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sqlglot.dialects.duckdb

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
  6from sqlglot.expressions import DATA_TYPE
  7from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  8    Dialect,
  9    JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE,
 10    NormalizationStrategy,
 11    approx_count_distinct_sql,
 12    arg_max_or_min_no_count,
 13    arrow_json_extract_sql,
 14    binary_from_function,
 15    bool_xor_sql,
 16    build_default_decimal_type,
 17    date_trunc_to_time,
 18    datestrtodate_sql,
 19    no_datetime_sql,
 20    encode_decode_sql,
 21    build_formatted_time,
 22    inline_array_unless_query,
 23    no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
 24    no_safe_divide_sql,
 25    no_time_sql,
 26    no_timestamp_sql,
 27    pivot_column_names,
 28    regexp_extract_sql,
 29    rename_func,
 30    str_position_sql,
 31    str_to_time_sql,
 32    timestamptrunc_sql,
 33    timestrtotime_sql,
 34    unit_to_var,
 35    unit_to_str,
 36    sha256_sql,
 37    build_regexp_extract,
 38)
 39from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
 40from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 41
 42DATETIME_DELTA = t.Union[
 43    exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd, exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateSub, exp.DatetimeSub
 44]
 45
 46WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS = (
 47    exp.FirstValue,
 48    exp.LastValue,
 49    exp.Lag,
 50    exp.Lead,
 51    exp.NthValue,
 52)
 53
 54
 55def _date_delta_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: DATETIME_DELTA) -> str:
 56    this = expression.this
 57    unit = unit_to_var(expression)
 58    op = (
 59        "+"
 60        if isinstance(expression, (exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd, exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd))
 61        else "-"
 62    )
 63
 64    to_type: t.Optional[DATA_TYPE] = None
 65    if isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
 66        to_type = expression.return_type
 67    elif this.is_string:
 68        # Cast string literals (i.e function parameters) to the appropriate type for +/- interval to work
 69        to_type = (
 70            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME
 71            if isinstance(expression, (exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.DatetimeSub))
 72            else exp.DataType.Type.DATE
 73        )
 74
 75    this = exp.cast(this, to_type) if to_type else this
 76
 77    return f"{self.sql(this)} {op} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit))}"
 78
 79
 80# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the DATE function
 81def _date_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Date) -> str:
 82    result = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
 83    zone = self.sql(expression, "zone")
 84
 85    if zone:
 86        date_str = self.func("STRFTIME", result, "'%d/%m/%Y'")
 87        date_str = f"{date_str} || ' ' || {zone}"
 88
 89        # This will create a TIMESTAMP with time zone information
 90        result = self.func("STRPTIME", date_str, "'%d/%m/%Y %Z'")
 91
 92    return result
 93
 94
 95# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the TIME_DIFF function
 96def _timediff_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.TimeDiff) -> str:
 97    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
 98    expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
 99
100    # Although the 2 dialects share similar signatures, BQ seems to inverse
101    # the sign of the result so the start/end time operands are flipped
102    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(expression), expr, this)
103
104
105def _array_sort_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.ArraySort) -> str:
106    if expression.expression:
107        self.unsupported("DuckDB ARRAY_SORT does not support a comparator")
108    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this)
109
110
111def _sort_array_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
112    name = "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT" if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false() else "ARRAY_SORT"
113    return self.func(name, expression.this)
114
115
116def _build_sort_array_desc(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
117    return exp.SortArray(this=seq_get(args, 0), asc=exp.false())
118
119
120def _build_date_diff(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
121    return exp.DateDiff(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
122
123
124def _build_generate_series(end_exclusive: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.GenerateSeries]:
125    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.GenerateSeries:
126        # Check https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/functions/nested.html#range-functions
127        if len(args) == 1:
128            # DuckDB uses 0 as a default for the series' start when it's omitted
129            args.insert(0, exp.Literal.number("0"))
130
131        gen_series = exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
132        gen_series.set("is_end_exclusive", end_exclusive)
133
134        return gen_series
135
136    return _builder
137
138
139def _build_make_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
140    if len(args) == 1:
141        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS)
142
143    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
144        year=seq_get(args, 0),
145        month=seq_get(args, 1),
146        day=seq_get(args, 2),
147        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
148        min=seq_get(args, 4),
149        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
150    )
151
152
153def _struct_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
154    args: t.List[str] = []
155
156    # BigQuery allows inline construction such as "STRUCT<a STRING, b INTEGER>('str', 1)" which is
157    # canonicalized to "ROW('str', 1) AS STRUCT(a TEXT, b INT)" in DuckDB
158    # The transformation to ROW will take place if a cast to STRUCT / ARRAY of STRUCTs is found
159    ancestor_cast = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Cast)
160    is_struct_cast = ancestor_cast and any(
161        casted_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT)
162        for casted_type in ancestor_cast.find_all(exp.DataType)
163    )
164
165    for i, expr in enumerate(expression.expressions):
166        is_property_eq = isinstance(expr, exp.PropertyEQ)
167        value = expr.expression if is_property_eq else expr
168
169        if is_struct_cast:
170            args.append(self.sql(value))
171        else:
172            key = expr.name if is_property_eq else f"_{i}"
173            args.append(f"{self.sql(exp.Literal.string(key))}: {self.sql(value)}")
174
175    csv_args = ", ".join(args)
176
177    return f"ROW({csv_args})" if is_struct_cast else f"{{{csv_args}}}"
178
179
180def _datatype_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
181    if expression.is_type("array"):
182        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{self.expressions(expression, key='values', flat=True)}]"
183
184    # Modifiers are not supported for TIME, [TIME | TIMESTAMP] WITH TIME ZONE
185    if expression.is_type(
186        exp.DataType.Type.TIME, exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
187    ):
188        return expression.this.value
189
190    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
191
192
193def _json_format_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONFormat) -> str:
194    sql = self.func("TO_JSON", expression.this, expression.args.get("options"))
195    return f"CAST({sql} AS TEXT)"
196
197
198def _unix_to_time_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
199    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
200    timestamp = expression.this
201
202    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
203        return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
204    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
205        return self.func("EPOCH_MS", timestamp)
206    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
207        return self.func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
208
209    return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)))
210
211
212WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS = (exp.Binary, exp.Bracket, exp.In)
213
214
215def _arrow_json_extract_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
216    arrow_sql = arrow_json_extract_sql(self, expression)
217    if not expression.same_parent and isinstance(
218        expression.parent, WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS
219    ):
220        arrow_sql = self.wrap(arrow_sql)
221    return arrow_sql
222
223
224def _implicit_datetime_cast(
225    arg: t.Optional[exp.Expression], type: exp.DataType.Type = exp.DataType.Type.DATE
226) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
227    return exp.cast(arg, type) if isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) else arg
228
229
230def _date_diff_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
231    this = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.this)
232    expr = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.expression)
233
234    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(expression), expr, this)
235
236
237def _generate_datetime_array_sql(
238    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: t.Union[exp.GenerateDateArray, exp.GenerateTimestampArray]
239) -> str:
240    is_generate_date_array = isinstance(expression, exp.GenerateDateArray)
241
242    type = exp.DataType.Type.DATE if is_generate_date_array else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
243    start = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.args.get("start"), type=type)
244    end = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.args.get("end"), type=type)
245
246    # BQ's GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY & GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY are transformed to DuckDB'S GENERATE_SERIES
247    gen_series: t.Union[exp.GenerateSeries, exp.Cast] = exp.GenerateSeries(
248        start=start, end=end, step=expression.args.get("step")
249    )
250
251    if is_generate_date_array:
252        # The GENERATE_SERIES result type is TIMESTAMP array, so to match BQ's semantics for
253        # GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY we must cast it back to DATE array
254        gen_series = exp.cast(gen_series, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<DATE>"))
255
256    return self.sql(gen_series)
257
258
259class DuckDB(Dialect):
260    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
261    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
262    SAFE_DIVISION = True
263    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
264    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
265    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True
266    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True
267    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False
268
269    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
270    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
271
272    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
273        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
274            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
275            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
276            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
277            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
278            path_text = path.name
279            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
280                return path
281
282        return super().to_json_path(path)
283
284    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
285        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
286
287        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
288        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
289
290        KEYWORDS = {
291            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
292            "//": TokenType.DIV,
293            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
294            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
295            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
296            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
297            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
298            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
299            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
300            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
301            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
302            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
303            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
304            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
305            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
306            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
307            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
308            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
309            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
310            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
311            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
312            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
313            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
314            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
315            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
316        }
317        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
318
319        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
320            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
321            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
322        }
323
324    class Parser(parser.Parser):
325        BITWISE = {
326            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
327            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
328        }
329
330        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
331
332        FUNCTIONS = {
333            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
334            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
335            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
336            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
337            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
338            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
339            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
340            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
341                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
342            ),
343            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
344                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
345            ),
346            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
347            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
348                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
349            ),
