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# sqlglot.dialects.dialect

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import logging
       4import typing as t
       5from enum import Enum, auto
       6from functools import reduce
       7
       8from sqlglot import exp
       9from sqlglot.errors import ParseError
      10from sqlglot.generator import Generator, unsupported_args
      11from sqlglot.helper import AutoName, flatten, is_int, seq_get, subclasses
      12from sqlglot.jsonpath import JSONPathTokenizer, parse as parse_json_path
      13from sqlglot.parser import Parser
      14from sqlglot.time import TIMEZONES, format_time, subsecond_precision
      15from sqlglot.tokens import Token, Tokenizer, TokenType
      16from sqlglot.trie import new_trie
      17
      18DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF = t.Union[exp.DateAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateDiff, exp.TsOrDsDiff]
      19DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = t.Union[exp.DateAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateSub]
      20JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE = t.Union[exp.JSONExtract, exp.JSONExtractScalar]
      21
      22
      23if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      24    from sqlglot._typing import B, E, F
      25
      26    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import TypeAnnotator
      27
      28    AnnotatorsType = t.Dict[t.Type[E], t.Callable[[TypeAnnotator, E], E]]
      29
      30logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot")
      31
      32UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {
      33    "\\a": "\a",
      34    "\\b": "\b",
      35    "\\f": "\f",
      36    "\\n": "\n",
      37    "\\r": "\r",
      38    "\\t": "\t",
      39    "\\v": "\v",
      40    "\\\\": "\\",
      41}
      42
      43
      44def _annotate_with_type_lambda(data_type: exp.DataType.Type) -> t.Callable[[TypeAnnotator, E], E]:
      45    return lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, data_type)
      46
      47
      48class Dialects(str, Enum):
      49    """Dialects supported by SQLGLot."""
      50
      51    DIALECT = ""
      52
      53    ATHENA = "athena"
      54    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
      55    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
      56    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
      57    DORIS = "doris"
      58    DRILL = "drill"
      59    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
      60    HIVE = "hive"
      61    MATERIALIZE = "materialize"
      62    MYSQL = "mysql"
      63    ORACLE = "oracle"
      64    POSTGRES = "postgres"
      65    PRESTO = "presto"
      66    PRQL = "prql"
      67    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
      68    RISINGWAVE = "risingwave"
      69    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
      70    SPARK = "spark"
      71    SPARK2 = "spark2"
      72    SQLITE = "sqlite"
      73    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
      74    TABLEAU = "tableau"
      75    TERADATA = "teradata"
      76    TRINO = "trino"
      77    TSQL = "tsql"
      78
      79
      80class NormalizationStrategy(str, AutoName):
      81    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
      82
      83    LOWERCASE = auto()
      84    """Unquoted identifiers are lowercased."""
      85
      86    UPPERCASE = auto()
      87    """Unquoted identifiers are uppercased."""
      88
      89    CASE_SENSITIVE = auto()
      90    """Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes."""
      91
      92    CASE_INSENSITIVE = auto()
      93    """Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes."""
      94
      95
      96class _Dialect(type):
      97    classes: t.Dict[str, t.Type[Dialect]] = {}
      98
      99    def __eq__(cls, other: t.Any) -> bool:
     100        if cls is other:
     101            return True
     102        if isinstance(other, str):
     103            return cls is cls.get(other)
     104        if isinstance(other, Dialect):
     105            return cls is type(other)
     106
     107        return False
     108
     109    def __hash__(cls) -> int:
     110        return hash(cls.__name__.lower())
     111
     112    @classmethod
     113    def __getitem__(cls, key: str) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
     114        return cls.classes[key]
     115
     116    @classmethod
     117    def get(
     118        cls, key: str, default: t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]] = None
     119    ) -> t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]]:
     120        return cls.classes.get(key, default)
     121
     122    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs):
     123        klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs)
     124        enum = Dialects.__members__.get(clsname.upper())
     125        cls.classes[enum.value if enum is not None else clsname.lower()] = klass
     126
     127        klass.TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.TIME_MAPPING)
     128        klass.FORMAT_TRIE = (
     129            new_trie(klass.FORMAT_MAPPING) if klass.FORMAT_MAPPING else klass.TIME_TRIE
     130        )
     131        klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING = {v: k for k, v in klass.TIME_MAPPING.items()}
     132        klass.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
     133        klass.INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING = {v: k for k, v in klass.FORMAT_MAPPING.items()}
     134        klass.INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE = new_trie(klass.INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING)
     135
     136        klass.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING = {
     137            v: k for k, v in klass.CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.items()
     138        }
     139
     140        base = seq_get(bases, 0)
     141        base_tokenizer = (getattr(base, "tokenizer_class", Tokenizer),)
     142        base_jsonpath_tokenizer = (getattr(base, "jsonpath_tokenizer_class", JSONPathTokenizer),)
     143        base_parser = (getattr(base, "parser_class", Parser),)
     144        base_generator = (getattr(base, "generator_class", Generator),)
     145
     146        klass.tokenizer_class = klass.__dict__.get(
     147            "Tokenizer", type("Tokenizer", base_tokenizer, {})
     148        )
     149        klass.jsonpath_tokenizer_class = klass.__dict__.get(
     150            "JSONPathTokenizer", type("JSONPathTokenizer", base_jsonpath_tokenizer, {})
     151        )
     152        klass.parser_class = klass.__dict__.get("Parser", type("Parser", base_parser, {}))
     153        klass.generator_class = klass.__dict__.get(
     154            "Generator", type("Generator", base_generator, {})
     155        )
     156
     157        klass.QUOTE_START, klass.QUOTE_END = list(klass.tokenizer_class._QUOTES.items())[0]
     158        klass.IDENTIFIER_START, klass.IDENTIFIER_END = list(
     159            klass.tokenizer_class._IDENTIFIERS.items()
     160        )[0]
     161
     162        def get_start_end(token_type: TokenType) -> t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], t.Optional[str]]:
     163            return next(
     164                (
     165                    (s, e)
     166                    for s, (e, t) in klass.tokenizer_class._FORMAT_STRINGS.items()
     167                    if t == token_type
     168                ),
     169                (None, None),
     170            )
     171
     172        klass.BIT_START, klass.BIT_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BIT_STRING)
     173        klass.HEX_START, klass.HEX_END = get_start_end(TokenType.HEX_STRING)
     174        klass.BYTE_START, klass.BYTE_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BYTE_STRING)
     175        klass.UNICODE_START, klass.UNICODE_END = get_start_end(TokenType.UNICODE_STRING)
     176
     177        if "\\" in klass.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES:
     178            klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {
     179                **UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES,
     180                **klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES,
     181            }
     182
     183        klass.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {v: k for k, v in klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES.items()}
     184
     185        klass.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = "(+)" in klass.tokenizer_class.KEYWORDS
     186
     187        if enum not in ("", "bigquery"):
     188            klass.generator_class.SELECT_KINDS = ()
     189
     190        if enum not in ("", "athena", "presto", "trino"):
     191            klass.generator_class.TRY_SUPPORTED = False
     192            klass.generator_class.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
     193
     194        if enum not in ("", "databricks", "hive", "spark", "spark2"):
     195            modifier_transforms = klass.generator_class.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.copy()
     196            for modifier in ("cluster", "distribute", "sort"):
     197                modifier_transforms.pop(modifier, None)
     198
     199            klass.generator_class.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = modifier_transforms
     200
     201        if enum not in ("", "doris", "mysql"):
     202            klass.parser_class.ID_VAR_TOKENS = klass.parser_class.ID_VAR_TOKENS | {
     203                TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN,
     204            }
     205            klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {
     206                TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN,
     207            }
     208
     209        if not klass.SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN:
     210            klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {
     211                TokenType.ANTI,
     212                TokenType.SEMI,
     213            }
     214
     215        return klass
     216
     217
     218class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
     219    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
     220    """The base index offset for arrays."""
     221
     222    WEEK_OFFSET = 0
     223    """First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday."""
     224
     225    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
     226    """Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases."""
     227
     228    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
     229    """Whether the table alias comes after tablesample."""
     230
     231    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False
     232    """Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage."""
     233
     234    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE
     235    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
     236
     237    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
     238    """Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit."""
     239
     240    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
     241    """Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator."""
     242
     243    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
     244    """Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings."""
     245
     246    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
     247    """Whether user-defined data types are supported."""
     248
     249    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True
     250    """Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported."""
     251
     252    SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False
     253    """Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported."""
     254
     255    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
     256    """Separator of COPY statement parameters."""
     257
     258    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
     259    """
     260    Determines how function names are going to be normalized.
     261    Possible values:
     262        "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase.
     263        "lower": Convert names to lowercase.
     264        False: Disables function name normalization.
     265    """
     266
     267    PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES: bool = False
     268    """
     269    Whether the name of the function should be preserved inside the node's metadata,
     270    can be useful for roundtripping deprecated vs new functions that share an AST node
     271    e.g JSON_VALUE vs JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR in BigQuery
     272    """
     273
     274    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = True
     275    """
     276    Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function.
     277    Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)
     278    """
     279
     280    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
     281    """
     282    Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set.
     283    Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`
     284    """
     285
     286    TYPED_DIVISION = False
     287    """
     288    Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`.
     289    False means `a / b` is always float division.
     290    True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.
     291    """
     292
     293    SAFE_DIVISION = False
     294    """Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`)."""
     295
     296    CONCAT_COALESCE = False
     297    """A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string."""
     298
     299    HEX_LOWERCASE = False
     300    """Whether the `HEX` function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string."""
     301
     302    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
     303    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
     304    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
     305
     306    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     307    """Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats."""
     308
     309    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
     310    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
     311    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     312    """
     313    Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`.
     314    If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.
     315    """
     316
     317    UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     318    """Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\\n`) to its unescaped version (`\n`)."""
     319
     320    PSEUDOCOLUMNS: t.Set[str] = set()
     321    """
     322    Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect.
     323    For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.
     324    """
     325
     326    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False
     327    """
     328    Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the
     329    HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override
     330    any projection aliases in the subquery.
     331
     332    For example,
     333        WITH y(c) AS (
     334            SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0
     335        ) SELECT c FROM y;
     336
     337        will be rewritten as
     338
     339        WITH y(c) AS (
     340            SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
     341        ) SELECT c FROM y;
     342    """
     343
     344    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
     345    """
     346    Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace
     347    """
     348
     349    FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION = False
     350    """
     351    Whether alias reference expansion (_expand_alias_refs()) should run before column qualification (_qualify_columns()).
     352
     353    For example:
     354        WITH data AS (
     355        SELECT
     356            1 AS id,
     357            2 AS my_id
     358        )
     359        SELECT
     360            id AS my_id
     361        FROM
     362            data
     363        WHERE
     364            my_id = 1
     365        GROUP BY
     366            my_id,
     367        HAVING
     368            my_id = 1
     369
     370    In most dialects, "my_id" would refer to "data.my_id" across the query, except:
     371        - BigQuery, which will forward the alias to GROUP BY + HAVING clauses i.e
     372          it resolves to "WHERE my_id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1"
     373        - Clickhouse, which will forward the alias across the query i.e it resolves
     374        to "WHERE id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1"
     375    """
     376
     377    EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY = False
     378    """Whether alias reference expansion before qualification should only happen for the GROUP BY clause."""
     379
     380    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = False
     381    """
     382    Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks
     383    """
     384
     385    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = False
     386    """
     387    Whether the ARRAY constructor is context-sensitive, i.e in Redshift ARRAY[1, 2, 3] != ARRAY(1, 2, 3)
     388    as the former is of type INT[] vs the latter which is SUPER
     389    """
     390
     391    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = False
     392    """
     393    Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g.
     394    in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should
     395    be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.
     396    """
     397
     398    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = True
     399    """Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning."""
     400
     401    ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR = True
     402    """Whether "X ON EMPTY" should come before "X ON ERROR" (for dialects like T-SQL, MySQL, Oracle)."""
     403
     404    ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS: t.Optional[bool] = True
     405    """Whether ArrayAgg needs to filter NULL values."""
     406
     407    PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE = False
     408    """
     409    This flag is used in the optimizer's canonicalize rule and determines whether x will be promoted
     410    to the literal's type in x::DATE < '2020-01-01 12:05:03' (i.e., DATETIME). When false, the literal
     411    is cast to x's type to match it instead.
     412    """
     413
     414    REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP = 0
     415    """The default value for the capturing group."""
     416
     417    SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Optional[bool]] = {
     418        exp.Except: True,
     419        exp.Intersect: True,
     420        exp.Union: True,
     421    }
     422    """
     423    Whether a set operation uses DISTINCT by default. This is `None` when either `DISTINCT` or `ALL`
     424    must be explicitly specified.
     425    """
     426
     427    CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
     428    """
     429    Helper for dialects that use a different name for the same creatable kind. For example, the Clickhouse
     430    equivalent of CREATE SCHEMA is CREATE DATABASE.
     431    """
     432
     433    # --- Autofilled ---
     434
     435    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
     436    jsonpath_tokenizer_class = JSONPathTokenizer
     437    parser_class = Parser
     438    generator_class = Generator
     439
     440    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
     441    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     442    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     443
     444    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     445    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     446    INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     447    INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     448
     449    INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
     450
     451    ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     452
     453    # Delimiters for string literals and identifiers
     454    QUOTE_START = "'"
     455    QUOTE_END = "'"
     456    IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
     457    IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
     458
     459    # Delimiters for bit, hex, byte and unicode literals
     460    BIT_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     461    BIT_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     462    HEX_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     463    HEX_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     464    BYTE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     465    BYTE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     466    UNICODE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     467    UNICODE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     468
     469    DATE_PART_MAPPING = {
     470        "Y": "YEAR",
     471        "YY": "YEAR",
     472        "YYY": "YEAR",
     473        "YYYY": "YEAR",
     474        "YR": "YEAR",
     475        "YEARS": "YEAR",
     476        "YRS": "YEAR",
     477        "MM": "MONTH",
     478        "MON": "MONTH",
     479        "MONS": "MONTH",
     480        "MONTHS": "MONTH",
     481        "D": "DAY",
     482        "DD": "DAY",
     483        "DAYS": "DAY",
     484        "DAYOFMONTH": "DAY",
     485        "DAY OF WEEK": "DAYOFWEEK",
     486        "WEEKDAY": "DAYOFWEEK",
     487        "DOW": "DAYOFWEEK",
     488        "DW": "DAYOFWEEK",
     489        "WEEKDAY_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     490        "DOW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     491        "DW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     492        "DAY OF YEAR": "DAYOFYEAR",
     493        "DOY": "DAYOFYEAR",
     494        "DY": "DAYOFYEAR",
     495        "W": "WEEK",
     496        "WK": "WEEK",
     497        "WEEKOFYEAR": "WEEK",
     498        "WOY": "WEEK",
     499        "WY": "WEEK",
     500        "WEEK_ISO": "WEEKISO",
     501        "WEEKOFYEARISO": "WEEKISO",
     502        "WEEKOFYEAR_ISO": "WEEKISO",
     503        "Q": "QUARTER",
     504        "QTR": "QUARTER",
     505        "QTRS": "QUARTER",
     506        "QUARTERS": "QUARTER",
     507        "H": "HOUR",
     508        "HH": "HOUR",
     509        "HR": "HOUR",
     510        "HOURS": "HOUR",
     511        "HRS": "HOUR",
     512        "M": "MINUTE",
     513        "MI": "MINUTE",
     514        "MIN": "MINUTE",
     515        "MINUTES": "MINUTE",
     516        "MINS": "MINUTE",
     517        "S": "SECOND",
     518        "SEC": "SECOND",
     519        "SECONDS": "SECOND",
     520        "SECS": "SECOND",
     521        "MS": "MILLISECOND",
     522        "MSEC": "MILLISECOND",
     523        "MSECS": "MILLISECOND",
     524        "MSECOND": "MILLISECOND",
     525        "MSECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
     526        "MILLISEC": "MILLISECOND",
     527        "MILLISECS": "MILLISECOND",
     528        "MILLISECON": "MILLISECOND",
     529        "MILLISECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
     530        "US": "MICROSECOND",
     531        "USEC": "MICROSECOND",
     532        "USECS": "MICROSECOND",
     533        "MICROSEC": "MICROSECOND",
     534        "MICROSECS": "MICROSECOND",
     535        "USECOND": "MICROSECOND",
     536        "USECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
     537        "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
     538        "NS": "NANOSECOND",
     539        "NSEC": "NANOSECOND",
     540        "NANOSEC": "NANOSECOND",
     541        "NSECOND": "NANOSECOND",
     542        "NSECONDS": "NANOSECOND",
     543        "NANOSECS": "NANOSECOND",
     544        "EPOCH_SECOND": "EPOCH",
     545        "EPOCH_SECONDS": "EPOCH",
     546        "EPOCH_MILLISECONDS": "EPOCH_MILLISECOND",
     547        "EPOCH_MICROSECONDS": "EPOCH_MICROSECOND",
     548        "EPOCH_NANOSECONDS": "EPOCH_NANOSECOND",
     549        "TZH": "TIMEZONE_HOUR",
     550        "TZM": "TIMEZONE_MINUTE",
     551        "DEC": "DECADE",
     552        "DECS": "DECADE",
     553        "DECADES": "DECADE",
     554        "MIL": "MILLENIUM",
     555        "MILS": "MILLENIUM",
     556        "MILLENIA": "MILLENIUM",
     557        "C": "CENTURY",
     558        "CENT": "CENTURY",
     559        "CENTS": "CENTURY",
     560        "CENTURIES": "CENTURY",
     561    }
     562
     563    TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS: t.Dict[exp.DataType.Type, t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]]] = {
     564        exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: {
     565            exp.ApproxDistinct,
     566            exp.ArraySize,
     567            exp.Length,
     568        },
     569        exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: {
     570            exp.Between,
     571            exp.Boolean,
     572            exp.In,
     573            exp.RegexpLike,
     574        },
     575        exp.DataType.Type.DATE: {
     576            exp.CurrentDate,
     577            exp.Date,
     578            exp.DateFromParts,
     579            exp.DateStrToDate,
     580            exp.DiToDate,
     581            exp.StrToDate,
