        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
     854        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
     855        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
     856        ARRAY_SIZE_NAME = "ARRAY_SIZE"
     857
     858        TRANSFORMS = {
     859            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     860            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
     861            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
     862            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
     863            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
     864            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CAT"),
     865            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
     866            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     867                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
     868            ),
     869            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
     870            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
     871            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     872            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     873            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMESTAMPADD"),
     874            exp.DatetimeDiff: timestampdiff_sql,
     875            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     876            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     877            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     878            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     879            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
     880            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
     881            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     882                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
     883            ),
     884            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
     885                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
     886            ),
     887            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
     888            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
     889            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     890            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
     891                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
     892            ),
     893            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
     894            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
     895            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     896            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
     897            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
     898            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     899            exp.MakeInterval: no_make_interval_sql,
     900            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     901            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     902            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.func(
     903                "TRY_PARSE_JSON" if e.args.get("safe") else "PARSE_JSON", e.this
     904            ),
     905            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
     906            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
     907                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     908            ),
     909            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
     910                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     911            ),
     912            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
     913            exp.RegexpExtract: _regexpextract_sql,
     914            exp.RegexpExtractAll: _regexpextract_sql,
     915            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
     916            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     917            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     918                [
     919                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     920                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
     921                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     922                    _transform_generate_date_array,
     923                ]
     924            ),
     925            exp.SafeDivide: lambda self, e: no_safe_divide_sql(self, e, "IFF"),
     926            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     927            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     928            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
     929            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     930                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     931            ),
     932            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     933            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
     934            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
     935            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     936            exp.TimestampAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMESTAMPADD"),
     937            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     938                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
     939            ),
     940            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     941            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     942            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
     943            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
     944            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
     945            exp.ToDouble: rename_func("TO_DOUBLE"),
     946            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     947            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     948            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
     949                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
     950            ),
     951            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
     952            exp.Uuid: rename_func("UUID_STRING"),
     953            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     954            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     955            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
     956            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost")(
     957                rename_func("EDITDISTANCE")
     958            ),
     959        }
     960
     961        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     962            exp.JSONPathKey,
     963            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     964            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     965        }
     966
     967        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     968            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     969            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
     970            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
     971        }
     972
     973        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     974            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     975            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     976            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     977        }
     978
     979        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
     980            exp.Map,
     981            exp.StarMap,
     982            exp.Struct,
     983            exp.VarMap,
     984        }
     985
     986        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
     987            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.sep(""), sep=" ")
     988
     989        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
     990            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
     991                values_as_table = False
     992
     993            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
     994
     995        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     996            expressions = expression.expressions
     997            if (
     998                expressions
     999                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
    1000                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
    1001            ):
    1002                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
    1003                return "OBJECT"
    1004
    1005            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
    1006
    1007        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1008            return self.func(
    1009                "TO_NUMBER",
    1010                expression.this,
    1011                expression.args.get("format"),
    1012                expression.args.get("precision"),
    1013                expression.args.get("scale"),
    1014            )
    1015
    1016        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1017            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    1018            if milli is not None:
    1019                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
    1020                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
    1021
    1022            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
    1023
    1024        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    1025            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.GEOGRAPHY):
    1026                return self.func("TO_GEOGRAPHY", expression.this)
    1027            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.GEOMETRY):
    1028                return self.func("TO_GEOMETRY", expression.this)
    1029
    1030            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    1031
    1032        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    1033            value = expression.this
    1034
    1035            if value.type is None:
    1036                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1037
    1038                value = annotate_types(value)
    1039
    1040            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
    1041                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
    1042
    1043            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
    1044            return self.cast_sql(expression)
    1045
    1046        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
    1047            if not expression.expression:
    1048                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
    1049
    1050            return super().log_sql(expression)
    1051
    1052        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1053            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1054            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    1055
    1056            columns = [
    1057                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
    1058                exp.to_identifier("key"),
    1059                exp.to_identifier("path"),
    1060                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
    1061                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
    1062                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
    1063                exp.to_identifier("this"),
    1064            ]
    1065
    1066            if unnest_alias:
    1067                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
    1068            else:
    1069                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
    1070
    1071            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
    1072            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
    1073            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    1074            return f"{explode}{alias}"
    1075
    1076        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
    1077            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
    1078            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
    1079            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
    1080            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
    1081
    1082            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
    1083            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
    1084
    1085            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
    1086            if scope_kind:
    1087                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
    1088
    1089            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
    1090            if starts_with:
    1091                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
    1092
    1093            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
    1094
    1095            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
    1096            if from_:
    1097                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
    1098
    1099            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
    1100
    1101        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1102            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1103            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1104            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1105            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1106            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1107            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1108            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
    1109
    1110        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1111            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1112        ) -> str:
    1113            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1114            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1115            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1116            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1117            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
    1118
    1119        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1120            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    1121
    1122        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1123            keys = []
    1124            values = []
    1125
    1126            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1127                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1128                    keys.append(
    1129                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1130                    )
    1131                    values.append(e.expression)
    1132                else:
    1133                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1134                    values.append(e)
    1135
    1136            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))
    1137
    1138        @unsupported_args("weight", "accuracy")
    1139        def approxquantile_sql(self, expression: exp.ApproxQuantile) -> str:
    1140            return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))
    1141
    1142        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    1143            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1144            exprs = f" {exprs}" if exprs else ""
    1145            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
    1146            file_format = f" STAGE_FILE_FORMAT = ({file_format})" if file_format else ""
    1147            copy_options = self.expressions(expression, key="copy_options", flat=True, sep=" ")
    1148            copy_options = f" STAGE_COPY_OPTIONS = ({copy_options})" if copy_options else ""
    1149            tag = self.expressions(expression, key="tag", flat=True)
    1150            tag = f" TAG {tag}" if tag else ""
    1151
    1152            return f"SET{exprs}{file_format}{copy_options}{tag}"
    1153
    1154        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime):
    1155            safe_prefix = "TRY_" if expression.args.get("safe") else ""
    1156            return self.func(
    1157                f"{safe_prefix}TO_TIMESTAMP", expression.this, self.format_time(expression)
    1158            )
    1159
    1160        def timestampsub_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampSub):
    1161            return self.sql(
    1162                exp.TimestampAdd(
    1163                    this=expression.this,
    1164                    expression=expression.expression * -1,
    1165                    unit=expression.unit,
    1166                )
    1167            )
    1168
    1169        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract):
    1170            this = expression.this
    1171
    1172            # JSON strings are valid coming from other dialects such as BQ
    1173            return self.func(
    1174                "GET_PATH",
    1175                exp.ParseJSON(this=this) if this.is_string else this,
    1176                expression.expression,
    1177            )
    1178
    1179        def timetostr_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
    1180            this = expression.this
    1181            if not isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp):
    1182                this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1183
    1184            return self.func("TO_CHAR", this, self.format_time(expression))