350            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
351            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
352            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
353            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
354            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
355            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
356            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
357            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
358            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
359            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
360                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
361            ),
362            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
363            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
364            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract,
365            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
366            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
367                this=seq_get(args, 0),
368                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
369                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
370                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
371            ),
372            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
373            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
374            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
375            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
376            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
377            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
378            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
379            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
380            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
381            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
382            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
383            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
384            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
385        }
386
387        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
388        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
389
390        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
391        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
392
393        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
394            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
395            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
396        }
397
398        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
399            TokenType.SEMI,
400            TokenType.ANTI,
401        }
402
403        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
404            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
405            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
406                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
407                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
408                else None
409            ),
410        }
411
412        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
413            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
414            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
415            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
416            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
417        }
418
419        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
420            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
421            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
422            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
423                if sample.args.get("size"):
424                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
425                else:
426                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
427
428            return sample
429
430        def _parse_bracket(
431            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
432        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
433            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
434            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
435                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
436
437            return bracket
438
439        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
440            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
441                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
442
443            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
444            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
445
446        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
447            return self._parse_field_def()
448
449        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
450            if len(aggregations) == 1:
451                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
452            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
453
454    class Generator(generator.Generator):
455        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
456        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
457        JOIN_HINTS = False
458        TABLE_HINTS = False
459        QUERY_HINTS = False
460        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
461        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
462        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
463        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
464        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
465        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
466        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
467        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
468        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
469        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
470        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
471        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
472        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
473        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
474        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
475        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
476        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
477        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
478        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
479
480        TRANSFORMS = {
481            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
482            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
483            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
484            exp.ArrayContainsAll: rename_func("ARRAY_HAS_ALL"),
485            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
486            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
487            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
488            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
489            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
490            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
491            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
492            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
493            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
494            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
495            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
496            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
497            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
498            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
499            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
500            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
501            exp.Date: _date_sql,
502            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
503            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
504            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
505            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
506            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
507            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
508            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
509            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
510            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
511            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
512            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
513            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
514            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
515            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
516            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
517            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
518            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
519            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
520            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
521            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
522            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
523            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
524            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
525            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
526            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
527            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
528            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
529                "DATEDIFF",
530                "'month'",
531                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
532                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
533            ),
534            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
535            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
536            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
537            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
538            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
539            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
540            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
541                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
542                e.this,
543                e.expression,
544                e.args.get("replacement"),
545                e.args.get("modifiers"),
546            ),
547            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
548            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
549            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
550            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
551            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
552            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
553            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
554            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
555            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
556            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
557            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
558                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
559            ),
560            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
561            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
562            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
563            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
564            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
565            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
566            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
567                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
568            ),
569            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
570            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
571            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
572            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
573                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
574            ),
575            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
576            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
577            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
578            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
579            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
580            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
581                "DATE_DIFF",
582                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
583                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
584                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
585            ),
586            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
587                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
588            ),
589            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
590                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
591            ),
592            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
593            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
594            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
595            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
596            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
597        }
598
599        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
600            exp.JSONPathKey,
601            exp.JSONPathRoot,
602            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
603            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
604        }
605
606        TYPE_MAPPING = {
607            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
608            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
609            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
610            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
611            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
612            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
613            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
614            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
615            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
616            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
617            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
618            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
619            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
620            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
621            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
622        }
623
624        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