     582            exp.TimeStrToDate,
     583            exp.TsOrDsToDate,
     584        },
     585        exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: {
     586            exp.CurrentDatetime,
     587            exp.Datetime,
     588            exp.DatetimeAdd,
     589            exp.DatetimeSub,
     590        },
     591        exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: {
     592            exp.ApproxQuantile,
     593            exp.Avg,
     594            exp.Exp,
     595            exp.Ln,
     596            exp.Log,
     597            exp.Pow,
     598            exp.Quantile,
     599            exp.Round,
     600            exp.SafeDivide,
     601            exp.Sqrt,
     602            exp.Stddev,
     603            exp.StddevPop,
     604            exp.StddevSamp,
     605            exp.ToDouble,
     606            exp.Variance,
     607            exp.VariancePop,
     608        },
     609        exp.DataType.Type.INT: {
     610            exp.Ceil,
     611            exp.DatetimeDiff,
     612            exp.DateDiff,
     613            exp.TimestampDiff,
     614            exp.TimeDiff,
     615            exp.DateToDi,
     616            exp.Levenshtein,
     617            exp.Sign,
     618            exp.StrPosition,
     619            exp.TsOrDiToDi,
     620        },
     621        exp.DataType.Type.JSON: {
     622            exp.ParseJSON,
     623        },
     624        exp.DataType.Type.TIME: {
     625            exp.Time,
     626        },
     627        exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: {
     628            exp.CurrentTime,
     629            exp.CurrentTimestamp,
     630            exp.StrToTime,
     631            exp.TimeAdd,
     632            exp.TimeStrToTime,
     633            exp.TimeSub,
     634            exp.TimestampAdd,
     635            exp.TimestampSub,
     636            exp.UnixToTime,
     637        },
     638        exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: {
     639            exp.Day,
     640            exp.Month,
     641            exp.Week,
     642            exp.Year,
     643            exp.Quarter,
     644        },
     645        exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: {
     646            exp.ArrayConcat,
     647            exp.Concat,
     648            exp.ConcatWs,
     649            exp.DateToDateStr,
     650            exp.GroupConcat,
     651            exp.Initcap,
     652            exp.Lower,
     653            exp.Substring,
     654            exp.String,
     655            exp.TimeToStr,
     656            exp.TimeToTimeStr,
     657            exp.Trim,
     658            exp.TsOrDsToDateStr,
     659            exp.UnixToStr,
     660            exp.UnixToTimeStr,
     661            exp.Upper,
     662        },
     663    }
     664
     665    ANNOTATORS: AnnotatorsType = {
     666        **{
     667            expr_type: lambda self, e: self._annotate_unary(e)
     668            for expr_type in subclasses(exp.__name__, (exp.Unary, exp.Alias))
     669        },
     670        **{
     671            expr_type: lambda self, e: self._annotate_binary(e)
     672            for expr_type in subclasses(exp.__name__, exp.Binary)
     673        },
     674        **{
     675            expr_type: _annotate_with_type_lambda(data_type)
     676            for data_type, expressions in TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS.items()
     677            for expr_type in expressions
     678        },
     679        exp.Abs: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
     680        exp.Anonymous: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN),
     681        exp.Array: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expressions", array=True),
     682        exp.ArrayAgg: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", array=True),
     683        exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     684        exp.Bracket: lambda self, e: self._annotate_bracket(e),
     685        exp.Cast: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.args["to"]),
     686        exp.Case: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "default", "ifs"),
     687        exp.Coalesce: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     688        exp.Count: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
     689            e, exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT if e.args.get("big_int") else exp.DataType.Type.INT
     690        ),
     691        exp.DataType: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.copy()),
     692        exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
     693        exp.DateSub: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
     694        exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
     695        exp.Distinct: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expressions"),
     696        exp.Div: lambda self, e: self._annotate_div(e),
     697        exp.Dot: lambda self, e: self._annotate_dot(e),
     698        exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self._annotate_explode(e),
     699        exp.Extract: lambda self, e: self._annotate_extract(e),
     700        exp.Filter: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
     701        exp.GenerateDateArray: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
     702            e, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<DATE>")
     703        ),
     704        exp.GenerateTimestampArray: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
     705            e, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<TIMESTAMP>")
     706        ),
     707        exp.Greatest: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     708        exp.If: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "true", "false"),
     709        exp.Interval: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL),
     710        exp.Least: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     711        exp.Literal: lambda self, e: self._annotate_literal(e),
     712        exp.Map: lambda self, e: self._annotate_map(e),
     713        exp.Max: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     714        exp.Min: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
     715        exp.Null: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.NULL),
     716        exp.Nullif: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expression"),
     717        exp.PropertyEQ: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expression"),
     718        exp.Slice: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN),
     719        exp.Struct: lambda self, e: self._annotate_struct(e),
     720        exp.Sum: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions", promote=True),
     721        exp.Timestamp: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
     722            e,
     723            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ if e.args.get("with_tz") else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP,
     724        ),
     725        exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: self._annotate_to_map(e),
     726        exp.TryCast: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.args["to"]),
     727        exp.Unnest: lambda self, e: self._annotate_unnest(e),
     728        exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self._annotate_map(e),
     729    }
     730
     731    @classmethod
     732    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
     733        """
     734        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
     735
     736        Args:
     737            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
     738                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
     739                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
     740
     741        Example:
     742            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
     743            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
     744
     745        Returns:
     746            The corresponding Dialect instance.
     747        """
     748
     749        if not dialect:
     750            return cls()
     751        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
     752            return dialect()
     753        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
     754            return dialect
     755        if isinstance(dialect, str):
     756            try:
     757                dialect_name, *kv_strings = dialect.split(",")
     758                kv_pairs = (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_strings)
     759                kwargs = {}
     760                for pair in kv_pairs:
     761                    key = pair[0].strip()
     762                    value: t.Union[bool | str | None] = None
     763
     764                    if len(pair) == 1:
     765                        # Default initialize standalone settings to True
     766                        value = True
     767                    elif len(pair) == 2:
     768                        value = pair[1].strip()
     769
     770                        # Coerce the value to boolean if it matches to the truthy/falsy values below
     771                        value_lower = value.lower()
     772                        if value_lower in ("true", "1"):
     773                            value = True
     774                        elif value_lower in ("false", "0"):
     775                            value = False
     776
     777                    kwargs[key] = value
     778
     779            except ValueError:
     780                raise ValueError(
     781                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
     782                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
     783                )
     784
     785            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
     786            if not result:
     787                from difflib import get_close_matches
     788
     789                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
     790                if similar:
     791                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
     792
     793                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
     794
     795            return result(**kwargs)
     796
     797        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")
     798
     799    @classmethod
     800    def format_time(
     801        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
     802    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     803        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
     804        if isinstance(expression, str):
     805            return exp.Literal.string(
     806                # the time formats are quoted
     807                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
     808            )
     809
     810        if expression and expression.is_string:
     811            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
     812
     813        return expression
     814
     815    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
     816        normalization_strategy = kwargs.pop("normalization_strategy", None)
     817
     818        if normalization_strategy is None:
     819            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
     820        else:
     821            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())
     822
     823        self.settings = kwargs
     824
     825    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
     826        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
     827        return type(self) == other
     828
     829    def __hash__(self) -> int:
     830        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
     831        return hash(type(self))
     832
     833    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
     834        """
     835        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
     836
     837        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
     838        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
     839        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
     840        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
     841
     842        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
     843        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
     844        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
     845
     846        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
     847        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
     848
     849        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
     850        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
     851        """
     852        if (
     853            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
     854            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
     855            and (
     856                not expression.quoted
     857                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     858            )
     859        ):
     860            expression.set(
     861                "this",
     862                (
     863                    expression.this.upper()
     864                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     865                    else expression.this.lower()
     866                ),
     867            )
     868
     869        return expression
     870
     871    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
     872        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
     873        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
     874            return False
     875
     876        unsafe = (
     877            str.islower
     878            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     879            else str.isupper
     880        )
     881        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
     882
     883    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
     884        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
     885
     886        Args:
     887            text: The text to check.
     888            identify:
     889                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
     890                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
     891
     892        Returns:
     893            Whether the given text can be identified.
     894        """
     895        if identify is True or identify == "always":
     896            return True
     897
     898        if identify == "safe":
     899            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
     900
     901        return False
     902
     903    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
     904        """
     905        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
     906
     907        Args:
     908            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
     909            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
     910                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
     911        """
     912        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
     913            name = expression.this
     914            expression.set(
     915                "quoted",
     916                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
     917            )
     918
     919        return expression
     920
     921    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     922        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
     923            path_text = path.name
     924            if path.is_number:
     925                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
     926            try:
     927                return parse_json_path(path_text, self)
     928            except ParseError as e:
     929                if self.STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX:
     930                    logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
     931
     932        return path
     933
     934    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
     935        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
     936
     937    def parse_into(
     938        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
     939    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
     940        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
     941
     942    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
     943        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)
     944
     945    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
     946        return [
     947            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
     948            for expression in self.parse(sql)
     949        ]
     950
     951    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
     952        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
     953
     954    @property
     955    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
     956        return self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
     957
     958    @property
     959    def jsonpath_tokenizer(self) -> JSONPathTokenizer:
     960        return self.jsonpath_tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
     961
     962    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
     963        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)
     964
     965    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
     966        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)
     967
     968
     969DialectType = t.Union[str, Dialect, t.Type[Dialect], None]
     970
     971
     972def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
     973    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))
     974
     975
     976@unsupported_args("accuracy")
     977def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
     978    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)
     979
     980
     981def if_sql(
     982    name: str = "IF", false_value: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str] = None
     983) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.If], str]:
     984    def _if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
     985        return self.func(
     986            name,
     987            expression.this,
     988            expression.args.get("true"),
     989            expression.args.get("false") or false_value,
     990        )
     991
     992    return _if_sql
     993
     994
     995def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
     996    this = expression.this
     997    if self.JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION and isinstance(this, exp.Literal) and this.is_string:
     998        this.replace(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
     999
    1000    return self.binary(expression, "->" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONExtract) else "->>")
    1001
    1002
    1003def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    1004    return f"[{self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)}]"
    1005
    1006
    1007def inline_array_unless_query(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    1008    elem = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    1009    if isinstance(elem, exp.Expression) and elem.find(exp.Query):
    1010        return self.func("ARRAY", elem)
    1011    return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
    1012
    1013
    1014def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
    1015    return self.like_sql(
    1016        exp.Like(
    1017            this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this), expression=exp.Lower(this=expression.expression)
    1018        )
    1019    )
    1020
    1021
    1022def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
    1023    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1024    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"
    1025
    1026
    1027def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
    1028    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
    1029        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
    1030        expression.args["recursive"] = False
    1031    return self.with_sql(expression)
    1032
    1033
    1034def no_safe_divide_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SafeDivide, if_sql: str = "IF") -> str:
    1035    n = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1036    d = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1037    return f"{if_sql}(({d}) <> 0, ({n}) / ({d}), NULL)"
    1038
    1039
    1040def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
    1041    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
    1042    return self.sql(expression.this)
    1043
    1044
    1045def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
    1046    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
    1047    return ""
    1048
    1049
    1050def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    1051    return self.cast_sql(expression)
    1052
    1053
    1054def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
    1055    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
    1056) -> str:
    1057    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
    1058    return ""
    1059
    1060
    1061def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
    1062    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
    1063    return ""
    1064
    1065
    1066def property_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Property) -> str:
    1067    return f"{self.property_name(expression, string_key=True)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}"
    1068
    1069
    1070def str_position_sql(
    1071    self: Generator,
    1072    expression: exp.StrPosition,
    1073    generate_instance: bool = False,
    1074    str_position_func_name: str = "STRPOS",
    1075) -> str:
    1076    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1077    substr = self.sql(expression, "substr")
    1078    position = self.sql(expression, "position")
    1079    instance = expression.args.get("instance") if generate_instance else None
    1080    position_offset = ""
    1081
    1082    if position:
    1083        # Normalize third 'pos' argument into 'SUBSTR(..) + offset' across dialects
    1084        this = self.func("SUBSTR", this, position)
    1085        position_offset = f" + {position} - 1"
    1086
    1087    return self.func(str_position_func_name, this, substr, instance) + position_offset
    1088
    1089
    1090def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
    1091    return (
    1092        f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(exp.to_identifier(expression.expression.name))}"
    1093    )
    1094
    1095
    1096def var_map_sql(
    1097    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
    1098) -> str:
    1099    keys = expression.args["keys"]
    1100    values = expression.args["values"]
    1101
    1102    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
    1103        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
    1104        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
    1105
    1106    args = []
    1107    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
    1108        args.append(self.sql(key))
    1109        args.append(self.sql(value))
    1110
    1111    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)
    1112
    1113
    1114def build_formatted_time(
    1115    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
    1116) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    1117    """Helper used for time expressions.
    1118
    1119    Args:
    1120        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
    1121        dialect: target sql dialect.
    1122        default: the default format, True being time.
    1123
    1124    Returns:
    1125        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
    1126    """
    1127
    1128    def _builder(args: t.List):
    1129        return exp_class(
    1130            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1131            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
    1132                seq_get(args, 1)
    1133                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
    1134            ),
    1135        )
    1136
    1137    return _builder
    1138
    1139
    1140def time_format(
    1141    dialect: DialectType = None,
    1142) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix], t.Optional[str]]:
    1143    def _time_format(self: Generator, expression: exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1144        """
    1145        Returns the time format for a given expression, unless it's equivalent
    1146        to the default time format of the dialect of interest.
    1147        """
    1148        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    1149        return time_format if time_format != Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).TIME_FORMAT else None
    1150
    1151    return _time_format
    1152
    1153
    1154def build_date_delta(
    1155    exp_class: t.Type[E],
    1156    unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None,
    1157    default_unit: t.Optional[str] = "DAY",
    1158) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    1159    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
    1160        unit_based = len(args) == 3
    1161        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
    1162        unit = None
    1163        if unit_based or default_unit:
    1164            unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string(default_unit)
    1165            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
    1166        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
    1167
    1168    return _builder
    1169
    1170
    1171def build_date_delta_with_interval(
    1172    expression_class: t.Type[E],
    1173) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
    1174    def _builder(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
    1175        if len(args) < 2:
    1176            return None
    1177
    1178        interval = args[1]
    1179
    1180        if not isinstance(interval, exp.Interval):
    1181            raise ParseError(f"INTERVAL expression expected but got '{interval}'")
    1182
    1183        return expression_class(this=args[0], expression=interval.this, unit=unit_to_str(interval))
    1184
    1185    return _builder
    1186
    1187
    1188def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
    1189    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
    1190    this = seq_get(args, 1)
    1191
    1192    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
    1193        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
    1194    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)
    1195
    1196
    1197def date_add_interval_sql(
    1198    data_type: str, kind: str
    1199) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    1200    def func(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1201        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1202        interval = exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression))
    1203        return f"{data_type}_{kind}({this}, {self.sql(interval)})"
    1204
    1205    return func
    1206
    1207
    1208def timestamptrunc_sql(zone: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.TimestampTrunc], str]:
    1209    def _timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
    1210        args = [unit_to_str(expression), expression.this]
    1211        if zone:
    1212            args.append(expression.args.get("zone"))
    1213        return self.func("DATE_TRUNC", *args)
    1214
    1215    return _timestamptrunc_sql
    1216
    1217
    1218def no_timestamp_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Timestamp) -> str:
    1219    zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1220    if not zone:
    1221        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1222
    1223        target_type = annotate_types(expression).type or exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    1224        return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, target_type))
    1225    if zone.name.lower() in TIMEZONES:
    1226        return self.sql(
    1227            exp.AtTimeZone(
    1228                this=exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    1229                zone=zone,
    1230            )
    1231        )
    1232    return self.func("TIMESTAMP", expression.this, zone)
    1233
    1234
    1235def no_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Time) -> str:
    1236    # Transpile BQ's TIME(timestamp, zone) to CAST(TIMESTAMPTZ <timestamp> AT TIME ZONE <zone> AS TIME)
    1237    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ)
    1238    expr = exp.cast(
    1239        exp.AtTimeZone(this=this, zone=expression.args.get("zone")), exp.DataType.Type.TIME
    1240    )
    1241    return self.sql(expr)
    1242
    1243
    1244def no_datetime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Datetime) -> str:
    1245    this = expression.this
    1246    expr = expression.expression
    1247
    1248    if expr.name.lower() in TIMEZONES:
    1249        # Transpile BQ's DATETIME(timestamp, zone) to CAST(TIMESTAMPTZ <timestamp> AT TIME ZONE <zone> AS TIMESTAMP)
    1250        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ)
    1251        this = exp.cast(exp.AtTimeZone(this=this, zone=expr), exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1252        return self.sql(this)
    1253
    1254    this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)
    1255    expr = exp.cast(expr, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
    1256
    1257    return self.sql(exp.cast(exp.Add(this=this, expression=expr), exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))
    1258
    1259
    1260def locate_to_strposition(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    1261    return exp.StrPosition(
    1262        this=seq_get(args, 1), substr=seq_get(args, 0), position=seq_get(args, 2)
    1263    )
    1264
    1265
    1266def strposition_to_locate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    1267    return self.func(
    1268        "LOCATE", expression.args.get("substr"), expression.this, expression.args.get("position")
    1269    )
    1270
    1271
    1272def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1273    return self.sql(
    1274        exp.Substring(
    1275            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
    1276        )
    1277    )
    1278
    1279
    1280def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1281    return self.sql(
    1282        exp.Substring(
    1283            this=expression.this,
    1284            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
    1285        )
    1286    )
    1287
    1288
    1289def timestrtotime_sql(
    1290    self: Generator,
    1291    expression: exp.TimeStrToTime,
    1292    include_precision: bool = False,
    1293) -> str:
    1294    datatype = exp.DataType.build(
    1295        exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
    1296        if expression.args.get("zone")
    1297        else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    1298    )
    1299
    1300    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) and include_precision:
    1301        precision = subsecond_precision(expression.this.name)
    1302        if precision > 0:
    1303            datatype = exp.DataType.build(
    1304                datatype.this, expressions=[exp.DataTypeParam(this=exp.Literal.number(precision))]
    1305            )
    1306
    1307    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, datatype, dialect=self.dialect))
    1308
    1309
    1310def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
    1311    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
    1312
    1313
    1314# Used for Presto and Duckdb which use functions that don't support charset, and assume utf-8
    1315def encode_decode_sql(
    1316    self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True
    1317) -> str:
    1318    charset = expression.args.get("charset")
    1319    if charset and charset.name.lower() != "utf-8":
    1320        self.unsupported(f"Expected utf-8 character set, got {charset}.")
    1321
    1322    return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.args.get("replace") if replace else None)
    1323
    1324
    1325def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
    1326    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
    1327    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1328
    1329
    1330def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
    1331    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
    1332    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1333
    1334
    1335def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    1336    cond = expression.this
    1337
    1338    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
    1339        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
    1340        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
    1341
    1342    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond, 1, 0))
    1343
    1344
    1345def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
    1346    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1347    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
    1348    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1349    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
    1350
    1351    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
    1352    if not remove_chars:
    1353        return self.trim_sql(expression)
    1354
    1355    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
    1356    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
    1357    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
    1358    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
    1359    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"
    1360
    1361
    1362def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1363    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))
    1364
    1365
    1366def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat) -> str:
    1367    return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=y), expression.expressions))
    1368
    1369
    1370def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str:
    1371    delim, *rest_args = expression.expressions
    1372    return self.sql(
    1373        reduce(
    1374            lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=exp.DPipe(this=delim, expression=y)),
    1375            rest_args,
    1376        )
    1377    )
    1378
    1379
    1380@unsupported_args("position", "occurrence", "parameters")
    1381def regexp_extract_sql(
    1382    self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract | exp.RegexpExtractAll
    1383) -> str:
    1384    group = expression.args.get("group")
    1385
    1386    # Do not render group if it's the default value for this dialect
    1387    if group and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP):
    1388        group = None
    1389
    1390    return self.func(expression.sql_name(), expression.this, expression.expression, group)
    1391
    1392
    1393@unsupported_args("position", "occurrence", "modifiers")
    1394def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
    1395    return self.func(
    1396        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
    1397    )
    1398
    1399
    1400def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
    1401    names = []
    1402    for agg in aggregations:
    1403        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
    1404            names.append(agg.alias)
    1405        else:
    1406            """
    1407            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
    1408            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
    1409            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
    1410            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
    1411            """
    1412            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
    1413                lambda node: (
    1414                    exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
    1415                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    1416                    else node
    1417                )
    1418            )
    1419            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
    1420
    1421    return names
    1422
    1423
    1424def binary_from_function(expr_type: t.Type[B]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], B]:
    1425    return lambda args: expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))
    1426
    1427
    1428# Used to represent DATE_TRUNC in Doris, Postgres and Starrocks dialects
    1429def build_timestamp_trunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
    1430    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
    1431
    1432
    1433def any_value_to_max_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
    1434    return self.func("MAX", expression.this)
    1435
    1436
    1437def bool_xor_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Xor) -> str:
    1438    a = self.sql(expression.left)
    1439    b = self.sql(expression.right)
    1440    return f"({a} AND (NOT {b})) OR ((NOT {a}) AND {b})"
    1441
    1442
    1443def is_parse_json(expression: exp.Expression) -> bool:
    1444    return isinstance(expression, exp.ParseJSON) or (
    1445        isinstance(expression, exp.Cast) and expression.is_type("json")
    1446    )
    1447
    1448
    1449def isnull_to_is_null(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    1450    return exp.Paren(this=exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.null()))
    1451
    1452
    1453def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1454    self: Generator, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1455) -> str:
    1456    start = self.sql(expression, "start") or "1"
    1457    increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") or "1"
    1458    return f"IDENTITY({start}, {increment})"
    1459
    1460
    1461def arg_max_or_min_no_count(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin], str]:
    1462    @unsupported_args("count")
    1463    def _arg_max_or_min_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin) -> str:
    1464        return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.expression)
    1465
    1466    return _arg_max_or_min_sql
    1467
    1468
    1469def ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> exp.TsOrDsAdd:
    1470    this = expression.this.copy()
    1471
    1472    return_type = expression.return_type
    1473    if return_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE):
    1474        # If we need to cast to a DATE, we cast to TIMESTAMP first to make sure we
    1475        # can truncate timestamp strings, because some dialects can't cast them to DATE
    1476        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1477
    1478    expression.this.replace(exp.cast(this, return_type))
    1479    return expression
    1480
    1481
    1482def date_delta_sql(name: str, cast: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF], str]:
    1483    def _delta_sql(self: Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF) -> str:
    1484        if cast and isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
    1485            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
    1486
    1487        return self.func(
    1488            name,
    1489            unit_to_var(expression),
    1490            expression.expression,
    1491            expression.this,
    1492        )
    1493
    1494    return _delta_sql
    1495
    1496
    1497def unit_to_str(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1498    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1499
    1500    if isinstance(unit, exp.Placeholder):
    1501        return unit
    1502    if unit:
    1503        return exp.Literal.string(unit.name)
    1504    return exp.Literal.string(default) if default else None
    1505
    1506
    1507def unit_to_var(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1508    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1509
    1510    if isinstance(unit, (exp.Var, exp.Placeholder)):
    1511        return unit
    1512    return exp.Var(this=default) if default else None
    1513
    1514
    1515@t.overload
    1516def map_date_part(part: exp.Expression, dialect: DialectType = Dialect) -> exp.Var:
    1517    pass
    1518
    1519
    1520@t.overload
    1521def map_date_part(
    1522    part: t.Optional[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType = Dialect
    1523) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1524    pass
    1525
    1526
    1527def map_date_part(part, dialect: DialectType = Dialect):
    1528    mapped = (
    1529        Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).DATE_PART_MAPPING.get(part.name.upper()) if part else None
    1530    )
    1531    return exp.var(mapped) if mapped else part
    1532
    1533
    1534def no_last_day_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str:
    1535    trunc_curr_date = exp.func("date_trunc", "month", expression.this)
    1536    plus_one_month = exp.func("date_add", trunc_curr_date, 1, "month")
    1537    minus_one_day = exp.func("date_sub", plus_one_month, 1, "day")
    1538
    1539    return self.sql(exp.cast(minus_one_day, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
    1540
    1541
    1542def merge_without_target_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Merge) -> str:
    1543    """Remove table refs from columns in when statements."""
    1544    alias = expression.this.args.get("alias")
    1545
    1546    def normalize(identifier: t.Optional[exp.Identifier]) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1547        return self.dialect.normalize_identifier(identifier).name if identifier else None
    1548
    1549    targets = {normalize(expression.this.this)}
    1550
    1551    if alias:
    1552        targets.add(normalize(alias.this))
    1553
    1554    for when in expression.expressions:
    1555        # only remove the target names from the THEN clause
    1556        # theyre still valid in the <condition> part of WHEN MATCHED / WHEN NOT MATCHED
    1557        # ref: https://github.com/TobikoData/sqlmesh/issues/2934
    1558        then = when.args.get("then")
    1559        if then:
    1560            then.transform(
    1561                lambda node: (
    1562                    exp.column(node.this)
    1563                    if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and normalize(node.args.get("table")) in targets
    1564                    else node
    1565                ),
    1566                copy=False,
    1567            )
    1568
    1569    return self.merge_sql(expression)
    1570
    1571
    1572def build_json_extract_path(
    1573    expr_type: t.Type[F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False
    1574) -> t.Callable[[t.List], F]:
    1575    def _builder(args: t.List) -> F:
    1576        segments: t.List[exp.JSONPathPart] = [exp.JSONPathRoot()]
    1577        for arg in args[1:]:
    1578            if not isinstance(arg, exp.Literal):
    1579                # We use the fallback parser because we can't really transpile non-literals safely
    1580                return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
    1581
    1582            text = arg.name
    1583            if is_int(text):
    1584                index = int(text)
    1585                segments.append(
    1586                    exp.JSONPathSubscript(this=index if zero_based_indexing else index - 1)
    1587                )
    1588            else:
    1589                segments.append(exp.JSONPathKey(this=text))
    1590
    1591        # This is done to avoid failing in the expression validator due to the arg count
    1592        del args[2:]
    1593        return expr_type(
    1594            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1595            expression=exp.JSONPath(expressions=segments),
    1596            only_json_types=arrow_req_json_type,
    1597        )
    1598
    1599    return _builder
    1600
    1601
    1602def json_extract_segments(
    1603    name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: t.Optional[str] = None
    1604) -> t.Callable[[Generator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
    1605    def _json_extract_segments(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    1606        path = expression.expression
    1607        if not isinstance(path, exp.JSONPath):
    1608            return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1609
    1610        escape = path.args.get("escape")
    1611
    1612        segments = []
    1613        for segment in path.expressions:
    1614            path = self.sql(segment)
    1615            if path:
    1616                if isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathPart) and (
    1617                    quoted_index or not isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathSubscript)
    1618                ):
    1619                    if escape:
    1620                        path = self.escape_str(path)
    1621
    1622                    path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}"
    1623
    1624                segments.append(path)
    1625
    1626        if op:
    1627            return f" {op} ".join([self.sql(expression.this), *segments])
    1628        return self.func(name, expression.this, *segments)
    1629
    1630    return _json_extract_segments
    1631
    1632
    1633def json_path_key_only_name(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str:
    1634    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.JSONPathWildcard):
    1635        self.unsupported("Unsupported wildcard in JSONPathKey expression")
    1636
    1637    return expression.name
    1638
    1639
    1640def filter_array_using_unnest(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArrayFilter) -> str:
    1641    cond = expression.expression
    1642    if isinstance(cond, exp.Lambda) and len(cond.expressions) == 1:
    1643        alias = cond.expressions[0]
    1644        cond = cond.this
    1645    elif isinstance(cond, exp.Predicate):
    1646        alias = "_u"
    1647    else:
    1648        self.unsupported("Unsupported filter condition")
    1649        return ""
    1650
    1651    unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.this])
    1652    filtered = exp.select(alias).from_(exp.alias_(unnest, None, table=[alias])).where(cond)
    1653    return self.sql(exp.Array(expressions=[filtered]))
    1654
    1655
    1656def to_number_with_nls_param(self: Generator, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1657    return self.func(
    1658        "TO_NUMBER",
    1659        expression.this,
    1660        expression.args.get("format"),
    1661        expression.args.get("nlsparam"),
    1662    )
    1663
    1664
    1665def build_default_decimal_type(
    1666    precision: t.Optional[int] = None, scale: t.Optional[int] = None
    1667) -> t.Callable[[exp.DataType], exp.DataType]:
    1668    def _builder(dtype: exp.DataType) -> exp.DataType:
    1669        if dtype.expressions or precision is None:
    1670            return dtype
    1671
    1672        params = f"{precision}{f', {scale}' if scale is not None else ''}"
    1673        return exp.DataType.build(f"DECIMAL({params})")
    1674
    1675    return _builder
    1676
    1677
    1678def build_timestamp_from_parts(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
    1679    if len(args) == 2:
    1680        # Other dialects don't have the TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS(date, time) concept,
    1681        # so we parse this into Anonymous for now instead of introducing complexity
    1682        return exp.Anonymous(this="TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS", expressions=args)
    1683
    1684    return exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list(args)
    1685
    1686
    1687def sha256_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SHA2) -> str:
    1688    return self.func(f"SHA{expression.text('length') or '256'}", expression.this)
    1689
    1690
    1691def sequence_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.GenerateSeries | exp.GenerateDateArray) -> str:
    1692    start = expression.args.get("start")
    1693    end = expression.args.get("end")
    1694    step = expression.args.get("step")
    1695
    1696    if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
    1697        target_type = start.to
    1698    elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
    1699        target_type = end.to
    1700    else:
    1701        target_type = None
    1702
    1703    if start and end and target_type and target_type.is_type("date", "timestamp"):
    1704        if isinstance(start, exp.Cast) and target_type is start.to:
    1705            end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
    1706        else:
    1707            start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
    1708
    1709    return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)
    1710
    1711
    1712def build_regexp_extract(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List, Dialect], E]:
    1713    def _builder(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> E:
    1714        return expr_type(
    1715            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1716            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    1717            group=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.number(dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP),
    1718            parameters=seq_get(args, 3),
    1719        )
    1720
    1721    return _builder
    1722
    1723
    1724def explode_to_unnest_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
    1725    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Explode):
    1726        return self.sql(
    1727            exp.Join(
    1728                this=exp.Unnest(
    1729                    expressions=[expression.this.this],
    1730                    alias=expression.args.get("alias"),
    1731                    offset=isinstance(expression.this, exp.Posexplode),
    1732                ),
    1733                kind="cross",
    1734            )
    1735        )
    1736    return self.lateral_sql(expression)
    1737
    1738
    1739def timestampdiff_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DatetimeDiff | exp.TimestampDiff) -> str:
    1740    return self.func("TIMESTAMPDIFF", expression.unit, expression.expression, expression.this)
    1741
    1742
    1743def no_make_interval_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MakeInterval, sep: str = ", ") -> str:
    1744    args = []
    1745    for unit, value in expression.args.items():
    1746        if isinstance(value, exp.Kwarg):
    1747            value = value.expression
    1748
    1749        args.append(f"{value} {unit}")
    1750
    1751    return f"INTERVAL '{self.format_args(*args, sep=sep)}'"

DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff]
DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateSub]
JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract, sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar]
logger = <Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}
class Dialects(builtins.str, enum.Enum): View Source

    49class Dialects(str, Enum):
    50    """Dialects supported by SQLGLot."""
    51
    52    DIALECT = ""
    53
    54    ATHENA = "athena"
    55    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
    56    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
    57    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
    58    DORIS = "doris"
    59    DRILL = "drill"
    60    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
    61    HIVE = "hive"
    62    MATERIALIZE = "materialize"
    63    MYSQL = "mysql"
    64    ORACLE = "oracle"
    65    POSTGRES = "postgres"
    66    PRESTO = "presto"
    67    PRQL = "prql"
    68    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
    69    RISINGWAVE = "risingwave"
    70    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
    71    SPARK = "spark"
    72    SPARK2 = "spark2"
    73    SQLITE = "sqlite"
    74    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
    75    TABLEAU = "tableau"
    76    TERADATA = "teradata"
    77    TRINO = "trino"
    78    TSQL = "tsql"

Dialects supported by SQLGLot.

DIALECT = <Dialects.DIALECT: ''>
ATHENA = <Dialects.ATHENA: 'athena'>
BIGQUERY = <Dialects.BIGQUERY: 'bigquery'>
CLICKHOUSE = <Dialects.CLICKHOUSE: 'clickhouse'>
DATABRICKS = <Dialects.DATABRICKS: 'databricks'>
DORIS = <Dialects.DORIS: 'doris'>
DRILL = <Dialects.DRILL: 'drill'>
DUCKDB = <Dialects.DUCKDB: 'duckdb'>
HIVE = <Dialects.HIVE: 'hive'>
MATERIALIZE = <Dialects.MATERIALIZE: 'materialize'>
MYSQL = <Dialects.MYSQL: 'mysql'>
ORACLE = <Dialects.ORACLE: 'oracle'>
POSTGRES = <Dialects.POSTGRES: 'postgres'>
PRESTO = <Dialects.PRESTO: 'presto'>
PRQL = <Dialects.PRQL: 'prql'>
REDSHIFT = <Dialects.REDSHIFT: 'redshift'>
RISINGWAVE = <Dialects.RISINGWAVE: 'risingwave'>
SNOWFLAKE = <Dialects.SNOWFLAKE: 'snowflake'>
SPARK = <Dialects.SPARK: 'spark'>
SPARK2 = <Dialects.SPARK2: 'spark2'>
SQLITE = <Dialects.SQLITE: 'sqlite'>
STARROCKS = <Dialects.STARROCKS: 'starrocks'>
TABLEAU = <Dialects.TABLEAU: 'tableau'>
TERADATA = <Dialects.TERADATA: 'teradata'>
TRINO = <Dialects.TRINO: 'trino'>
TSQL = <Dialects.TSQL: 'tsql'>
class NormalizationStrategy(builtins.str, sqlglot.helper.AutoName): View Source

    81class NormalizationStrategy(str, AutoName):
    82    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
    83
    84    LOWERCASE = auto()
    85    """Unquoted identifiers are lowercased."""
    86
    87    UPPERCASE = auto()
    88    """Unquoted identifiers are uppercased."""
    89
    90    CASE_SENSITIVE = auto()
    91    """Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes."""
    92
    93    CASE_INSENSITIVE = auto()
    94    """Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes."""

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

LOWERCASE = <NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE: 'LOWERCASE'>

Unquoted identifiers are lowercased.

UPPERCASE = <NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE: 'UPPERCASE'>

Unquoted identifiers are uppercased.

CASE_SENSITIVE = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE: 'CASE_SENSITIVE'>

Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes.