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE: 'UPPERCASE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_large'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True

Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override any projection aliases in the subquery.

For example, WITH y(c) AS ( SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0 ) SELECT c FROM y;

    will be rewritten as

    WITH y(c) AS (
        SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    ) SELECT c FROM y;

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False

Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace

ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS: Optional[bool] = None

Whether ArrayAgg needs to filter NULL values.

TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'YYYY': '%Y', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'yy': '%y', 'MMMM': '%B', 'mmmm': '%B', 'MON': '%b', 'mon': '%b', 'MM': '%m', 'mm': '%m', 'DD': '%d', 'dd': '%-d', 'DY': '%a', 'dy': '%w', 'HH24': '%H', 'hh24': '%H', 'HH12': '%I', 'hh12': '%I', 'MI': '%M', 'mi': '%M', 'SS': '%S', 'ss': '%S', 'FF': '%f', 'ff': '%f', 'FF6': '%f', 'ff6': '%f'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

def quote_identifier(self, expression: ~E, identify: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    354    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    355        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
    356        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
    357        if (
    358            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    359            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
    360            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
    361        ):
    362            return expression  # type: ignore
    363
    364        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)

Adds quotes to a given identifier.

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
- identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\n`) to its unescaped version (`` ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Snowflake.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Snowflake.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Snowflake.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'm': {'m': {'m': {'m': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'o': {'n': {0: True}}, 'i': {0: True}}, 'D': {'D': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}, 'd': {'d': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'h': {'h': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'F': {'F': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}, 'f': {'f': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'm': {'m': {'m': {'m': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'o': {'n': {0: True}}, 'i': {0: True}}, 'D': {'D': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}, 'd': {'d': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'h': {'h': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'F': {'F': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}, 'f': {'f': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%Y': 'yyyy', '%y': 'yy', '%B': 'mmmm', '%b': 'mon', '%m': 'mm', '%d': 'DD', '%-d': 'dd', '%a': 'DY', '%w': 'dy', '%H': 'hh24', '%I': 'hh12', '%M': 'mi', '%S': 'ss', '%f': 'ff6'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'Y': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}}, 'a': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = "x'"
HEX_END: Optional[str] = "'"
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  INDEX_OFFSET
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  TYPED_DIVISION
  SAFE_DIVISION
  CONCAT_COALESCE
  HEX_LOWERCASE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION
  EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY
  SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL
  HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS
  STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX
  ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR
  PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE
  REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP
  SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT
  CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING
  DATE_PART_MAPPING
  TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS
  ANNOTATORS
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  settings
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  to_json_path
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  jsonpath_tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class Snowflake.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    366    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    367        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
    368        DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD = "BERNOULLI"
    369        COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT = True
    370
    371        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
    372            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
    373            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
    374        }
    375
    376        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
    377        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
    378
    379        FUNCTIONS = {
    380            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    381            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list,
    382            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
    383            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
    384                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
    385            ),
    386            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
    387                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
    388                start=seq_get(args, 0),
    389                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
    390                step=seq_get(args, 2),
    391            ),
    392            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    393            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    394            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
    395            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
    396            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
    397            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
    398            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
    399            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
    400            "EDITDISTANCE": lambda args: exp.Levenshtein(
    401                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), max_dist=seq_get(args, 2)
    402            ),
    403            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    404            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
    405                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
    406            ),
    407            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
    408            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
    409                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
    410            ),
    411            "LEN": lambda args: exp.Length(this=seq_get(args, 0), binary=True),
    412            "LENGTH": lambda args: exp.Length(this=seq_get(args, 0), binary=True),
    413            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
    414            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
    415            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
    416            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": _build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
    417            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
    418            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": _build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
    419            "REGEXP_SUBSTR_ALL": _build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
    420            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    421            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
    422            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
    423            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
    424            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
    425            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
    426            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
    427            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
    428            "TIMESTAMPNTZFROMPARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
    429            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ_FROM_PARTS": build_timestamp_from_parts,
    430            "TRY_PARSE_JSON": lambda args: exp.ParseJSON(this=seq_get(args, 0), safe=True),
    431            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
    432            "TRY_TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime(
    433                "TRY_TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, safe=True
    434            ),
    435            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
    436            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
    437                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    438                format=seq_get(args, 1),
    439                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
    440                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
    441            ),
    442            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
    443            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    444            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
    445            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    446            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
    447            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
    448            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
    449        }
    450
    451        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    452            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    453            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    454            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
    455        }
    456        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    457
    458        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
    459
    460        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    461            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    462            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
    463            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
    464        }
    465
    466        ALTER_PARSERS = {
    467            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
    468            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
    469                exp.Set,
    470                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
    471                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
    472                unset=True,
    473            ),
    474        }
    475
    476        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    477            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    478            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
    479        }
    480
    481        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    482            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    483            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location_property(),
    484            "TAG": lambda self: self._parse_tag(),
    485        }
    486
    487        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
    488            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-numeric#number
    489            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=38, scale=0),
    490        }
    491
    492        SHOW_PARSERS = {
    493            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
    494            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
    495            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
    496            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
    497            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
    498            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
    499            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
    500            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
    501            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
    502            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
    503            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
    504            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
    505            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
    506            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
    507            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
    508            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
    509            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
    510            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