625        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
626            "array",
627            "analyse",
628            "union",
629            "all",
630            "when",
631            "in_p",
632            "default",
633            "create_p",
634            "window",
635            "asymmetric",
636            "to",
637            "else",
638            "localtime",
639            "from",
640            "end_p",
641            "select",
642            "current_date",
643            "foreign",
644            "with",
645            "grant",
646            "session_user",
647            "or",
648            "except",
649            "references",
650            "fetch",
651            "limit",
652            "group_p",
653            "leading",
654            "into",
655            "collate",
656            "offset",
657            "do",
658            "then",
659            "localtimestamp",
660            "check_p",
661            "lateral_p",
662            "current_role",
663            "where",
664            "asc_p",
665            "placing",
666            "desc_p",
667            "user",
668            "unique",
669            "initially",
670            "column",
671            "both",
672            "some",
673            "as",
674            "any",
675            "only",
676            "deferrable",
677            "null_p",
678            "current_time",
679            "true_p",
680            "table",
681            "case",
682            "trailing",
683            "variadic",
684            "for",
685            "on",
686            "distinct",
687            "false_p",
688            "not",
689            "constraint",
690            "current_timestamp",
691            "returning",
692            "primary",
693            "intersect",
694            "having",
695            "analyze",
696            "current_user",
697            "and",
698            "cast",
699            "symmetric",
700            "using",
701            "order",
702            "current_catalog",
703        }
704
705        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
706
707        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
708        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
709        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
710            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
711            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
712        }
713
714        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
715        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
716        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
717        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
718        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
719
720        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
721            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
722
723        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
724            if expression.args.get("safe"):
725                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
726                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
727            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
728
729        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
730            if expression.args.get("safe"):
731                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
732                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
733            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
734
735        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
736            arg = expression.this
737            if expression.args.get("safe"):
738                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
739            return self.func("JSON", arg)
740
741        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
742            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
743            if nano is not None:
744                expression.set(
745                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
746                )
747
748            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
749
750        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
751            sec = expression.args["sec"]
752
753            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
754            if milli is not None:
755                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
756
757            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
758            if nano is not None:
759                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
760
761            if milli or nano:
762                expression.set("sec", sec)
763
764            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
765
766        def tablesample_sql(
767            self,
768            expression: exp.TableSample,
769            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
770        ) -> str:
771            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
772                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
773                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
774
775            if expression.args.get("size"):
776                method = expression.args.get("method")
777                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
778                    self.unsupported(
779                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
780                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
781                    )
782                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
783
784            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
785
786        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
787            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
788            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
789
790            if unit.startswith("week"):
791                multiplier = 7
792            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
793                multiplier = 90
794
795            if multiplier:
796                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
797
798            return super().interval_sql(expression)
799
800        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
801            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
802                return self.sql(expression, "this")
803            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
804
805        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
806            if (
807                expression.side == "LEFT"
808                and not expression.args.get("on")
809                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
810            ):
811                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
812                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
813                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
814
815            return super().join_sql(expression)
816
817        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
818            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
819            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
820                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
821
822            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
823
824        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
825            this = expression.this
826            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
827                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
828
829            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
830
831            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
832                if not this.type:
833                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
834
835                    this = annotate_types(this)
836
837                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
838                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
839
840            return bracket
841
842        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
843            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
844
845            func = expression.this
846            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
847                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
848                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
849                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
850                if order_col:
851                    func.set("expression", func.this)
852                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
853
854            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
855
856            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
857
858        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
859            arg = expression.this
860
861            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
862            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
863            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
864                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
865
866            if not arg.type:
867                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
868
869                arg = annotate_types(arg)
870
871            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
872                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
873
874            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
875            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
876            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
877
878            case = (
879                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
880                .when(
881                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
882                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
883                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
884            )
885
886            return self.sql(case)
887
888        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
889            this = expression.this
890            key = expression.args.get("key")
891            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
892            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
893
894            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
895
896            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
897            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
898            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
899                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
900
901            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
902
903        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
904            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
905            if explode_array:
906                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
907                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
908                expression.expressions.append(
909                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
910                )
911
912                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
913                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
914                if alias:
915                    expression.set("alias", None)
916                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
917
918                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
919                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
920                return self.sql(select)
921
922            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
923
924        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
925            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
926                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
927                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
928                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
929
930            return self.sql(expression, "this")
931
932        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
933            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
934            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
935
936            if null_text:
937                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
938
939            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>)
WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Bracket'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>)
class DuckDB(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect):
260class DuckDB(Dialect):
261    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
262    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
263    SAFE_DIVISION = True
264    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
265    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
266    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True
267    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True
268    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False
269
270    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
271    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
272
273    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
274        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
275            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
276            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
277            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
278            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
279            path_text = path.name
280            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
281                return path
282
283        return super().to_json_path(path)
284
285    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
286        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
287
288        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
289        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
290
291        KEYWORDS = {
292            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
293            "//": TokenType.DIV,
294            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
295            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
296            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
297            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
298            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
299            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
300            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
301            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
302            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
303            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
304            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
305            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
306            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
307            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
308            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