CASE_INSENSITIVE = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes.

class Dialect: View Source

    219class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
    220    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
    221    """The base index offset for arrays."""
    222
    223    WEEK_OFFSET = 0
    224    """First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday."""
    225
    226    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
    227    """Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases."""
    228
    229    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
    230    """Whether the table alias comes after tablesample."""
    231
    232    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False
    233    """Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage."""
    234
    235    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE
    236    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
    237
    238    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
    239    """Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit."""
    240
    241    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
    242    """Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator."""
    243
    244    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
    245    """Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings."""
    246
    247    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
    248    """Whether user-defined data types are supported."""
    249
    250    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True
    251    """Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported."""
    252
    253    SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False
    254    """Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported."""
    255
    256    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
    257    """Separator of COPY statement parameters."""
    258
    259    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
    260    """
    261    Determines how function names are going to be normalized.
    262    Possible values:
    263        "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase.
    264        "lower": Convert names to lowercase.
    265        False: Disables function name normalization.
    266    """
    267
    268    PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES: bool = False
    269    """
    270    Whether the name of the function should be preserved inside the node's metadata,
    271    can be useful for roundtripping deprecated vs new functions that share an AST node
    272    e.g JSON_VALUE vs JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR in BigQuery
    273    """
    274
    275    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = True
    276    """
    277    Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function.
    278    Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)
    279    """
    280
    281    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
    282    """
    283    Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set.
    284    Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`
    285    """
    286
    287    TYPED_DIVISION = False
    288    """
    289    Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`.
    290    False means `a / b` is always float division.
    291    True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.
    292    """
    293
    294    SAFE_DIVISION = False
    295    """Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`)."""
    296
    297    CONCAT_COALESCE = False
    298    """A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string."""
    299
    300    HEX_LOWERCASE = False
    301    """Whether the `HEX` function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string."""
    302
    303    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
    304    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
    305    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
    306
    307    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    308    """Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats."""
    309
    310    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
    311    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
    312    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    313    """
    314    Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`.
    315    If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.
    316    """
    317
    318    UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    319    """Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\\n`) to its unescaped version (`\n`)."""
    320
    321    PSEUDOCOLUMNS: t.Set[str] = set()
    322    """
    323    Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect.
    324    For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.
    325    """
    326
    327    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False
    328    """
    329    Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the
    330    HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override
    331    any projection aliases in the subquery.
    332
    333    For example,
    334        WITH y(c) AS (
    335            SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    336        ) SELECT c FROM y;
    337
    338        will be rewritten as
    339
    340        WITH y(c) AS (
    341            SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    342        ) SELECT c FROM y;
    343    """
    344
    345    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
    346    """
    347    Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace
    348    """
    349
    350    FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION = False
    351    """
    352    Whether alias reference expansion (_expand_alias_refs()) should run before column qualification (_qualify_columns()).
    353
    354    For example:
    355        WITH data AS (
    356        SELECT
    357            1 AS id,
    358            2 AS my_id
    359        )
    360        SELECT
    361            id AS my_id
    362        FROM
    363            data
    364        WHERE
    365            my_id = 1
    366        GROUP BY
    367            my_id,
    368        HAVING
    369            my_id = 1
    370
    371    In most dialects, "my_id" would refer to "data.my_id" across the query, except:
    372        - BigQuery, which will forward the alias to GROUP BY + HAVING clauses i.e
    373          it resolves to "WHERE my_id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1"
    374        - Clickhouse, which will forward the alias across the query i.e it resolves
    375        to "WHERE id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1"
    376    """
    377
    378    EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY = False
    379    """Whether alias reference expansion before qualification should only happen for the GROUP BY clause."""
    380
    381    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = False
    382    """
    383    Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks
    384    """
    385
    386    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = False
    387    """
    388    Whether the ARRAY constructor is context-sensitive, i.e in Redshift ARRAY[1, 2, 3] != ARRAY(1, 2, 3)
    389    as the former is of type INT[] vs the latter which is SUPER
    390    """
    391
    392    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = False
    393    """
    394    Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g.
    395    in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should
    396    be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.
    397    """
    398
    399    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = True
    400    """Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning."""
    401
    402    ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR = True
    403    """Whether "X ON EMPTY" should come before "X ON ERROR" (for dialects like T-SQL, MySQL, Oracle)."""
    404
    405    ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS: t.Optional[bool] = True
    406    """Whether ArrayAgg needs to filter NULL values."""
    407
    408    PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE = False
    409    """
    410    This flag is used in the optimizer's canonicalize rule and determines whether x will be promoted
    411    to the literal's type in x::DATE < '2020-01-01 12:05:03' (i.e., DATETIME). When false, the literal
    412    is cast to x's type to match it instead.
    413    """
    414
    415    REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP = 0
    416    """The default value for the capturing group."""
    417
    418    SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Optional[bool]] = {
    419        exp.Except: True,
    420        exp.Intersect: True,
    421        exp.Union: True,
    422    }
    423    """
    424    Whether a set operation uses DISTINCT by default. This is `None` when either `DISTINCT` or `ALL`
    425    must be explicitly specified.
    426    """
    427
    428    CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
    429    """
    430    Helper for dialects that use a different name for the same creatable kind. For example, the Clickhouse
    431    equivalent of CREATE SCHEMA is CREATE DATABASE.
    432    """
    433
    434    # --- Autofilled ---
    435
    436    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
    437    jsonpath_tokenizer_class = JSONPathTokenizer
    438    parser_class = Parser
    439    generator_class = Generator
    440
    441    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
    442    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    443    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    444
    445    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    446    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    447    INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    448    INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    449
    450    INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
    451
    452    ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    453
    454    # Delimiters for string literals and identifiers
    455    QUOTE_START = "'"
    456    QUOTE_END = "'"
    457    IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
    458    IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
    459
    460    # Delimiters for bit, hex, byte and unicode literals
    461    BIT_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    462    BIT_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    463    HEX_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    464    HEX_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    465    BYTE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    466    BYTE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    467    UNICODE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    468    UNICODE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    469
    470    DATE_PART_MAPPING = {
    471        "Y": "YEAR",
    472        "YY": "YEAR",
    473        "YYY": "YEAR",
    474        "YYYY": "YEAR",
    475        "YR": "YEAR",
    476        "YEARS": "YEAR",
    477        "YRS": "YEAR",
    478        "MM": "MONTH",
    479        "MON": "MONTH",
    480        "MONS": "MONTH",
    481        "MONTHS": "MONTH",
    482        "D": "DAY",
    483        "DD": "DAY",
    484        "DAYS": "DAY",
    485        "DAYOFMONTH": "DAY",
    486        "DAY OF WEEK": "DAYOFWEEK",
    487        "WEEKDAY": "DAYOFWEEK",
    488        "DOW": "DAYOFWEEK",
    489        "DW": "DAYOFWEEK",
    490        "WEEKDAY_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
    491        "DOW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
    492        "DW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
    493        "DAY OF YEAR": "DAYOFYEAR",
    494        "DOY": "DAYOFYEAR",
    495        "DY": "DAYOFYEAR",
    496        "W": "WEEK",
    497        "WK": "WEEK",
    498        "WEEKOFYEAR": "WEEK",
    499        "WOY": "WEEK",
    500        "WY": "WEEK",
    501        "WEEK_ISO": "WEEKISO",
    502        "WEEKOFYEARISO": "WEEKISO",
    503        "WEEKOFYEAR_ISO": "WEEKISO",
    504        "Q": "QUARTER",
    505        "QTR": "QUARTER",
    506        "QTRS": "QUARTER",
    507        "QUARTERS": "QUARTER",
    508        "H": "HOUR",
    509        "HH": "HOUR",
    510        "HR": "HOUR",
    511        "HOURS": "HOUR",
    512        "HRS": "HOUR",
    513        "M": "MINUTE",
    514        "MI": "MINUTE",
    515        "MIN": "MINUTE",
    516        "MINUTES": "MINUTE",
    517        "MINS": "MINUTE",
    518        "S": "SECOND",
    519        "SEC": "SECOND",
    520        "SECONDS": "SECOND",
    521        "SECS": "SECOND",
    522        "MS": "MILLISECOND",
    523        "MSEC": "MILLISECOND",
    524        "MSECS": "MILLISECOND",
    525        "MSECOND": "MILLISECOND",
    526        "MSECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
    527        "MILLISEC": "MILLISECOND",
    528        "MILLISECS": "MILLISECOND",
    529        "MILLISECON": "MILLISECOND",
    530        "MILLISECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
    531        "US": "MICROSECOND",
    532        "USEC": "MICROSECOND",
    533        "USECS": "MICROSECOND",
    534        "MICROSEC": "MICROSECOND",
    535        "MICROSECS": "MICROSECOND",
    536        "USECOND": "MICROSECOND",
    537        "USECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
    538        "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
    539        "NS": "NANOSECOND",
    540        "NSEC": "NANOSECOND",
    541        "NANOSEC": "NANOSECOND",
    542        "NSECOND": "NANOSECOND",
    543        "NSECONDS": "NANOSECOND",
    544        "NANOSECS": "NANOSECOND",
    545        "EPOCH_SECOND": "EPOCH",
    546        "EPOCH_SECONDS": "EPOCH",
    547        "EPOCH_MILLISECONDS": "EPOCH_MILLISECOND",
    548        "EPOCH_MICROSECONDS": "EPOCH_MICROSECOND",
    549        "EPOCH_NANOSECONDS": "EPOCH_NANOSECOND",
    550        "TZH": "TIMEZONE_HOUR",
    551        "TZM": "TIMEZONE_MINUTE",
    552        "DEC": "DECADE",
    553        "DECS": "DECADE",
    554        "DECADES": "DECADE",
    555        "MIL": "MILLENIUM",
    556        "MILS": "MILLENIUM",
    557        "MILLENIA": "MILLENIUM",
    558        "C": "CENTURY",
    559        "CENT": "CENTURY",
    560        "CENTS": "CENTURY",
    561        "CENTURIES": "CENTURY",
    562    }
    563
    564    TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS: t.Dict[exp.DataType.Type, t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]]] = {
    565        exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: {
    566            exp.ApproxDistinct,
    567            exp.ArraySize,
    568            exp.Length,
    569        },
    570        exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: {
    571            exp.Between,
    572            exp.Boolean,
    573            exp.In,
    574            exp.RegexpLike,
    575        },
    576        exp.DataType.Type.DATE: {
    577            exp.CurrentDate,
    578            exp.Date,
    579            exp.DateFromParts,
    580            exp.DateStrToDate,
    581            exp.DiToDate,
    582            exp.StrToDate,
    583            exp.TimeStrToDate,
    584            exp.TsOrDsToDate,
    585        },
    586        exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: {
    587            exp.CurrentDatetime,
    588            exp.Datetime,
    589            exp.DatetimeAdd,
    590            exp.DatetimeSub,
    591        },
    592        exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: {
    593            exp.ApproxQuantile,
    594            exp.Avg,
    595            exp.Exp,
    596            exp.Ln,
    597            exp.Log,
    598            exp.Pow,
    599            exp.Quantile,
    600            exp.Round,
    601            exp.SafeDivide,
    602            exp.Sqrt,
    603            exp.Stddev,
    604            exp.StddevPop,
    605            exp.StddevSamp,
    606            exp.ToDouble,
    607            exp.Variance,
    608            exp.VariancePop,
    609        },
    610        exp.DataType.Type.INT: {
    611            exp.Ceil,
    612            exp.DatetimeDiff,
    613            exp.DateDiff,
    614            exp.TimestampDiff,
    615            exp.TimeDiff,
    616            exp.DateToDi,
    617            exp.Levenshtein,
    618            exp.Sign,
    619            exp.StrPosition,
    620            exp.TsOrDiToDi,
    621        },
    622        exp.DataType.Type.JSON: {
    623            exp.ParseJSON,
    624        },
    625        exp.DataType.Type.TIME: {
    626            exp.Time,
    627        },
    628        exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: {
    629            exp.CurrentTime,
    630            exp.CurrentTimestamp,
    631            exp.StrToTime,
    632            exp.TimeAdd,
    633            exp.TimeStrToTime,
    634            exp.TimeSub,
    635            exp.TimestampAdd,
    636            exp.TimestampSub,
    637            exp.UnixToTime,
    638        },
    639        exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: {
    640            exp.Day,
    641            exp.Month,
    642            exp.Week,
    643            exp.Year,
    644            exp.Quarter,
    645        },
    646        exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: {
    647            exp.ArrayConcat,
    648            exp.Concat,
    649            exp.ConcatWs,
    650            exp.DateToDateStr,
    651            exp.GroupConcat,
    652            exp.Initcap,
    653            exp.Lower,
    654            exp.Substring,
    655            exp.String,
    656            exp.TimeToStr,
    657            exp.TimeToTimeStr,
    658            exp.Trim,
    659            exp.TsOrDsToDateStr,
    660            exp.UnixToStr,
    661            exp.UnixToTimeStr,
    662            exp.Upper,
    663        },
    664    }
    665
    666    ANNOTATORS: AnnotatorsType = {
    667        **{
    668            expr_type: lambda self, e: self._annotate_unary(e)
    669            for expr_type in subclasses(exp.__name__, (exp.Unary, exp.Alias))
    670        },
    671        **{
    672            expr_type: lambda self, e: self._annotate_binary(e)
    673            for expr_type in subclasses(exp.__name__, exp.Binary)
    674        },
    675        **{
    676            expr_type: _annotate_with_type_lambda(data_type)
    677            for data_type, expressions in TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS.items()
    678            for expr_type in expressions
    679        },
    680        exp.Abs: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
    681        exp.Anonymous: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN),
    682        exp.Array: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expressions", array=True),
    683        exp.ArrayAgg: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", array=True),
    684        exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    685        exp.Bracket: lambda self, e: self._annotate_bracket(e),
    686        exp.Cast: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.args["to"]),
    687        exp.Case: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "default", "ifs"),
    688        exp.Coalesce: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    689        exp.Count: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
    690            e, exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT if e.args.get("big_int") else exp.DataType.Type.INT
    691        ),
    692        exp.DataType: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.copy()),
    693        exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
    694        exp.DateSub: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
    695        exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self._annotate_timeunit(e),
    696        exp.Distinct: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expressions"),
    697        exp.Div: lambda self, e: self._annotate_div(e),
    698        exp.Dot: lambda self, e: self._annotate_dot(e),
    699        exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self._annotate_explode(e),
    700        exp.Extract: lambda self, e: self._annotate_extract(e),
    701        exp.Filter: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
    702        exp.GenerateDateArray: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
    703            e, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<DATE>")
    704        ),
    705        exp.GenerateTimestampArray: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
    706            e, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<TIMESTAMP>")
    707        ),
    708        exp.Greatest: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    709        exp.If: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "true", "false"),
    710        exp.Interval: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL),
    711        exp.Least: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    712        exp.Literal: lambda self, e: self._annotate_literal(e),
    713        exp.Map: lambda self, e: self._annotate_map(e),
    714        exp.Max: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    715        exp.Min: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions"),
    716        exp.Null: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.NULL),
    717        exp.Nullif: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expression"),
    718        exp.PropertyEQ: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "expression"),
    719        exp.Slice: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN),
    720        exp.Struct: lambda self, e: self._annotate_struct(e),
    721        exp.Sum: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expressions", promote=True),
    722        exp.Timestamp: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(
    723            e,
    724            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ if e.args.get("with_tz") else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP,
    725        ),
    726        exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: self._annotate_to_map(e),
    727        exp.TryCast: lambda self, e: self._annotate_with_type(e, e.args["to"]),
    728        exp.Unnest: lambda self, e: self._annotate_unnest(e),
    729        exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self._annotate_map(e),
    730    }
    731
    732    @classmethod
    733    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
    734        """
    735        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
    736
    737        Args:
    738            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
    739                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
    740                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
    741
    742        Example:
    743            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
    744            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
    745
    746        Returns:
    747            The corresponding Dialect instance.
    748        """
    749
    750        if not dialect:
    751            return cls()
    752        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    753            return dialect()
    754        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    755            return dialect
    756        if isinstance(dialect, str):
    757            try:
    758                dialect_name, *kv_strings = dialect.split(",")
    759                kv_pairs = (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_strings)
    760                kwargs = {}
    761                for pair in kv_pairs:
    762                    key = pair[0].strip()
    763                    value: t.Union[bool | str | None] = None
    764
    765                    if len(pair) == 1:
    766                        # Default initialize standalone settings to True
    767                        value = True
    768                    elif len(pair) == 2:
    769                        value = pair[1].strip()
    770
    771                        # Coerce the value to boolean if it matches to the truthy/falsy values below
    772                        value_lower = value.lower()
    773                        if value_lower in ("true", "1"):
    774                            value = True
    775                        elif value_lower in ("false", "0"):
    776                            value = False
    777
    778                    kwargs[key] = value
    779
    780            except ValueError:
    781                raise ValueError(
    782                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
    783                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
    784                )
    785
    786            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
    787            if not result:
    788                from difflib import get_close_matches
    789
    790                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
    791                if similar:
    792                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
    793
    794                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
    795
    796            return result(**kwargs)
    797
    798        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")
    799
    800    @classmethod
    801    def format_time(
    802        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    803    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    804        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
    805        if isinstance(expression, str):
    806            return exp.Literal.string(
    807                # the time formats are quoted
    808                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    809            )
    810
    811        if expression and expression.is_string:
    812            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    813
    814        return expression
    815
    816    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
    817        normalization_strategy = kwargs.pop("normalization_strategy", None)
    818
    819        if normalization_strategy is None:
    820            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
    821        else:
    822            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())
    823
    824        self.settings = kwargs
    825
    826    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
    827        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
    828        return type(self) == other
    829
    830    def __hash__(self) -> int:
    831        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
    832        return hash(type(self))
    833
    834    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    835        """
    836        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
    837
    838        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
    839        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
    840        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
    841        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
    842
    843        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
    844        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
    845        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
    846
    847        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
    848        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
    849
    850        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
    851        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
    852        """
    853        if (
    854            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    855            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
    856            and (
    857                not expression.quoted
    858                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    859            )
    860        ):
    861            expression.set(
    862                "this",
    863                (
    864                    expression.this.upper()
    865                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    866                    else expression.this.lower()
    867                ),
    868            )
    869
    870        return expression
    871
    872    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
    873        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    874        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
    875            return False
    876
    877        unsafe = (
    878            str.islower
    879            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    880            else str.isupper
    881        )
    882        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
    883
    884    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    885        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    886
    887        Args:
    888            text: The text to check.
    889            identify:
    890                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
    891                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    892
    893        Returns:
    894            Whether the given text can be identified.
    895        """
    896        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    897            return True
    898
    899        if identify == "safe":
    900            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
    901
    902        return False
    903
    904    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    905        """
    906        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
    907
    908        Args:
    909            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
    910            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
    911                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
    912        """
    913        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
    914            name = expression.this
    915            expression.set(
    916                "quoted",
    917                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    918            )
    919
    920        return expression
    921
    922    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    923        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    924            path_text = path.name
    925            if path.is_number:
    926                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
    927            try:
    928                return parse_json_path(path_text, self)
    929            except ParseError as e:
    930                if self.STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX:
    931                    logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
    932
    933        return path
    934
    935    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    936        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    937
    938    def parse_into(
    939        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    940    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    941        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    942
    943    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
    944        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)
    945
    946    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    947        return [
    948            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
    949            for expression in self.parse(sql)
    950        ]
    951
    952    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    953        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
    954
    955    @property
    956    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    957        return self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
    958
    959    @property
    960    def jsonpath_tokenizer(self) -> JSONPathTokenizer:
    961        return self.jsonpath_tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
    962
    963    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    964        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)
    965
    966    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    967        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)