    511            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
    512        }
    513
    514        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
    515            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
    516            "WITH": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
    517            "MASKING": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
    518            "PROJECTION": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
    519            "TAG": lambda self: self._parse_with_constraint(),
    520        }
    521
    522        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    523            TokenType.DOT,
    524            TokenType.MOD,
    525            TokenType.SLASH,
    526        }
    527
    528        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
    529
    530        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
    531
    532        NON_TABLE_CREATABLES = {"STORAGE INTEGRATION", "TAG", "WAREHOUSE", "STREAMLIT"}
    533
    534        LAMBDAS = {
    535            **parser.Parser.LAMBDAS,
    536            TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, expressions: self.expression(
    537                exp.Lambda,
    538                this=self._replace_lambda(
    539                    self._parse_assignment(),
    540                    expressions,
    541                ),
    542                expressions=[e.this if isinstance(e, exp.Cast) else e for e in expressions],
    543            ),
    544        }
    545
    546        def _negate_range(
    547            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    548        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    549            if not this:
    550                return this
    551
    552            query = this.args.get("query")
    553            if isinstance(this, exp.In) and isinstance(query, exp.Query):
    554                # Snowflake treats `value NOT IN (subquery)` as `VALUE <> ALL (subquery)`, so
    555                # we do this conversion here to avoid parsing it into `NOT value IN (subquery)`
    556                # which can produce different results (most likely a SnowFlake bug).
    557                #
    558                # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/in
    559                # Context: https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/issues/3890
    560                return self.expression(
    561                    exp.NEQ, this=this.this, expression=exp.All(this=query.unnest())
    562                )
    563
    564            return self.expression(exp.Not, this=this)
    565
    566        def _parse_tag(self) -> exp.Tags:
    567            return self.expression(
    568                exp.Tags,
    569                expressions=self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_property),
    570            )
    571
    572        def _parse_with_constraint(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    573            if self._prev.token_type != TokenType.WITH:
    574                self._retreat(self._index - 1)
    575
    576            if self._match_text_seq("MASKING", "POLICY"):
    577                policy = self._parse_column()
    578                return self.expression(
    579                    exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint,
    580                    this=policy.to_dot() if isinstance(policy, exp.Column) else policy,
    581                    expressions=self._match(TokenType.USING)
    582                    and self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_id_var),
    583                )
    584            if self._match_text_seq("PROJECTION", "POLICY"):
    585                policy = self._parse_column()
    586                return self.expression(
    587                    exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint,
    588                    this=policy.to_dot() if isinstance(policy, exp.Column) else policy,
    589                )
    590            if self._match(TokenType.TAG):
    591                return self._parse_tag()
    592
    593            return None
    594
    595        def _parse_with_property(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression] | t.List[exp.Expression]:
    596            if self._match(TokenType.TAG):
    597                return self._parse_tag()
    598
    599            return super()._parse_with_property()
    600
    601        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
    602            expression = super()._parse_create()
    603            if isinstance(expression, exp.Create) and expression.kind in self.NON_TABLE_CREATABLES:
    604                # Replace the Table node with the enclosed Identifier
    605                expression.this.replace(expression.this.this)
    606
    607            return expression
    608
    609        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
    610        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
    611        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    612            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
    613
    614            if not this:
    615                return None
    616
    617            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    618            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
    619            this = map_date_part(this)
    620            name = this.name.upper()
    621
    622            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
    623                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
    624                    scale = 10**3
    625                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
    626                    scale = 10**6
    627                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
    628                    scale = 10**9
    629                else:
    630                    scale = None
    631
    632                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
    633                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
    634
    635                if scale:
    636                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
    637
    638                return to_unix
    639
    640            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
    641
    642        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    643            if is_map:
    644                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
    645                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
    646                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
    647                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
    648
    649            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_assignment(), explicit=True))
    650
    651        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
    652            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
    653            if not lateral:
    654                return lateral
    655
    656            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
    657                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
    658                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
    659                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
    660                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
    661                elif not table_alias:
    662                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
    663
    664            return lateral
    665
    666        def _parse_table_parts(
    667            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
    668        ) -> exp.Table:
    669            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
    670            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
    671                table = self._parse_string()
    672            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
    673                table = self._parse_location_path()
    674            else:
    675                table = None
    676
    677            if table:
    678                file_format = None
    679                pattern = None
    680
    681                wrapped = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    682                while self._curr and wrapped and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    683                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
    684                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
    685                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
    686                        )
    687                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
    688                        pattern = self._parse_string()
    689                    else:
    690                        break
    691
    692                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    693
    694                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
    695            else:
    696                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
    697
    698            return table
    699
    700        def _parse_id_var(
    701            self,
    702            any_token: bool = True,
    703            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    704        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    705            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
    706                identifier = (
    707                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
    708                    or self._parse_string()
    709                )
    710                self._match_r_paren()
    711                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
    712
    713            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
    714
    715        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
    716            scope = None
    717            scope_kind = None
    718
    719            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
    720            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
    721            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
    722
    723            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
    724
    725            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
    726
    727            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
    728                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
    729                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
    730                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
    731                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
    732                    if self._curr:
    733                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
    734                elif self._curr:
    735                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
    736                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
    737
    738            return self.expression(
    739                exp.Show,
    740                **{
    741                    "terse": terse,
    742                    "this": this,
    743                    "history": history,
    744                    "like": like,
    745                    "scope": scope,
    746                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
    747                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
    748                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
    749                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
    750                },
    751            )
    752
    753        def _parse_location_property(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
    754            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    755            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
    756
    757        def _parse_file_location(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    758            # Parse either a subquery or a staged file
    759            return (
    760                self._parse_select(table=True, parse_subquery_alias=False)
    761                if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False)
    762                else self._parse_table_parts()
    763            )
    764
    765        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
    766            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
    767
    768            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
    769            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator, as well as closing paren
    770            # in case of subqueries
    771            while self._is_connected() and not self._match_set(
    772                (TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.L_PAREN, TokenType.R_PAREN), advance=False
    773            ):
    774                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
    775
    776            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))
    777
    778        def _parse_lambda_arg(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    779            this = super()._parse_lambda_arg()
    780
    781            if not this:
    782                return this
    783
    784            typ = self._parse_types()
    785
    786            if typ:
    787                return self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=typ)
    788
    789            return this