309            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
310            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
311            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
312            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
313            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
314            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
315            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
316            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
317        }
318        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
319
320        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
321            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
322            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
323        }
324
325    class Parser(parser.Parser):
326        BITWISE = {
327            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
328            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
329        }
330
331        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
332
333        FUNCTIONS = {
334            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
335            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
336            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
337            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
338            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
339            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
340            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
341            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
342                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
343            ),
344            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
345                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
346            ),
347            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
348            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
349                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
350            ),
351            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
352            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
353            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
354            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
355            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
356            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
357            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
358            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
359            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
360            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
361                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
362            ),
363            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
364            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
365            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract,
366            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
367            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
368                this=seq_get(args, 0),
369                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
370                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
371                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
372            ),
373            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
374            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
375            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
376            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
377            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
378            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
379            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
380            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
381            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
382            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
383            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
384            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
385            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
386        }
387
388        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
389        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
390
391        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
392        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
393
394        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
395            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
396            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
397        }
398
399        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
400            TokenType.SEMI,
401            TokenType.ANTI,
402        }
403
404        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
405            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
406            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
407                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
408                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
409                else None
410            ),
411        }
412
413        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
414            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
415            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
416            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
417            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
418        }
419
420        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
421            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
422            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
423            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
424                if sample.args.get("size"):
425                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
426                else:
427                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
428
429            return sample
430
431        def _parse_bracket(
432            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
433        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
434            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
435            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
436                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
437
438            return bracket
439
440        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
441            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
442                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
443
444            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
445            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
446
447        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
448            return self._parse_field_def()
449
450        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
451            if len(aggregations) == 1:
452                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
453            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
454
455    class Generator(generator.Generator):
456        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
457        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
458        JOIN_HINTS = False
459        TABLE_HINTS = False
460        QUERY_HINTS = False
461        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
462        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
463        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
464        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
465        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
466        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
467        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
468        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
469        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
470        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
471        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
472        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
473        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
474        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
475        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
476        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
477        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
478        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
479        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
480
481        TRANSFORMS = {
482            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
483            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
484            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
485            exp.ArrayContainsAll: rename_func("ARRAY_HAS_ALL"),
486            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
487            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
488            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
489            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
490            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
491            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
492            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
493            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
494            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
495            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
496            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
497            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
498            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
499            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
500            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
501            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
502            exp.Date: _date_sql,
503            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
504            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
505            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
506            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
507            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
508            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
509            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
510            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
511            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
512            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
513            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
514            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
515            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
516            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
517            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
518            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
519            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
520            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
521            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
522            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
523            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
524            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
525            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
526            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
527            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
528            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
529            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
530                "DATEDIFF",
531                "'month'",
532                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
533                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
534            ),
535            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
536            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
537            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
538            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
539            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
540            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
541            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
542                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
543                e.this,
544                e.expression,
545                e.args.get("replacement"),
546                e.args.get("modifiers"),
547            ),
548            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
549            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
550            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
551            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
552            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
553            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
554            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
555            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
556            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
557            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
558            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
559                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
560            ),
561            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
562            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
563            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
564            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
565            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
566            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
567            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
568                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
569            ),
570            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
571            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
572            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
573            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
574                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
575            ),
576            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
577            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
578            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
579            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
580            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
581            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
582                "DATE_DIFF",
583                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
584                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