Dialect(**kwargs) View Source

    816    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
    817        normalization_strategy = kwargs.pop("normalization_strategy", None)
    818
    819        if normalization_strategy is None:
    820            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
    821        else:
    822            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())
    823
    824        self.settings = kwargs

INDEX_OFFSET = 0

The base index offset for arrays.

WEEK_OFFSET = 0

First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday.

UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False

Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases.

ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False

Whether the table alias comes after tablesample.

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE: 'LOWERCASE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False

Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit.

DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True

Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator.

STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False

Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True

Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True

Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace

NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = 'upper'

Determines how function names are going to be normalized.

###### Possible values:

> "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.

PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES: bool = False

Whether the name of the function should be preserved inside the node's metadata, can be useful for roundtripping deprecated vs new functions that share an AST node e.g JSON_VALUE vs JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR in BigQuery

LOG_BASE_FIRST: Optional[bool] = True

Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function. Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_small'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

TYPED_DIVISION = False

Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`. False means `a / b` is always float division. True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.

SAFE_DIVISION = False

Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`).

CONCAT_COALESCE = False

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

HEX_LOWERCASE = False

Whether the `HEX` function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string.

DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}

Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`. If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\n`) to its unescaped version (`` ).

PSEUDOCOLUMNS: Set[str] = set()

Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect. For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.

PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False

Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override any projection aliases in the subquery.

For example, WITH y(c) AS ( SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0 ) SELECT c FROM y;

    will be rewritten as

    WITH y(c) AS (
        SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    ) SELECT c FROM y;

FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION = False

Whether alias reference expansion (_expand_alias_refs()) should run before column qualification (_qualify_columns()).

###### For example:

> WITH data AS ( SELECT 1 AS id, 2 AS my_id ) SELECT id AS my_id FROM data WHERE my_id = 1 GROUP BY my_id, HAVING my_id = 1

In most dialects, "my_id" would refer to "data.my_id" across the query, except: - BigQuery, which will forward the alias to GROUP BY + HAVING clauses i.e it resolves to "WHERE my_id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1" - Clickhouse, which will forward the alias across the query i.e it resolves to "WHERE id = 1 GROUP BY id HAVING id = 1"

EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY = False

Whether alias reference expansion before qualification should only happen for the GROUP BY clause.

SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = False

Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks

HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = False

Whether the ARRAY constructor is context-sensitive, i.e in Redshift ARRAY[1, 2, 3] != ARRAY(1, 2, 3) as the former is of type INT[] vs the latter which is SUPER

SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = False

Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g. in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.

STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = True

Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning.

ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR = True

Whether "X ON EMPTY" should come before "X ON ERROR" (for dialects like T-SQL, MySQL, Oracle).

ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS: Optional[bool] = True

Whether ArrayAgg needs to filter NULL values.

PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE = False

This flag is used in the optimizer's canonicalize rule and determines whether x will be promoted to the literal's type in x::DATE < '2020-01-01 12:05:03' (i.e., DATETIME). When false, the literal is cast to x's type to match it instead.

REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP = 0

The default value for the capturing group.

SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT: Dict[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Optional[bool]] = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: True, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: True, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: True}

Whether a set operation uses DISTINCT by default. This is `None` when either `DISTINCT` or `ALL` must be explicitly specified.

CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}

Helper for dialects that use a different name for the same creatable kind. For example, the Clickhouse equivalent of CREATE SCHEMA is CREATE DATABASE.

tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'sqlglot.parser.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'sqlglot.generator.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
DATE_PART_MAPPING = {'Y': 'YEAR', 'YY': 'YEAR', 'YYY': 'YEAR', 'YYYY': 'YEAR', 'YR': 'YEAR', 'YEARS': 'YEAR', 'YRS': 'YEAR', 'MM': 'MONTH', 'MON': 'MONTH', 'MONS': 'MONTH', 'MONTHS': 'MONTH', 'D': 'DAY', 'DD': 'DAY', 'DAYS': 'DAY', 'DAYOFMONTH': 'DAY', 'DAY OF WEEK': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'WEEKDAY': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DOW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'WEEKDAY_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DOW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DAY OF YEAR': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DOY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'W': 'WEEK', 'WK': 'WEEK', 'WEEKOFYEAR': 'WEEK', 'WOY': 'WEEK', 'WY': 'WEEK', 'WEEK_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEARISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEAR_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'Q': 'QUARTER', 'QTR': 'QUARTER', 'QTRS': 'QUARTER', 'QUARTERS': 'QUARTER', 'H': 'HOUR', 'HH': 'HOUR', 'HR': 'HOUR', 'HOURS': 'HOUR', 'HRS': 'HOUR', 'M': 'MINUTE', 'MI': 'MINUTE', 'MIN': 'MINUTE', 'MINUTES': 'MINUTE', 'MINS': 'MINUTE', 'S': 'SECOND', 'SEC': 'SECOND', 'SECONDS': 'SECOND', 'SECS': 'SECOND', 'MS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSEC': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSECS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSECOND': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSECONDS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISEC': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECON': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECONDS': 'MILLISECOND', 'US': 'MICROSECOND', 'USEC': 'MICROSECOND', 'USECS': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSEC': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSECS': 'MICROSECOND', 'USECOND': 'MICROSECOND', 'USECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'NS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECOND': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECONDS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSECS': 'NANOSECOND', 'EPOCH_SECOND': 'EPOCH', 'EPOCH_SECONDS': 'EPOCH', 'EPOCH_MILLISECONDS': 'EPOCH_MILLISECOND', 'EPOCH_MICROSECONDS': 'EPOCH_MICROSECOND', 'EPOCH_NANOSECONDS': 'EPOCH_NANOSECOND', 'TZH': 'TIMEZONE_HOUR', 'TZM': 'TIMEZONE_MINUTE', 'DEC': 'DECADE', 'DECS': 'DECADE', 'DECADES': 'DECADE', 'MIL': 'MILLENIUM', 'MILS': 'MILLENIUM', 'MILLENIA': 'MILLENIUM', 'C': 'CENTURY', 'CENT': 'CENTURY', 'CENTS': 'CENTURY', 'CENTURIES': 'CENTURY'}
TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS: Dict[sqlglot.expressions.DataType.Type, Set[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]] = {<Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>}, <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Boolean'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Between'>}, <Type.DATE: 'DATE'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>}, <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>}, <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>}, <Type.INT: 'INT'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>}, <Type.JSON: 'JSON'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>}, <Type.TIME: 'TIME'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>}, <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>}, <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>}, <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDateStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToTimeStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDateStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>}}
ANNOTATORS: Dict[Type[~E], Callable[[sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types.TypeAnnotator, ~E], ~E]] = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Alias'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseNot'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Neg'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Not'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAlias'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unary'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Add'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseLeftShift'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseRightShift'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Connector'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DPipe'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distance'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Div'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Dot'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Escape'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GT'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GTE'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Glob'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILikeAny'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Is'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Kwarg'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LT'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LTE'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Like'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeAny'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mod'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mul'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeNEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlaps'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PropertyEQ'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SimilarTo'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Slice'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sub'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Boolean'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Between'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDateStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToTimeStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDateStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Anonymous'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Bracket'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distinct'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Filter'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Interval'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Null'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unnest'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>}
@classmethod
def get_or_raise( cls, dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType]) -> Dialect: View Source

    732    @classmethod
    733    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
    734        """
    735        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
    736
    737        Args:
    738            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
    739                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
    740                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
    741
    742        Example:
    743            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
    744            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
    745
    746        Returns:
    747            The corresponding Dialect instance.
    748        """
    749
    750        if not dialect:
    751            return cls()
    752        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    753            return dialect()
    754        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    755            return dialect
    756        if isinstance(dialect, str):
    757            try:
    758                dialect_name, *kv_strings = dialect.split(",")
    759                kv_pairs = (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_strings)
    760                kwargs = {}
    761                for pair in kv_pairs:
    762                    key = pair[0].strip()
    763                    value: t.Union[bool | str | None] = None
    764
    765                    if len(pair) == 1:
    766                        # Default initialize standalone settings to True
    767                        value = True
    768                    elif len(pair) == 2:
    769                        value = pair[1].strip()
    770
    771                        # Coerce the value to boolean if it matches to the truthy/falsy values below
    772                        value_lower = value.lower()
    773                        if value_lower in ("true", "1"):
    774                            value = True
    775                        elif value_lower in ("false", "0"):
    776                            value = False
    777
    778                    kwargs[key] = value
    779
    780            except ValueError:
    781                raise ValueError(
    782                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
    783                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
    784                )
    785
    786            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
    787            if not result:
    788                from difflib import get_close_matches
    789
    790                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
    791                if similar:
    792                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
    793
    794                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
    795
    796            return result(**kwargs)
    797
    798        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")

Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.

###### Arguments:

- dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.

###### Example:

>     >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
>     >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")

###### Returns:

> The corresponding Dialect instance.

@classmethod
def format_time( cls, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    800    @classmethod
    801    def format_time(
    802        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    803    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    804        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
    805        if isinstance(expression, str):
    806            return exp.Literal.string(
    807                # the time formats are quoted
    808                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    809            )
    810
    811        if expression and expression.is_string:
    812            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    813
    814        return expression

Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format.

settings
def normalize_identifier(self, expression: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    834    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    835        """
    836        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
    837
    838        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
    839        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
    840        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
    841        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
    842
    843        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
    844        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
    845        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
    846
    847        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
    848        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
    849
    850        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
    851        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
    852        """
    853        if (
    854            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    855            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
    856            and (
    857                not expression.quoted
    858                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    859            )
    860        ):
    861            expression.set(
    862                "this",
    863                (
    864                    expression.this.upper()
    865                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    866                    else expression.this.lower()
    867                ),
    868            )
    869
    870        return expression

Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.