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD = 'BERNOULLI'
COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT = True
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION: 'MATCH_CONDITION'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 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Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FEATURES_AT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FeaturesAtTime'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'INT64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of 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'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of 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<bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <function _build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function _build_regexp_replace>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <function build_timestamp_from_parts>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <function build_timestamp_from_parts>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'APPROX_PERCENTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'BITXOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BIT_XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BOOLXOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'DATEADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'DIV0': <function _build_if_from_div0>, 'EDITDISTANCE': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'GET_PATH': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'IFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'LISTAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'NULLIFZERO': <function _build_if_from_nullifzero>, 'OBJECT_CONSTRUCT': <function _build_object_construct>, 'REGEXP_SUBSTR': <function _build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_SUBSTR_ALL': <function _build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'RLIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'SQUARE': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIMEADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'TIMEDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'TIMESTAMPADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZFROMPARTS': <function build_timestamp_from_parts>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ_FROM_PARTS': <function build_timestamp_from_parts>, 'TRY_PARSE_JSON': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_TO_DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TRY_TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIME': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_VARCHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'ZEROIFNULL': <function _build_if_from_zeroifnull>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NORMALIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OVERLAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_PART': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
TIMESTAMPS = {<TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE_ANY: 'LIKE_ANY'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: 'ILIKE_ANY'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>}
ALTER_PARSERS = {'ADD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ALTER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DELETE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DROP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RENAME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SWAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNSET': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>: <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
PROPERTY_PARSERS = {'ALLOWED_VALUES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ALGORITHM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BACKUP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BLOCKCOMPRESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARSET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECKSUM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONTAINS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COPY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATABLOCKSIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATA_DELETION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFINER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DETERMINISTIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTRIBUTED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DUPLICATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DYNAMIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EMPTY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENGINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXECUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTERNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FALLBACK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FREESPACE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOBAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'HEAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ICEBERG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IMMUTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INHERITS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOURNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LANGUAGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAYOUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIFETIME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCATION': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCKING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATERIALIZED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MERGEBLOCKRATIO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MODIFIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MULTISET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ORDER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OUTPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RANGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'READS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REMOTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RETURNS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STREAMING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAMPLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SECURE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SECURITY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SETTINGS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHARING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SOURCE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STORED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSTEM_VERSIONING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TBLPROPERTIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMPORARY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSIENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'USING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNLOGGED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VOLATILE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TAG': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
TYPE_CONVERTERS = {<Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: <function build_default_decimal_type.<locals>._builder>}
SHOW_PARSERS = {'SCHEMAS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE SCHEMAS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'OBJECTS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE OBJECTS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'VIEWS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE VIEWS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'PRIMARY KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE PRIMARY KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'IMPORTED KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE IMPORTED KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'UNIQUE KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE UNIQUE KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'SEQUENCES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE SEQUENCES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'COLUMNS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'USERS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE USERS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>}
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {'AUTOINCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASESPECIFIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMPRESS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NONCLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFAULT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENCODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EPHEMERAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXCLUDE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IDENTITY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INLINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NULL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PATH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PERIOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REFERENCES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TITLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNIQUE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPERCASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WATERMARK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'MASKING': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'PROJECTION': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TAG': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>}
FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ['SEQ', 'KEY', 'PATH', 'INDEX', 'VALUE', 'THIS']
SCHEMA_KINDS = {'UNIQUE KEYS', 'VIEWS', 'OBJECTS', 'IMPORTED KEYS', 'TABLES', 'SEQUENCES'}
NON_TABLE_CREATABLES = {'STREAMLIT', 'STORAGE INTEGRATION', 'TAG', 'WAREHOUSE'}
LAMBDAS = {<TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>: <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {'SCHEMAS': {0: True}, 'TERSE': {'SCHEMAS': {0: True}, 'OBJECTS': {0: True}, 'TABLES': {0: True}, 'VIEWS': {0: True}, 'PRIMARY': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'IMPORTED': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'UNIQUE': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'SEQUENCES': {0: True}, 'USERS': {0: True}}, 'OBJECTS': {0: True}, 'TABLES': {0: True}, 'VIEWS': {0: True}, 'PRIMARY': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'IMPORTED': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'UNIQUE': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'SEQUENCES': {0: True}, 'COLUMNS': {0: True}, 'USERS': {0: True}}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ALTERABLES
  INTERVAL_VARS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  ASSIGNMENT
  DISJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  BITWISE
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
  PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
  EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
  KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
  IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
  ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
  ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
  PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  DESCRIBE_STYLES
  OPERATION_MODIFIERS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class Snowflake.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    791    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    792        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    793        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    794        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
    795        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
    796        NESTED_COMMENTS = False
    797
    798        KEYWORDS = {
    799            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    800            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
    801            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    802            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    803            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    804            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
    805            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
    806            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
    807            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    808            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    809            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    810            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    811            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    812            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
    813            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
    814            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    815            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    816            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
    817            "TAG": TokenType.TAG,
    818            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    819            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    820            "WAREHOUSE": TokenType.WAREHOUSE,
    821            "STREAMLIT": TokenType.STREAMLIT,
    822        }
    823        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    824
    825        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    826            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    827            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    828        }
    829
    830        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
    831
    832        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}

STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\', "'"]
HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
RAW_STRINGS = ['$$']
COMMENTS = ['--', '//', ('/*', '*/')]
NESTED_COMMENTS = False
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'BYTEINT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'CHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'ILIKE ANY': <TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: 'ILIKE_ANY'>, 'LIKE ANY': <TokenType.LIKE_ANY: 'LIKE_ANY'>, 'MATCH_CONDITION': <TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION: 'MATCH_CONDITION'>, 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE': <TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>, 'MINUS': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'NCHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'PUT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REMOVE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'SQL_DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'SQL_VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'STORAGE INTEGRATION': <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, 'TAG': <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, 'TIMESTAMP_TZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'WAREHOUSE': <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, 'STREAMLIT': <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}
VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {'$'}
COMMANDS = {<TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  QUOTES
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER
  HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE
  STRING_ESCAPES_ALLOWED_IN_RAW_STRINGS
  HINT_START
  TOKENS_PRECEDING_HINT
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class Snowflake.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

     834    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     835        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     836        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
     837        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
     838        JOIN_HINTS = False
     839        TABLE_HINTS = False
     840        QUERY_HINTS = False
     841        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
     842        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
     843        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
     844        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
     845        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     846        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
     847        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     848        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
     849        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
     850        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     851        SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = False
     852        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     853        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
     854        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
     855        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
     856        ARRAY_SIZE_NAME = "ARRAY_SIZE"
     857
     858        TRANSFORMS = {
     859            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     860            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
     861            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
     862            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
     863            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
     864            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CAT"),
     865            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
     866            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     867                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
     868            ),
     869            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
     870            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
     871            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     872            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     873            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMESTAMPADD"),
     874            exp.DatetimeDiff: timestampdiff_sql,
     875            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     876            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     877            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     878            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     879            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
     880            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
     881            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     882                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
     883            ),
     884            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
     885                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
     886            ),
     887            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
     888            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
     889            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     890            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
     891                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
     892            ),
     893            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
     894            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
     895            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     896            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
     897            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
     898            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     899            exp.MakeInterval: no_make_interval_sql,
     900            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     901            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     902            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.func(
     903                "TRY_PARSE_JSON" if e.args.get("safe") else "PARSE_JSON", e.this
     904            ),
     905            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
     906            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
     907                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     908            ),
     909            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
     910                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     911            ),
     912            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
     913            exp.RegexpExtract: _regexpextract_sql,
     914            exp.RegexpExtractAll: _regexpextract_sql,
     915            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
     916            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     917            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     918                [
     919                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     920                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
     921                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     922                    _transform_generate_date_array,
     923                ]
     924            ),
     925            exp.SafeDivide: lambda self, e: no_safe_divide_sql(self, e, "IFF"),
     926            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     927            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     928            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
     929            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     930                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     931            ),
     932            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     933            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
     934            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
     935            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     936            exp.TimestampAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMESTAMPADD"),
     937            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     938                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
     939            ),
     940            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     941            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     942            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
     943            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
     944            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
     945            exp.ToDouble: rename_func("TO_DOUBLE"),
     946            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     947            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     948            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
     949                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
     950            ),
     951            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
     952            exp.Uuid: rename_func("UUID_STRING"),
     953            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     954            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     955            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
     956            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost")(
     957                rename_func("EDITDISTANCE")
     958            ),
     959        }
     960
     961        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     962            exp.JSONPathKey,
     963            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     964            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     965        }
     966
     967        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     968            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     969            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
     970            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
     971        }
     972