585                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
586            ),
587            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
588                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
589            ),
590            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
591                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
592            ),
593            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
594            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
595            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
596            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
597            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
598        }
599
600        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
601            exp.JSONPathKey,
602            exp.JSONPathRoot,
603            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
604            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
605        }
606
607        TYPE_MAPPING = {
608            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
609            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
610            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
611            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
612            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
613            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
614            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
615            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
616            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
617            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
618            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
619            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
620            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
621            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
622            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
623        }
624
625        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
626        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
627            "array",
628            "analyse",
629            "union",
630            "all",
631            "when",
632            "in_p",
633            "default",
634            "create_p",
635            "window",
636            "asymmetric",
637            "to",
638            "else",
639            "localtime",
640            "from",
641            "end_p",
642            "select",
643            "current_date",
644            "foreign",
645            "with",
646            "grant",
647            "session_user",
648            "or",
649            "except",
650            "references",
651            "fetch",
652            "limit",
653            "group_p",
654            "leading",
655            "into",
656            "collate",
657            "offset",
658            "do",
659            "then",
660            "localtimestamp",
661            "check_p",
662            "lateral_p",
663            "current_role",
664            "where",
665            "asc_p",
666            "placing",
667            "desc_p",
668            "user",
669            "unique",
670            "initially",
671            "column",
672            "both",
673            "some",
674            "as",
675            "any",
676            "only",
677            "deferrable",
678            "null_p",
679            "current_time",
680            "true_p",
681            "table",
682            "case",
683            "trailing",
684            "variadic",
685            "for",
686            "on",
687            "distinct",
688            "false_p",
689            "not",
690            "constraint",
691            "current_timestamp",
692            "returning",
693            "primary",
694            "intersect",
695            "having",
696            "analyze",
697            "current_user",
698            "and",
699            "cast",
700            "symmetric",
701            "using",
702            "order",
703            "current_catalog",
704        }
705
706        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
707
708        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
709        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
710        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
711            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
712            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
713        }
714
715        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
716        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
717        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
718        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
719        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
720
721        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
722            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
723
724        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
725            if expression.args.get("safe"):
726                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
727                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
728            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
729
730        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
731            if expression.args.get("safe"):
732                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
733                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
734            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
735
736        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
737            arg = expression.this
738            if expression.args.get("safe"):
739                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
740            return self.func("JSON", arg)
741
742        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
743            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
744            if nano is not None:
745                expression.set(
746                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
747                )
748
749            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
750
751        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
752            sec = expression.args["sec"]
753
754            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
755            if milli is not None:
756                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
757
758            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
759            if nano is not None:
760                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
761
762            if milli or nano:
763                expression.set("sec", sec)
764
765            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
766
767        def tablesample_sql(
768            self,
769            expression: exp.TableSample,
770            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
771        ) -> str:
772            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
773                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
774                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
775
776            if expression.args.get("size"):
777                method = expression.args.get("method")
778                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
779                    self.unsupported(
780                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
781                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
782                    )
783                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
784
785            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
786
787        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
788            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
789            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
790
791            if unit.startswith("week"):
792                multiplier = 7
793            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
794                multiplier = 90
795
796            if multiplier:
797                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
798
799            return super().interval_sql(expression)
800
801        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
802            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
803                return self.sql(expression, "this")
804            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
805
806        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
807            if (
808                expression.side == "LEFT"
809                and not expression.args.get("on")
810                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
811            ):
812                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
813                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
814                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
815
816            return super().join_sql(expression)
817
818        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
819            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
820            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
821                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
822
823            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
824
825        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
826            this = expression.this
827            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
828                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
829
830            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
831
832            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
833                if not this.type:
834                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
835
836                    this = annotate_types(this)
837
838                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
839                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
840
841            return bracket
842
843        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
844            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
845
846            func = expression.this
847            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
848                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
849                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
850                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
851                if order_col:
852                    func.set("expression", func.this)
853                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
854
855            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
856
857            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
858
859        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
860            arg = expression.this
861
862            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
863            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
864            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
865                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
866
867            if not arg.type:
868                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
869
870                arg = annotate_types(arg)
871
872            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
873                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
874
875            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
876            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
877            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
878
879            case = (
880                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
881                .when(
882                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
883                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
884                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
885            )
886
887            return self.sql(case)
888
889        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
890            this = expression.this
891            key = expression.args.get("key")
892            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
893            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
894
895            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
896
897            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
898            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
899            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
900                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
901
902            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
903
904        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
905            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
906            if explode_array:
907                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
908                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
909                expression.expressions.append(
910                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
911                )
912
913                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
914                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
915                if alias:
916                    expression.set("alias", None)
917                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
918
919                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
920                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
921                return self.sql(select)
922
923            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
924
925        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
926            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
927                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
928                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
929                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
930
931            return self.sql(expression, "this")
932
933        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
934            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
935            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
936
937            if null_text:
938                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
939
940            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default NULL ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last"

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SAFE_DIVISION = True

Whether division by zero throws an error (False) or returns NULL (True).

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A NULL arg in CONCAT yields NULL by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True

Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks

SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True

Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g. in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.

STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False

Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]:
273    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
274        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
275            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
276            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
277            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
278            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
279            path_text = path.name
280            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
281                return path
282
283        return super().to_json_path(path)
SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'DuckDB.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'DuckDB.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'DuckDB.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class DuckDB.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer):
285    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
286        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
287
288        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
289        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
290
291        KEYWORDS = {
292            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
293            "//": TokenType.DIV,
294            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
295            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
296            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
297            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
298            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
299            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
300            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
301            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
302            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
303            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
304            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
305            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
306            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
307            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
308            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
309            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
310            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
311            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
312            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
313            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
314            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
315            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
316            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
317        }
318        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
319
320        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
321            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
322            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
323        }
HEREDOC_STRINGS = ['$']
HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '//': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'ATTACH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BITSTRING': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'LOGICAL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'PIVOT_WIDER': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'POSITIONAL': <TokenType.POSITIONAL: 'POSITIONAL'>, 'SIGNED': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'SUMMARIZE': <TokenType.SUMMARIZE: 'SUMMARIZE'>, 'TIMESTAMP_S': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, 'TIMESTAMP_MS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_US': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'UBIGINT': <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, 'UINTEGER': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'USMALLINT': <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, 'UTINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}
class DuckDB.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser):
325    class Parser(parser.Parser):
326        BITWISE = {
327            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
328            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
329        }
330
331        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
332
333        FUNCTIONS = {
334            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
335            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
336            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
337            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
338            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
339            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
340            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
341            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
342                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
343            ),
344            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
345                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
346            ),
347            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
348            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
349                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
350            ),
351            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
352            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
353            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
354            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
355            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
356            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
357            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
358            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
359            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
360            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
361                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
362            ),
363            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
364            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
365            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract,
366            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
367            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
368                this=seq_get(args, 0),
369                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
370                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
371                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
372            ),
373            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
374            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
375            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
376            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
377            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
378            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
379            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
380            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
381            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
382            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
383            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
384            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
385            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
386        }
387
388        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
389        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
390
391        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
392        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
393
394        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
395            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
396            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
397        }
398
399        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
400            TokenType.SEMI,
401            TokenType.ANTI,
402        }
403
404        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
405            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
406            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
407                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
408                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
409                else None
410            ),
411        }
412
413        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
414            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
415            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
416            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
417            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
418        }
419
420        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
421            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
422            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
423            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
424                if sample.args.get("size"):
425                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
426                else:
427                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
428
429            return sample
430
431        def _parse_bracket(
432            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
433        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
434            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
435            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
436                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
437
438            return bracket
439
440        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
441            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
442                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
443
444            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
445            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
446
447        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
448            return self._parse_field_def()
449
450        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
451            if len(aggregations) == 1:
452                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
453            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>, <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>}
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {'STRUCT', 'STRUCT_PACK'}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function build_convert_timezone>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function build_regexp_extract>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'DATETRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'EPOCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'EPOCH_MS': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_STRING': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIST_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'LIST_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'LIST_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'LIST_VALUE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_make_timestamp>, 'MEDIAN': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'QUANTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'QUANTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'REGEXP_MATCHES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'STRFTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRING_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STRING_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'STRPTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRUCT_PACK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STR_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STR_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'RANGE': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NORMALIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NEXT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAP': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>}
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
TYPE_CONVERTERS = {<Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: <function build_default_decimal_type.<locals>._builder>, <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ALTERABLES
INTERVAL_VARS
ALIAS_TOKENS
ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
ASSIGNMENT
DISJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
TERM
FACTOR
EXPONENT
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
JOIN_HINTS
LAMBDAS
COLUMN_OPERATORS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
STATEMENT_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
RANGE_PARSERS
PROPERTY_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
STRING_ALIASES
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
class DuckDB.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator):
455    class Generator(generator.Generator):
456        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
457        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
458        JOIN_HINTS = False
459        TABLE_HINTS = False
460        QUERY_HINTS = False
461        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
462        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
463        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
464        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
465        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
466        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
467        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
468        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
469        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
470        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
471        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
472        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
473        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
474        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
475        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
476        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
477        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
478        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
479        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
480
481        TRANSFORMS = {
482            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
483            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
484            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
485            exp.ArrayContainsAll: rename_func("ARRAY_HAS_ALL"),
486            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
487            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
488            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
489            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
490            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
491            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
492            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
493            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
494            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
495            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
496            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
497            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
498            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
499            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
500            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
501            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
502            exp.Date: _date_sql,
503            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
504            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
505            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
506            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
507            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
508            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
509            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
510            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
511            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
512            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