For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive, and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.

There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.

Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags, like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.

SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.

def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool: View Source

    872    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
    873        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    874        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
    875            return False
    876
    877        unsafe = (
    878            str.islower
    879            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    880            else str.isupper
    881        )
    882        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)

Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules.

def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = 'safe') -> bool: View Source

    884    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    885        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    886
    887        Args:
    888            text: The text to check.
    889            identify:
    890                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
    891                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    892
    893        Returns:
    894            Whether the given text can be identified.
    895        """
    896        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    897            return True
    898
    899        if identify == "safe":
    900            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
    901
    902        return False

Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.

###### Arguments:

- text: The text to check.
- identify: `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`. `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.

###### Returns:

> Whether the given text can be identified.

def quote_identifier(self, expression: ~E, identify: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    904    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    905        """
    906        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
    907
    908        Args:
    909            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
    910            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
    911                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
    912        """
    913        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
    914            name = expression.this
    915            expression.set(
    916                "quoted",
    917                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    918            )
    919
    920        return expression

Adds quotes to a given identifier.

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
- identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    922    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    923        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    924            path_text = path.name
    925            if path.is_number:
    926                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
    927            try:
    928                return parse_json_path(path_text, self)
    929            except ParseError as e:
    930                if self.STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX:
    931                    logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
    932
    933        return path

def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    935    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    936        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def parse_into( self, expression_type: Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Collection[Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]]], sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    938    def parse_into(
    939        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    940    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    941        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def generate( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str: View Source

    943    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
    944        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)

def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[str]: View Source

    946    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    947        return [
    948            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
    949            for expression in self.parse(sql)
    950        ]

def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> List[sqlglot.tokens.Token]: View Source

    952    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    953        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)

tokenizer: sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer View Source

    955    @property
    956    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    957        return self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)

jsonpath_tokenizer: sqlglot.jsonpath.JSONPathTokenizer View Source

    959    @property
    960    def jsonpath_tokenizer(self) -> JSONPathTokenizer:
    961        return self.jsonpath_tokenizer_class(dialect=self)

def parser(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.parser.Parser: View Source

    963    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    964        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)

def generator(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.generator.Generator: View Source

    966    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    967        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)

DialectType = typing.Union[str, Dialect, typing.Type[Dialect], NoneType]
def rename_func( name: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.Expression], str]: View Source

    973def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    974    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))

@unsupported_args('accuracy')
def approx_count_distinct_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct) -> str: View Source

    977@unsupported_args("accuracy")
    978def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
    979    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)

def if_sql( name: str = 'IF', false_value: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.If], str]: View Source

    982def if_sql(
    983    name: str = "IF", false_value: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str] = None
    984) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.If], str]:
    985    def _if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
    986        return self.func(
    987            name,
    988            expression.this,
    989            expression.args.get("true"),
    990            expression.args.get("false") or false_value,
    991        )
    992
    993    return _if_sql

def arrow_json_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: Union[sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract, sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar]) -> str: View Source

     996def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
     997    this = expression.this
     998    if self.JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION and isinstance(this, exp.Literal) and this.is_string:
     999        this.replace(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    1000
    1001    return self.binary(expression, "->" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONExtract) else "->>")

def inline_array_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    1004def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    1005    return f"[{self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)}]"

def inline_array_unless_query( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    1008def inline_array_unless_query(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    1009    elem = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    1010    if isinstance(elem, exp.Expression) and elem.find(exp.Query):
    1011        return self.func("ARRAY", elem)
    1012    return inline_array_sql(self, expression)

def no_ilike_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ILike) -> str: View Source

    1015def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
    1016    return self.like_sql(
    1017        exp.Like(
    1018            this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this), expression=exp.Lower(this=expression.expression)
    1019        )
    1020    )

def no_paren_current_date_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate) -> str: View Source

    1023def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
    1024    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1025    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"

def no_recursive_cte_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.With) -> str: View Source

    1028def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
    1029    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
    1030        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
    1031        expression.args["recursive"] = False
    1032    return self.with_sql(expression)

def no_safe_divide_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide, if_sql: str = 'IF') -> str: View Source

    1035def no_safe_divide_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SafeDivide, if_sql: str = "IF") -> str:
    1036    n = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1037    d = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1038    return f"{if_sql}(({d}) <> 0, ({n}) / ({d}), NULL)"

def no_tablesample_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample) -> str: View Source

    1041def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
    1042    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
    1043    return self.sql(expression.this)

def no_pivot_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Pivot) -> str: View Source

    1046def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
    1047    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
    1048    return ""

def no_trycast_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str: View Source

    1051def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    1052    return self.cast_sql(expression)

def no_comment_column_constraint_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    1055def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
    1056    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
    1057) -> str:
    1058    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
    1059    return ""

def no_map_from_entries_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries) -> str: View Source

    1062def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
    1063    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
    1064    return ""

def property_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Property) -> str: View Source

    1067def property_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Property) -> str:
    1068    return f"{self.property_name(expression, string_key=True)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}"

def str_position_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition, generate_instance: bool = False, str_position_func_name: str = 'STRPOS') -> str: View Source

    1071def str_position_sql(
    1072    self: Generator,
    1073    expression: exp.StrPosition,
    1074    generate_instance: bool = False,
    1075    str_position_func_name: str = "STRPOS",
    1076) -> str:
    1077    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1078    substr = self.sql(expression, "substr")
    1079    position = self.sql(expression, "position")
    1080    instance = expression.args.get("instance") if generate_instance else None
    1081    position_offset = ""
    1082
    1083    if position:
    1084        # Normalize third 'pos' argument into 'SUBSTR(..) + offset' across dialects
    1085        this = self.func("SUBSTR", this, position)
    1086        position_offset = f" + {position} - 1"
    1087
    1088    return self.func(str_position_func_name, this, substr, instance) + position_offset

def struct_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract) -> str: View Source

    1091def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
    1092    return (
    1093        f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(exp.to_identifier(expression.expression.name))}"
    1094    )

def var_map_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Map | sqlglot.expressions.VarMap, map_func_name: str = 'MAP') -> str: View Source

    1097def var_map_sql(
    1098    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
    1099) -> str:
    1100    keys = expression.args["keys"]
    1101    values = expression.args["values"]
    1102
    1103    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
    1104        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
    1105        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
    1106
    1107    args = []
    1108    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
    1109        args.append(self.sql(key))
    1110        args.append(self.sql(value))
    1111
    1112    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)

def build_formatted_time( exp_class: Type[~E], dialect: str, default: Union[str, bool, NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    1115def build_formatted_time(
    1116    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
    1117) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    1118    """Helper used for time expressions.
    1119
    1120    Args:
    1121        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
    1122        dialect: target sql dialect.
    1123        default: the default format, True being time.
    1124
    1125    Returns:
    1126        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
    1127    """
    1128
    1129    def _builder(args: t.List):
    1130        return exp_class(
    1131            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1132            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
    1133                seq_get(args, 1)
    1134                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
    1135            ),
    1136        )
    1137
    1138    return _builder

Helper used for time expressions.

###### Arguments:

- exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
- dialect: target sql dialect.
- default: the default format, True being time.

###### Returns:

> A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.

def time_format( dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr | sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix], Optional[str]]: View Source

    1141def time_format(
    1142    dialect: DialectType = None,
    1143) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix], t.Optional[str]]:
    1144    def _time_format(self: Generator, expression: exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1145        """
    1146        Returns the time format for a given expression, unless it's equivalent
    1147        to the default time format of the dialect of interest.
    1148        """
    1149        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    1150        return time_format if time_format != Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).TIME_FORMAT else None
    1151
    1152    return _time_format

def build_date_delta( exp_class: Type[~E], unit_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, default_unit: Optional[str] = 'DAY') -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    1155def build_date_delta(
    1156    exp_class: t.Type[E],
    1157    unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None,
    1158    default_unit: t.Optional[str] = "DAY",
    1159) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    1160    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
    1161        unit_based = len(args) == 3
    1162        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
    1163        unit = None
    1164        if unit_based or default_unit:
    1165            unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string(default_unit)
    1166            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
    1167        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
    1168
    1169    return _builder

def build_date_delta_with_interval(expression_class: Type[~E]) -> Callable[[List], Optional[~E]]: View Source

    1172def build_date_delta_with_interval(
    1173    expression_class: t.Type[E],
    1174) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
    1175    def _builder(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
    1176        if len(args) < 2:
    1177            return None
    1178
    1179        interval = args[1]
    1180
    1181        if not isinstance(interval, exp.Interval):
    1182            raise ParseError(f"INTERVAL expression expected but got '{interval}'")
    1183
    1184        return expression_class(this=args[0], expression=interval.this, unit=unit_to_str(interval))
    1185
    1186    return _builder

def date_trunc_to_time( args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc | sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    1189def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
    1190    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
    1191    this = seq_get(args, 1)
    1192
    1193    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
    1194        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
    1195    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)

def date_add_interval_sql( data_type: str, kind: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.Expression], str]: View Source

    1198def date_add_interval_sql(
    1199    data_type: str, kind: str
    1200) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    1201    def func(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1202        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1203        interval = exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression))
    1204        return f"{data_type}_{kind}({this}, {self.sql(interval)})"
    1205
    1206    return func

def timestamptrunc_sql( zone: bool = False) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc], str]: View Source

    1209def timestamptrunc_sql(zone: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.TimestampTrunc], str]:
    1210    def _timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
    1211        args = [unit_to_str(expression), expression.this]
    1212        if zone:
    1213            args.append(expression.args.get("zone"))
    1214        return self.func("DATE_TRUNC", *args)
    1215
    1216    return _timestamptrunc_sql

def no_timestamp_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp) -> str: View Source

    1219def no_timestamp_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Timestamp) -> str:
    1220    zone = expression.args.get("zone")
    1221    if not zone:
    1222        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1223
    1224        target_type = annotate_types(expression).type or exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    1225        return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, target_type))
    1226    if zone.name.lower() in TIMEZONES:
    1227        return self.sql(
    1228            exp.AtTimeZone(
    1229                this=exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    1230                zone=zone,
    1231            )
    1232        )
    1233    return self.func("TIMESTAMP", expression.this, zone)

def no_time_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Time) -> str: View Source

    1236def no_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Time) -> str:
    1237    # Transpile BQ's TIME(timestamp, zone) to CAST(TIMESTAMPTZ <timestamp> AT TIME ZONE <zone> AS TIME)
    1238    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ)
    1239    expr = exp.cast(
    1240        exp.AtTimeZone(this=this, zone=expression.args.get("zone")), exp.DataType.Type.TIME
    1241    )
    1242    return self.sql(expr)

def no_datetime_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Datetime) -> str: View Source

    1245def no_datetime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Datetime) -> str:
    1246    this = expression.this
    1247    expr = expression.expression
    1248
    1249    if expr.name.lower() in TIMEZONES:
    1250        # Transpile BQ's DATETIME(timestamp, zone) to CAST(TIMESTAMPTZ <timestamp> AT TIME ZONE <zone> AS TIMESTAMP)
    1251        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ)
    1252        this = exp.cast(exp.AtTimeZone(this=this, zone=expr), exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1253        return self.sql(this)
    1254
    1255    this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)
    1256    expr = exp.cast(expr, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
    1257
    1258    return self.sql(exp.cast(exp.Add(this=this, expression=expr), exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))

def locate_to_strposition(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    1261def locate_to_strposition(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    1262    return exp.StrPosition(
    1263        this=seq_get(args, 1), substr=seq_get(args, 0), position=seq_get(args, 2)
    1264    )

def strposition_to_locate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition) -> str: View Source

    1267def strposition_to_locate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    1268    return self.func(
    1269        "LOCATE", expression.args.get("substr"), expression.this, expression.args.get("position")
    1270    )

def left_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    1273def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1274    return self.sql(
    1275        exp.Substring(
    1276            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
    1277        )
    1278    )

def right_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    1281def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    1282    return self.sql(
    1283        exp.Substring(
    1284            this=expression.this,
    1285            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
    1286        )
    1287    )

def timestrtotime_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime, include_precision: bool = False) -> str: View Source

    1290def timestrtotime_sql(
    1291    self: Generator,
    1292    expression: exp.TimeStrToTime,
    1293    include_precision: bool = False,
    1294) -> str:
    1295    datatype = exp.DataType.build(
    1296        exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
    1297        if expression.args.get("zone")
    1298        else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    1299    )
    1300
    1301    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) and include_precision:
    1302        precision = subsecond_precision(expression.this.name)
    1303        if precision > 0:
    1304            datatype = exp.DataType.build(
    1305                datatype.this, expressions=[exp.DataTypeParam(this=exp.Literal.number(precision))]
    1306            )
    1307
    1308    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, datatype, dialect=self.dialect))

def datestrtodate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate) -> str: View Source

    1311def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
    1312    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))

def encode_decode_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True) -> str: View Source

    1316def encode_decode_sql(
    1317    self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True
    1318) -> str:
    1319    charset = expression.args.get("charset")
    1320    if charset and charset.name.lower() != "utf-8":
    1321        self.unsupported(f"Expected utf-8 character set, got {charset}.")
    1322
    1323    return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.args.get("replace") if replace else None)

def min_or_least( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Min) -> str: View Source

    1326def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
    1327    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
    1328    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def max_or_greatest( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Max) -> str: View Source

    1331def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
    1332    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
    1333    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def count_if_to_sum( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CountIf) -> str: View Source

    1336def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    1337    cond = expression.this
    1338
    1339    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
    1340        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
    1341        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
    1342
    1343    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond, 1, 0))

def trim_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Trim) -> str: View Source