     973        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     974            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     975            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     976            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     977        }
     978
     979        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
     980            exp.Map,
     981            exp.StarMap,
     982            exp.Struct,
     983            exp.VarMap,
     984        }
     985
     986        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
     987            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.sep(""), sep=" ")
     988
     989        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
     990            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
     991                values_as_table = False
     992
     993            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
     994
     995        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     996            expressions = expression.expressions
     997            if (
     998                expressions
     999                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
    1000                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
    1001            ):
    1002                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
    1003                return "OBJECT"
    1004
    1005            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
    1006
    1007        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1008            return self.func(
    1009                "TO_NUMBER",
    1010                expression.this,
    1011                expression.args.get("format"),
    1012                expression.args.get("precision"),
    1013                expression.args.get("scale"),
    1014            )
    1015
    1016        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1017            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    1018            if milli is not None:
    1019                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
    1020                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
    1021
    1022            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
    1023
    1024        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    1025            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.GEOGRAPHY):
    1026                return self.func("TO_GEOGRAPHY", expression.this)
    1027            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.GEOMETRY):
    1028                return self.func("TO_GEOMETRY", expression.this)
    1029
    1030            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    1031
    1032        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    1033            value = expression.this
    1034
    1035            if value.type is None:
    1036                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1037
    1038                value = annotate_types(value)
    1039
    1040            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
    1041                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
    1042
    1043            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
    1044            return self.cast_sql(expression)
    1045
    1046        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
    1047            if not expression.expression:
    1048                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
    1049
    1050            return super().log_sql(expression)
    1051
    1052        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1053            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1054            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    1055
    1056            columns = [
    1057                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
    1058                exp.to_identifier("key"),
    1059                exp.to_identifier("path"),
    1060                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
    1061                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
    1062                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
    1063                exp.to_identifier("this"),
    1064            ]
    1065
    1066            if unnest_alias:
    1067                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
    1068            else:
    1069                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
    1070
    1071            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
    1072            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
    1073            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    1074            return f"{explode}{alias}"
    1075
    1076        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
    1077            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
    1078            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
    1079            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
    1080            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
    1081
    1082            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
    1083            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
    1084
    1085            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
    1086            if scope_kind:
    1087                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
    1088
    1089            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
    1090            if starts_with:
    1091                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
    1092
    1093            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
    1094
    1095            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
    1096            if from_:
    1097                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
    1098
    1099            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
    1100
    1101        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1102            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1103            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1104            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1105            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1106            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1107            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1108            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
    1109
    1110        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1111            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1112        ) -> str:
    1113            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1114            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1115            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1116            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1117            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
    1118
    1119        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1120            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    1121
    1122        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1123            keys = []
    1124            values = []
    1125
    1126            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1127                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1128                    keys.append(
    1129                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1130                    )
    1131                    values.append(e.expression)
    1132                else:
    1133                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1134                    values.append(e)
    1135
    1136            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))
    1137
    1138        @unsupported_args("weight", "accuracy")
    1139        def approxquantile_sql(self, expression: exp.ApproxQuantile) -> str:
    1140            return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))
    1141
    1142        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    1143            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1144            exprs = f" {exprs}" if exprs else ""
    1145            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
    1146            file_format = f" STAGE_FILE_FORMAT = ({file_format})" if file_format else ""
    1147            copy_options = self.expressions(expression, key="copy_options", flat=True, sep=" ")
    1148            copy_options = f" STAGE_COPY_OPTIONS = ({copy_options})" if copy_options else ""
    1149            tag = self.expressions(expression, key="tag", flat=True)
    1150            tag = f" TAG {tag}" if tag else ""
    1151
    1152            return f"SET{exprs}{file_format}{copy_options}{tag}"
    1153
    1154        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime):
    1155            safe_prefix = "TRY_" if expression.args.get("safe") else ""
    1156            return self.func(
    1157                f"{safe_prefix}TO_TIMESTAMP", expression.this, self.format_time(expression)
    1158            )
    1159
    1160        def timestampsub_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampSub):
    1161            return self.sql(
    1162                exp.TimestampAdd(
    1163                    this=expression.this,
    1164                    expression=expression.expression * -1,
    1165                    unit=expression.unit,
    1166                )
    1167            )
    1168
    1169        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract):
    1170            this = expression.this
    1171
    1172            # JSON strings are valid coming from other dialects such as BQ
    1173            return self.func(
    1174                "GET_PATH",
    1175                exp.ParseJSON(this=this) if this.is_string else this,
    1176                expression.expression,
    1177            )
    1178
    1179        def timetostr_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
    1180            this = expression.this
    1181            if not isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp):
    1182                this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1183
    1184            return self.func("TO_CHAR", this, self.format_time(expression))