513            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
514            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
515            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
516            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
517            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
518            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
519            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
520            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
521            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
522            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
523            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
524            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
525            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
526            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
527            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
528            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
529            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
530                "DATEDIFF",
531                "'month'",
532                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
533                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
534            ),
535            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
536            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
537            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
538            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
539            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
540            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
541            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
542                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
543                e.this,
544                e.expression,
545                e.args.get("replacement"),
546                e.args.get("modifiers"),
547            ),
548            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
549            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
550            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
551            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
552            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
553            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
554            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
555            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
556            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
557            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
558            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
559                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
560            ),
561            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
562            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
563            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
564            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
565            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
566            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
567            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
568                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
569            ),
570            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
571            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
572            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
573            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
574                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
575            ),
576            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
577            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
578            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
579            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
580            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
581            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
582                "DATE_DIFF",
583                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
584                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
585                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
586            ),
587            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
588                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
589            ),
590            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
591                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
592            ),
593            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
594            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
595            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
596            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
597            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
598        }
599
600        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
601            exp.JSONPathKey,
602            exp.JSONPathRoot,
603            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
604            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
605        }
606
607        TYPE_MAPPING = {
608            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
609            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
610            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
611            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
612            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
613            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
614            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
615            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
616            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
617            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
618            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
619            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
620            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
621            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
622            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
623        }
624
625        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
626        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
627            "array",
628            "analyse",
629            "union",
630            "all",
631            "when",
632            "in_p",
633            "default",
634            "create_p",
635            "window",
636            "asymmetric",
637            "to",
638            "else",
639            "localtime",
640            "from",
641            "end_p",
642            "select",
643            "current_date",
644            "foreign",
645            "with",
646            "grant",
647            "session_user",
648            "or",
649            "except",
650            "references",
651            "fetch",
652            "limit",
653            "group_p",
654            "leading",
655            "into",
656            "collate",
657            "offset",
658            "do",
659            "then",
660            "localtimestamp",
661            "check_p",
662            "lateral_p",
663            "current_role",
664            "where",
665            "asc_p",
666            "placing",
667            "desc_p",
668            "user",
669            "unique",
670            "initially",
671            "column",
672            "both",
673            "some",
674            "as",
675            "any",
676            "only",
677            "deferrable",
678            "null_p",
679            "current_time",
680            "true_p",
681            "table",
682            "case",
683            "trailing",
684            "variadic",
685            "for",
686            "on",
687            "distinct",
688            "false_p",
689            "not",
690            "constraint",
691            "current_timestamp",
692            "returning",
693            "primary",
694            "intersect",
695            "having",
696            "analyze",
697            "current_user",
698            "and",
699            "cast",
700            "symmetric",
701            "using",
702            "order",
703            "current_catalog",
704        }
705
706        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
707
708        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
709        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
710        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
711            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
712            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
713        }
714
715        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
716        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
717        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
718        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
719        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
720
721        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
722            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
723
724        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
725            if expression.args.get("safe"):
726                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
727                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
728            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
729
730        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
731            if expression.args.get("safe"):
732                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
733                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
734            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
735
736        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
737            arg = expression.this
738            if expression.args.get("safe"):
739                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
740            return self.func("JSON", arg)
741
742        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
743            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
744            if nano is not None:
745                expression.set(
746                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
747                )
748
749            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
750
751        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
752            sec = expression.args["sec"]
753
754            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
755            if milli is not None:
756                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
757
758            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
759            if nano is not None:
760                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
761
762            if milli or nano:
763                expression.set("sec", sec)
764
765            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
766
767        def tablesample_sql(
768            self,
769            expression: exp.TableSample,
770            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
771        ) -> str:
772            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
773                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
774                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
775
776            if expression.args.get("size"):
777                method = expression.args.get("method")
778                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
779                    self.unsupported(
780                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
781                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
782                    )
783                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
784
785            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
786
787        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
788            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
789            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
790
791            if unit.startswith("week"):
792                multiplier = 7
793            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
794                multiplier = 90
795
796            if multiplier:
797                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
798
799            return super().interval_sql(expression)
800
801        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
802            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
803                return self.sql(expression, "this")
804            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
805
806        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
807            if (
808                expression.side == "LEFT"
809                and not expression.args.get("on")
810                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
811            ):
812                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
813                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
814                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
815
816            return super().join_sql(expression)
817
818        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
819            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
820            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
821                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
822
823            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
824
825        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
826            this = expression.this
827            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
828                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
829
830            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
831
832            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
833                if not this.type:
834                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
835
836                    this = annotate_types(this)
837
838                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
839                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
840
841            return bracket
842
843        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
844            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
845
846            func = expression.this
847            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
848                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
849                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
850                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
851                if order_col:
852                    func.set("expression", func.this)
853                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
854
855            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
856
857            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
858
859        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
860            arg = expression.this
861
862            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
863            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
864            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
865                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
866
867            if not arg.type:
868                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
869
870                arg = annotate_types(arg)
871
872            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
873                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
874
875            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
876            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
877            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
878
879            case = (
880                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
881                .when(
882                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
883                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
884                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
885            )
886
887            return self.sql(case)
888
889        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
890            this = expression.this
891            key = expression.args.get("key")
892            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
893            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
894