    1346def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
    1347    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1348    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
    1349    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1350    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
    1351
    1352    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
    1353    if not remove_chars:
    1354        return self.trim_sql(expression)
    1355
    1356    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
    1357    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
    1358    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
    1359    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
    1360    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"

def str_to_time_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> str: View Source

    1363def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    1364    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))

def concat_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Concat) -> str: View Source

    1367def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat) -> str:
    1368    return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=y), expression.expressions))

def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs) -> str: View Source

    1371def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str:
    1372    delim, *rest_args = expression.expressions
    1373    return self.sql(
    1374        reduce(
    1375            lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=exp.DPipe(this=delim, expression=y)),
    1376            rest_args,
    1377        )
    1378    )

@unsupported_args('position', 'occurrence', 'parameters')
def regexp_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract | sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll) -> str: View Source

    1381@unsupported_args("position", "occurrence", "parameters")
    1382def regexp_extract_sql(
    1383    self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract | exp.RegexpExtractAll
    1384) -> str:
    1385    group = expression.args.get("group")
    1386
    1387    # Do not render group if it's the default value for this dialect
    1388    if group and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP):
    1389        group = None
    1390
    1391    return self.func(expression.sql_name(), expression.this, expression.expression, group)

@unsupported_args('position', 'occurrence', 'modifiers')
def regexp_replace_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace) -> str: View Source

    1394@unsupported_args("position", "occurrence", "modifiers")
    1395def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
    1396    return self.func(
    1397        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
    1398    )

def pivot_column_names( aggregations: List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType]) -> List[str]: View Source

    1401def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
    1402    names = []
    1403    for agg in aggregations:
    1404        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
    1405            names.append(agg.alias)
    1406        else:
    1407            """
    1408            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
    1409            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
    1410            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
    1411            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
    1412            """
    1413            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
    1414                lambda node: (
    1415                    exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
    1416                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    1417                    else node
    1418                )
    1419            )
    1420            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
    1421
    1422    return names

def binary_from_function(expr_type: Type[~B]) -> Callable[[List], ~B]: View Source

    1425def binary_from_function(expr_type: t.Type[B]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], B]:
    1426    return lambda args: expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))

def build_timestamp_trunc(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    1430def build_timestamp_trunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
    1431    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))

def any_value_to_max_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue) -> str: View Source

    1434def any_value_to_max_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
    1435    return self.func("MAX", expression.this)

def bool_xor_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Xor) -> str: View Source

    1438def bool_xor_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Xor) -> str:
    1439    a = self.sql(expression.left)
    1440    b = self.sql(expression.right)
    1441    return f"({a} AND (NOT {b})) OR ((NOT {a}) AND {b})"

def is_parse_json(expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> bool: View Source

    1444def is_parse_json(expression: exp.Expression) -> bool:
    1445    return isinstance(expression, exp.ParseJSON) or (
    1446        isinstance(expression, exp.Cast) and expression.is_type("json")
    1447    )

def isnull_to_is_null(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    1450def isnull_to_is_null(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    1451    return exp.Paren(this=exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.null()))

def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    1454def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1455    self: Generator, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1456) -> str:
    1457    start = self.sql(expression, "start") or "1"
    1458    increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") or "1"
    1459    return f"IDENTITY({start}, {increment})"

def arg_max_or_min_no_count( name: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax | sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin], str]: View Source

    1462def arg_max_or_min_no_count(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin], str]:
    1463    @unsupported_args("count")
    1464    def _arg_max_or_min_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin) -> str:
    1465        return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.expression)
    1466
    1467    return _arg_max_or_min_sql

def ts_or_ds_add_cast( expression: sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd) -> sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd: View Source

    1470def ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> exp.TsOrDsAdd:
    1471    this = expression.this.copy()
    1472
    1473    return_type = expression.return_type
    1474    if return_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE):
    1475        # If we need to cast to a DATE, we cast to TIMESTAMP first to make sure we
    1476        # can truncate timestamp strings, because some dialects can't cast them to DATE
    1477        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1478
    1479    expression.this.replace(exp.cast(this, return_type))
    1480    return expression

def date_delta_sql( name: str, cast: bool = False) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff]], str]: View Source

    1483def date_delta_sql(name: str, cast: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF], str]:
    1484    def _delta_sql(self: Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF) -> str:
    1485        if cast and isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
    1486            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
    1487
    1488        return self.func(
    1489            name,
    1490            unit_to_var(expression),
    1491            expression.expression,
    1492            expression.this,
    1493        )
    1494
    1495    return _delta_sql

def unit_to_str( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, default: str = 'DAY') -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    1498def unit_to_str(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1499    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1500
    1501    if isinstance(unit, exp.Placeholder):
    1502        return unit
    1503    if unit:
    1504        return exp.Literal.string(unit.name)
    1505    return exp.Literal.string(default) if default else None

def unit_to_var( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, default: str = 'DAY') -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    1508def unit_to_var(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1509    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1510
    1511    if isinstance(unit, (exp.Var, exp.Placeholder)):
    1512        return unit
    1513    return exp.Var(this=default) if default else None

def map_date_part( part, dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType] = <class 'Dialect'>): View Source

    1528def map_date_part(part, dialect: DialectType = Dialect):
    1529    mapped = (
    1530        Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).DATE_PART_MAPPING.get(part.name.upper()) if part else None
    1531    )
    1532    return exp.var(mapped) if mapped else part

def no_last_day_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.LastDay) -> str: View Source

    1535def no_last_day_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str:
    1536    trunc_curr_date = exp.func("date_trunc", "month", expression.this)
    1537    plus_one_month = exp.func("date_add", trunc_curr_date, 1, "month")
    1538    minus_one_day = exp.func("date_sub", plus_one_month, 1, "day")
    1539
    1540    return self.sql(exp.cast(minus_one_day, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))

def merge_without_target_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Merge) -> str: View Source

    1543def merge_without_target_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Merge) -> str:
    1544    """Remove table refs from columns in when statements."""
    1545    alias = expression.this.args.get("alias")
    1546
    1547    def normalize(identifier: t.Optional[exp.Identifier]) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1548        return self.dialect.normalize_identifier(identifier).name if identifier else None
    1549
    1550    targets = {normalize(expression.this.this)}
    1551
    1552    if alias:
    1553        targets.add(normalize(alias.this))
    1554
    1555    for when in expression.expressions:
    1556        # only remove the target names from the THEN clause
    1557        # theyre still valid in the <condition> part of WHEN MATCHED / WHEN NOT MATCHED
    1558        # ref: https://github.com/TobikoData/sqlmesh/issues/2934
    1559        then = when.args.get("then")
    1560        if then:
    1561            then.transform(
    1562                lambda node: (
    1563                    exp.column(node.this)
    1564                    if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and normalize(node.args.get("table")) in targets
    1565                    else node
    1566                ),
    1567                copy=False,
    1568            )
    1569
    1570    return self.merge_sql(expression)

Remove table refs from columns in when statements.

def build_json_extract_path( expr_type: Type[~F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False) -> Callable[[List], ~F]: View Source

    1573def build_json_extract_path(
    1574    expr_type: t.Type[F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False
    1575) -> t.Callable[[t.List], F]:
    1576    def _builder(args: t.List) -> F:
    1577        segments: t.List[exp.JSONPathPart] = [exp.JSONPathRoot()]
    1578        for arg in args[1:]:
    1579            if not isinstance(arg, exp.Literal):
    1580                # We use the fallback parser because we can't really transpile non-literals safely
    1581                return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
    1582
    1583            text = arg.name
    1584            if is_int(text):
    1585                index = int(text)
    1586                segments.append(
    1587                    exp.JSONPathSubscript(this=index if zero_based_indexing else index - 1)
    1588                )
    1589            else:
    1590                segments.append(exp.JSONPathKey(this=text))
    1591
    1592        # This is done to avoid failing in the expression validator due to the arg count
    1593        del args[2:]
    1594        return expr_type(
    1595            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1596            expression=exp.JSONPath(expressions=segments),
    1597            only_json_types=arrow_req_json_type,
    1598        )
    1599
    1600    return _builder

def json_extract_segments( name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: Optional[str] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, Union[sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract, sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar]], str]: View Source

    1603def json_extract_segments(
    1604    name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: t.Optional[str] = None
    1605) -> t.Callable[[Generator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
    1606    def _json_extract_segments(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    1607        path = expression.expression
    1608        if not isinstance(path, exp.JSONPath):
    1609            return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1610
    1611        escape = path.args.get("escape")
    1612
    1613        segments = []
    1614        for segment in path.expressions:
    1615            path = self.sql(segment)
    1616            if path:
    1617                if isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathPart) and (
    1618                    quoted_index or not isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathSubscript)
    1619                ):
    1620                    if escape:
    1621                        path = self.escape_str(path)
    1622
    1623                    path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}"
    1624
    1625                segments.append(path)
    1626
    1627        if op:
    1628            return f" {op} ".join([self.sql(expression.this), *segments])
    1629        return self.func(name, expression.this, *segments)
    1630
    1631    return _json_extract_segments

def json_path_key_only_name( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey) -> str: View Source

    1634def json_path_key_only_name(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str:
    1635    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.JSONPathWildcard):
    1636        self.unsupported("Unsupported wildcard in JSONPathKey expression")
    1637
    1638    return expression.name

def filter_array_using_unnest( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter) -> str: View Source

    1641def filter_array_using_unnest(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArrayFilter) -> str:
    1642    cond = expression.expression
    1643    if isinstance(cond, exp.Lambda) and len(cond.expressions) == 1:
    1644        alias = cond.expressions[0]
    1645        cond = cond.this
    1646    elif isinstance(cond, exp.Predicate):
    1647        alias = "_u"
    1648    else:
    1649        self.unsupported("Unsupported filter condition")
    1650        return ""
    1651
    1652    unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.this])
    1653    filtered = exp.select(alias).from_(exp.alias_(unnest, None, table=[alias])).where(cond)
    1654    return self.sql(exp.Array(expressions=[filtered]))

def to_number_with_nls_param( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber) -> str: View Source

    1657def to_number_with_nls_param(self: Generator, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1658    return self.func(
    1659        "TO_NUMBER",
    1660        expression.this,
    1661        expression.args.get("format"),
    1662        expression.args.get("nlsparam"),
    1663    )

def build_default_decimal_type( precision: Optional[int] = None, scale: Optional[int] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.expressions.DataType], sqlglot.expressions.DataType]: View Source

    1666def build_default_decimal_type(
    1667    precision: t.Optional[int] = None, scale: t.Optional[int] = None
    1668) -> t.Callable[[exp.DataType], exp.DataType]:
    1669    def _builder(dtype: exp.DataType) -> exp.DataType:
    1670        if dtype.expressions or precision is None:
    1671            return dtype
    1672
    1673        params = f"{precision}{f', {scale}' if scale is not None else ''}"
    1674        return exp.DataType.build(f"DECIMAL({params})")
    1675
    1676    return _builder

def build_timestamp_from_parts(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Func: View Source

    1679def build_timestamp_from_parts(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
    1680    if len(args) == 2:
    1681        # Other dialects don't have the TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS(date, time) concept,
    1682        # so we parse this into Anonymous for now instead of introducing complexity
    1683        return exp.Anonymous(this="TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS", expressions=args)
    1684
    1685    return exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list(args)

def sha256_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SHA2) -> str: View Source

    1688def sha256_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SHA2) -> str:
    1689    return self.func(f"SHA{expression.text('length') or '256'}", expression.this)

def sequence_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries | sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray) -> str: View Source

    1692def sequence_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.GenerateSeries | exp.GenerateDateArray) -> str:
    1693    start = expression.args.get("start")
    1694    end = expression.args.get("end")
    1695    step = expression.args.get("step")
    1696
    1697    if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
    1698        target_type = start.to
    1699    elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
    1700        target_type = end.to
    1701    else:
    1702        target_type = None
    1703
    1704    if start and end and target_type and target_type.is_type("date", "timestamp"):
    1705        if isinstance(start, exp.Cast) and target_type is start.to:
    1706            end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
    1707        else:
    1708            start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
    1709
    1710    return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)

def build_regexp_extract( expr_type: Type[~E]) -> Callable[[List, Dialect], ~E]: View Source

    1713def build_regexp_extract(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List, Dialect], E]:
    1714    def _builder(args: t.List, dialect: Dialect) -> E:
    1715        return expr_type(
    1716            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1717            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    1718            group=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.number(dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP),
    1719            parameters=seq_get(args, 3),
    1720        )
    1721
    1722    return _builder

def explode_to_unnest_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Lateral) -> str: View Source

    1725def explode_to_unnest_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
    1726    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Explode):
    1727        return self.sql(
    1728            exp.Join(
    1729                this=exp.Unnest(
    1730                    expressions=[expression.this.this],
    1731                    alias=expression.args.get("alias"),
    1732                    offset=isinstance(expression.this, exp.Posexplode),
    1733                ),
    1734                kind="cross",
    1735            )
    1736        )
    1737    return self.lateral_sql(expression)

def timestampdiff_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff | sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff) -> str: View Source

    1740def timestampdiff_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DatetimeDiff | exp.TimestampDiff) -> str:
    1741    return self.func("TIMESTAMPDIFF", expression.unit, expression.expression, expression.this)

def no_make_interval_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval, sep: str = ', ') -> str: View Source

    1744def no_make_interval_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MakeInterval, sep: str = ", ") -> str:
    1745    args = []
    1746    for unit, value in expression.args.items():
    1747        if isinstance(value, exp.Kwarg):
    1748            value = value.expression
    1749
    1750        args.append(f"{value} {unit}")
    1751
    1752    return f"INTERVAL '{self.format_args(*args, sep=sep)}'"