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
INSERT_OVERWRITE = ' OVERWRITE INTO'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
STAR_EXCEPT = 'EXCLUDE'
SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = False
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
ARRAY_SIZE_NAME = 'ARRAY_SIZE'
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>: <function timestampdiff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromTimeZone'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>: <function _json_extract_value_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>: <function _json_extract_value_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>: <function no_make_interval_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function _regexpextract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll'>: <function _regexpextract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function _regexpilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.NESTED: 'NESTED'>: 'OBJECT', <Type.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>: 'OBJECT'}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IncludeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>}
def with_properties(self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties) -> str: View Source

    986        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    987            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.sep(""), sep=" ")

def values_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: View Source

    989        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
    990            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
    991                values_as_table = False
    992
    993            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)

def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType) -> str: View Source

     995        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     996            expressions = expression.expressions
     997            if (
     998                expressions
     999                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
    1000                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
    1001            ):
    1002                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
    1003                return "OBJECT"
    1004
    1005            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

def tonumber_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber) -> str: View Source

    1007        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1008            return self.func(
    1009                "TO_NUMBER",
    1010                expression.this,
    1011                expression.args.get("format"),
    1012                expression.args.get("precision"),
    1013                expression.args.get("scale"),
    1014            )

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str: View Source

    1016        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    1017            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    1018            if milli is not None:
    1019                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
    1020                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
    1021
    1022            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)

def cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str: View Source

    1024        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    1025            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.GEOGRAPHY):
    1026                return self.func("TO_GEOGRAPHY", expression.this)
    1027            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.GEOMETRY):
    1028                return self.func("TO_GEOMETRY", expression.this)
    1029
    1030            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)

def trycast_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str: View Source

    1032        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    1033            value = expression.this
    1034
    1035            if value.type is None:
    1036                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1037
    1038                value = annotate_types(value)
    1039
    1040            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
    1041                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
    1042
    1043            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
    1044            return self.cast_sql(expression)

def log_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Log) -> str: View Source