895            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
896
897            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
898            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
899            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
900                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
901
902            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
903
904        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
905            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
906            if explode_array:
907                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
908                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
909                expression.expressions.append(
910                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
911                )
912
913                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
914                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
915                if alias:
916                    expression.set("alias", None)
917                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
918
919                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
920                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
921                return self.sql(select)
922
923            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
924
925        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
926            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
927                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
928                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
929                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
930
931            return self.sql(expression, "this")
932
933        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
934            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
935            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
936
937            if null_text:
938                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
939
940            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = '$'
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = 'USING SAMPLE'
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
STAR_EXCEPT = 'EXCLUDE'
PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function no_comment_column_constraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TagColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function approx_count_distinct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_unless_query>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>: <function _array_sort_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>: <function no_datetime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function _generate_datetime_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>: <function _generate_datetime_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function _json_format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function regexp_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Return'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function no_safe_divide_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function sha256_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _sort_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function str_position_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function _struct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>: <function no_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function _timediff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'BLOB', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.UINT: 'UINT'>: 'UINTEGER', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>: 'TIMESTAMP_S', <Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_MS', <Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'constraint', 'for', 'table', 'default', 'intersect', 'with', 'cast', 'fetch', 'column', 'window', 'into', 'grant', 'primary', 'having', 'localtimestamp', 'symmetric', 'leading', 'or', 'in_p', 'select', 'check_p', 'when', 'user', 'current_timestamp', 'lateral_p', 'do', 'false_p', 'end_p', 'analyze', 'session_user', 'some', 'unique', 'analyse', 'null_p', 'union', 'only', 'true_p', 'to', 'initially', 'and', 'then', 'using', 'limit', 'foreign', 'collate', 'current_date', 'offset', 'from', 'variadic', 'order', 'case', 'placing', 'localtime', 'where', 'current_user', 'not', 'array', 'asc_p', 'current_time', 'as', 'current_role', 'desc_p', 'distinct', 'else', 'except', 'all', 'returning', 'both', 'current_catalog', 'any', 'asymmetric', 'trailing', 'create_p', 'references', 'on', 'group_p', 'deferrable'}
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>}
def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
721        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
722            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
def strtotime_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime) -> str:
724        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
725            if expression.args.get("safe"):
726                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
727                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
728            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
def strtodate_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate) -> str:
730        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
731            if expression.args.get("safe"):
732                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
733                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
734            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
def parsejson_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON) -> str:
736        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
737            arg = expression.this
738            if expression.args.get("safe"):
739                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
740            return self.func("JSON", arg)
def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts) -> str:
742        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
743            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
744            if nano is not None:
745                expression.set(
746                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
747                )
748
749            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
751        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
752            sec = expression.args["sec"]
753
754            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
755            if milli is not None:
756                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
757
758            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
759            if nano is not None:
760                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
761
762            if milli or nano:
763                expression.set("sec", sec)
764
765            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
def tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
767        def tablesample_sql(
768            self,
769            expression: exp.TableSample,
770            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
771        ) -> str:
772            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
773                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
774                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
775
776            if expression.args.get("size"):
777                method = expression.args.get("method")
778                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
779                    self.unsupported(
780                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
781                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
782                    )
783                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
784
785            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval) -> str:
787        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
788            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
789            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
790
791            if unit.startswith("week"):
792                multiplier = 7
793            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
794                multiplier = 90
795
796            if multiplier:
797                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
798
799            return super().interval_sql(expression)
def columndef_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef, sep: str = ' ') -> str:
801        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
802            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
803                return self.sql(expression, "this")
804            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
def join_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Join) -> str:
806        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
807            if (
808                expression.side == "LEFT"
809                and not expression.args.get("on")
810                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
811            ):
812                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
813                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
814                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
815
816            return super().join_sql(expression)
def generateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries) -> str:
818        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
819            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
820            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
821                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
822
823            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str:
825        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
826            this = expression.this
827            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
828                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
829
830            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
831
832            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
833                if not this.type:
834                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
835
836                    this = annotate_types(this)
837
838                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
839                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
840
841            return bracket
def withingroup_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup) -> str:
843        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
844            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
845
846            func = expression.this
847            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
848                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
849                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
850                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
851                if order_col:
852                    func.set("expression", func.this)
853                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
854
855            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
856
857            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
def length_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Length) -> str:
859        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
860            arg = expression.this
861
862            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
863            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
864            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
865                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
866
867            if not arg.type:
868                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
869
870                arg = annotate_types(arg)
871
872            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
873                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
874
875            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
876            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
877            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
878
879            case = (
880                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
881                .when(
882                    "'VARCHAR'", exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
883                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
884                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
885            )
886
887            return self.sql(case)
def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert) -> str:
889        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
890            this = expression.this
891            key = expression.args.get("key")
892            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
893            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
894
895            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
896
897            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
898            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
899            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
900                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
901
902            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str:
904        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
905            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
906            if explode_array:
907                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
908                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
909                expression.expressions.append(
910                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
911                )
912
913                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
914                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
915                if alias:
916                    expression.set("alias", None)
917                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
918
919                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
920                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
921                return self.sql(select)
922
923            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
925        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
926            if isinstance(expression.this, WINDOW_FUNCS_WITH_IGNORE_NULLS):
927                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
928                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
929                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
930
931            return self.sql(expression, "this")
def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString) -> str:
933        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
934            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
935            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
936
937            if null_text:
938                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
939
940            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
VALUES_AS_TABLE
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
ENSURE_BOOLS
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
INSERT_OVERWRITE
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
HEX_FUNC
WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
QUOTE_JSON_PATH
SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
PARSE_JSON_NAME
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
pretty
identify
normalize
pad
unsupported_level
max_unsupported
leading_comma
max_text_width
comments
dialect
normalize_functions
unsupported_messages
generate
preprocess
unsupported
sep
seg
pad_comment
maybe_comment
wrap
no_identify
normalize_func
indent
sql
uncache_sql
cache_sql
characterset_sql
column_parts
column_sql
columnposition_sql
columnconstraint_sql
computedcolumnconstraint_sql
autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
compresscolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
transformcolumnconstraint_sql
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
createable_sql
create_sql
sequenceproperties_sql
clone_sql
describe_sql
heredoc_sql
prepend_ctes
with_sql
cte_sql
tablealias_sql
bitstring_sql
hexstring_sql
bytestring_sql
unicodestring_sql
rawstring_sql
datatypeparam_sql
datatype_sql
directory_sql
delete_sql
drop_sql
set_operation
set_operations
fetch_sql
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