    1046        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
    1047            if not expression.expression:
    1048                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
    1049
    1050            return super().log_sql(expression)

def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str: View Source

    1052        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1053            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1054            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    1055
    1056            columns = [
    1057                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
    1058                exp.to_identifier("key"),
    1059                exp.to_identifier("path"),
    1060                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
    1061                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
    1062                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
    1063                exp.to_identifier("this"),
    1064            ]
    1065
    1066            if unnest_alias:
    1067                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
    1068            else:
    1069                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
    1070
    1071            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
    1072            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
    1073            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    1074            return f"{explode}{alias}"

def show_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Show) -> str: View Source

    1076        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
    1077            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
    1078            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
    1079            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
    1080            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
    1081
    1082            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
    1083            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
    1084
    1085            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
    1086            if scope_kind:
    1087                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
    1088
    1089            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
    1090            if starts_with:
    1091                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
    1092
    1093            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
    1094
    1095            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
    1096            if from_:
    1097                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
    1098
    1099            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"

def describe_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Describe) -> str: View Source

    1101        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1102            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1103            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1104            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1105            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1106            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1107            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1108            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"

def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    1110        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1111            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1112        ) -> str:
    1113            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1114            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1115            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1116            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1117            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

def cluster_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cluster) -> str: View Source

    1119        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1120            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"

def struct_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Struct) -> str: View Source

    1122        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1123            keys = []
    1124            values = []
    1125
    1126            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1127                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1128                    keys.append(
    1129                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1130                    )
    1131                    values.append(e.expression)
    1132                else:
    1133                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1134                    values.append(e)
    1135
    1136            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))

@unsupported_args('weight', 'accuracy')
def approxquantile_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile) -> str: View Source

    1138        @unsupported_args("weight", "accuracy")
    1139        def approxquantile_sql(self, expression: exp.ApproxQuantile) -> str:
    1140            return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))

def alterset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AlterSet) -> str: View Source

    1142        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    1143            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1144            exprs = f" {exprs}" if exprs else ""
    1145            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
    1146            file_format = f" STAGE_FILE_FORMAT = ({file_format})" if file_format else ""
    1147            copy_options = self.expressions(expression, key="copy_options", flat=True, sep=" ")
    1148            copy_options = f" STAGE_COPY_OPTIONS = ({copy_options})" if copy_options else ""
    1149            tag = self.expressions(expression, key="tag", flat=True)
    1150            tag = f" TAG {tag}" if tag else ""
    1151
    1152            return f"SET{exprs}{file_format}{copy_options}{tag}"

def strtotime_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime): View Source

    1154        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime):
    1155            safe_prefix = "TRY_" if expression.args.get("safe") else ""
    1156            return self.func(
    1157                f"{safe_prefix}TO_TIMESTAMP", expression.this, self.format_time(expression)
    1158            )

def timestampsub_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub): View Source

    1160        def timestampsub_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampSub):
    1161            return self.sql(
    1162                exp.TimestampAdd(
    1163                    this=expression.this,
    1164                    expression=expression.expression * -1,
    1165                    unit=expression.unit,
    1166                )
    1167            )

def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract): View Source

    1169        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract):
    1170            this = expression.this
    1171
    1172            # JSON strings are valid coming from other dialects such as BQ
    1173            return self.func(
    1174                "GET_PATH",
    1175                exp.ParseJSON(this=this) if this.is_string else this,
    1176                expression.expression,
    1177            )

def timetostr_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr) -> str: View Source

    1179        def timetostr_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
    1180            this = expression.this
    1181            if not isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp):
    1182                this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1183
    1184            return self.func("TO_CHAR", this, self.format_time(expression))

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_FETCH
  RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  NVL2_SUPPORTED
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
  SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
  HEX_FUNC
  WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
  QUOTE_JSON_PATH
  PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
  PARSE_JSON_NAME
  ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
  EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
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  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
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  sep
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  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
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  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
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  bytestring_sql
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  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  directory_sql
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  drop_sql
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  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
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  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  introducer_sql
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  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
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  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
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  foreignkey_sql
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  if_sql
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  jsonkeyvalue_sql
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  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
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  bitwisenot_sql
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  bitwisexor_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
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  transaction_sql
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  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  alterrename_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  alter_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
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  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
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  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
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  mod_sql
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  slice_sql
  sub_sql
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  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
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  format_args
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  expressions
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  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  duplicatekeyproperty_sql
  distributedbyproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
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  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
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  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
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  tsordstotime_sql
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  tsordstodatetime_sql
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  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql
  datadeletionproperty_sql
  maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
  gapfill_sql
  scope_resolution
  scoperesolution_sql
  parsejson_sql
  rand_sql
  changes_sql
  pad_sql
  summarize_sql
  explodinggenerateseries_sql
  arrayconcat_sql
  converttimezone_sql
  json_sql
  jsonvalue_sql
  conditionalinsert_sql
  multitableinserts_sql
  oncondition_sql
  jsonexists_sql
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  featuresattime_sql
  watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
  encodeproperty_sql
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