sqlglot/tests/dialects/test_postgres.py

from sqlglot import ParseError, UnsupportedError, exp, transpile
from sqlglot.helper import logger as helper_logger
from tests.dialects.test_dialect import Validator


class TestPostgres(Validator):
    maxDiff = None
    dialect = "postgres"

    def test_postgres(self):
        self.validate_identity("1.x", "1. AS x")
        self.validate_identity("|/ x", "SQRT(x)")
        self.validate_identity("||/ x", "CBRT(x)")

        expr = self.parse_one("SELECT * FROM r CROSS JOIN LATERAL UNNEST(ARRAY[1]) AS s(location)")
        unnest = expr.args["joins"][0].this.this
        unnest.assert_is(exp.Unnest)

        alter_table_only = """ALTER TABLE ONLY "Album" ADD CONSTRAINT "FK_AlbumArtistId" FOREIGN KEY ("ArtistId") REFERENCES "Artist" ("ArtistId") ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE NO ACTION"""
        expr = self.parse_one(alter_table_only)

        self.assertIsInstance(expr, exp.AlterTable)
        self.assertEqual(expr.sql(dialect="postgres"), alter_table_only)

        self.validate_identity("STRING_TO_ARRAY('xx~^~yy~^~zz', '~^~', 'yy')")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT x FROM t WHERE CAST($1 AS TEXT) = 'ok'")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT * FROM t TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM (50) REPEATABLE (55)")
        self.validate_identity("x @@ y")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS MONEY)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS INT4RANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS INT4MULTIRANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS INT8RANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS INT8MULTIRANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS NUMRANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS NUMMULTIRANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS TSRANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS TSMULTIRANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS TSTZRANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS TSTZMULTIRANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS DATERANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(x AS DATEMULTIRANGE)")
        self.validate_identity("x$")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3]")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT ARRAY(SELECT 1)")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT ARRAY_LENGTH(ARRAY[1, 2, 3], 1)")
        self.validate_identity("STRING_AGG(x, y)")
        self.validate_identity("STRING_AGG(x, ',' ORDER BY y)")
        self.validate_identity("STRING_AGG(x, ',' ORDER BY y DESC)")
        self.validate_identity("STRING_AGG(DISTINCT x, ',' ORDER BY y DESC)")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT CASE WHEN SUBSTRING('abcdefg') IN ('ab') THEN 1 ELSE 0 END")
        self.validate_identity("COMMENT ON TABLE mytable IS 'this'")
        self.validate_identity("COMMENT ON MATERIALIZED VIEW my_view IS 'this'")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT e'\\xDEADBEEF'")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT CAST(e'\\176' AS BYTEA)")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT * FROM x WHERE SUBSTRING('Thomas' FROM '...$') IN ('mas')")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT TRIM(' X' FROM ' XXX ')")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT TRIM(LEADING 'bla' FROM ' XXX ' COLLATE utf8_bin)")
        self.validate_identity("""SELECT * FROM JSON_TO_RECORDSET(z) AS y("rank" INT)""")
        self.validate_identity("x ~ 'y'")
        self.validate_identity("x ~* 'y'")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT * FROM r CROSS JOIN LATERAL UNNEST(ARRAY[1]) AS s(location)")
        self.validate_identity("CAST(1 AS DECIMAL) / CAST(2 AS DECIMAL) * -100")
        self.validate_identity("EXEC AS myfunc @id = 123", check_command_warning=True)
        self.validate_identity("SELECT CURRENT_USER")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT * FROM ONLY t1")
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3] <@ ARRAY[1, 2]",
            "SELECT ARRAY[1, 2] @> ARRAY[1, 2, 3]",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """UPDATE "x" SET "y" = CAST('0 days 60.000000 seconds' AS INTERVAL) WHERE "x"."id" IN (2, 3)"""
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "WITH t1 AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT 1), t2 AS NOT MATERIALIZED (SELECT 2) SELECT * FROM t1, t2"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """LAST_VALUE("col1") OVER (ORDER BY "col2" RANGE BETWEEN INTERVAL '1 DAY' PRECEDING AND '1 month' FOLLOWING)"""
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """ALTER TABLE ONLY "Album" ADD CONSTRAINT "FK_AlbumArtistId" FOREIGN KEY ("ArtistId") REFERENCES "Artist" ("ArtistId") ON DELETE CASCADE"""
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """ALTER TABLE ONLY "Album" ADD CONSTRAINT "FK_AlbumArtistId" FOREIGN KEY ("ArtistId") REFERENCES "Artist" ("ArtistId") ON DELETE RESTRICT"""
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT * FROM JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS('[1,true, [2,false]]') WITH ORDINALITY"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT * FROM JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS('[1,true, [2,false]]') WITH ORDINALITY AS kv_json"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT * FROM JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS('[1,true, [2,false]]') WITH ORDINALITY AS kv_json(a, b)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT SUM(x) OVER a, SUM(y) OVER b FROM c WINDOW a AS (PARTITION BY d), b AS (PARTITION BY e)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT CASE WHEN SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 1) IN ('ab') THEN 1 ELSE 0 END"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT CASE WHEN SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 1 FOR 2) IN ('ab') THEN 1 ELSE 0 END"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            'SELECT * FROM "x" WHERE SUBSTRING("x"."foo" FROM 1 FOR 2) IN (\'mas\')'
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT * FROM x WHERE SUBSTRING('Thomas' FROM '%#\"o_a#\"_' FOR '#') IN ('mas')"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT SUBSTRING('bla' + 'foo' || 'bar' FROM 3 - 1 + 5 FOR 4 + SOME_FUNC(arg1, arg2))"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT TO_TIMESTAMP(1284352323.5), TO_TIMESTAMP('05 Dec 2000', 'DD Mon YYYY')"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT * FROM foo, LATERAL (SELECT * FROM bar WHERE bar.id = foo.bar_id) AS ss"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT c.oid, n.nspname, c.relname "
            "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class AS c "
            "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace AS n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace "
            "WHERE c.relname OPERATOR(pg_catalog.~) '^(courses)$' COLLATE pg_catalog.default AND "
            "pg_catalog.PG_TABLE_IS_VISIBLE(c.oid) "
            "ORDER BY 2, 3"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT ARRAY[]::INT[] AS foo",
            "SELECT CAST(ARRAY[] AS INT[]) AS foo",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT DATE_PART('isodow'::varchar(6), current_date)",
            "SELECT EXTRACT(CAST('isodow' AS VARCHAR(6)) FROM CURRENT_DATE)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "END WORK AND NO CHAIN",
            "COMMIT AND NO CHAIN",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "END AND CHAIN",
            "COMMIT AND CHAIN",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """x ? 'x'""",
            "x ? 'x'",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT $$a$$",
            "SELECT 'a'",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT $$Dianne's horse$$",
            "SELECT 'Dianne''s horse'",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT $$The price is $9.95$$ AS msg",
            "SELECT 'The price is $9.95' AS msg",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "COMMENT ON TABLE mytable IS $$doc this$$", "COMMENT ON TABLE mytable IS 'doc this'"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "UPDATE MYTABLE T1 SET T1.COL = 13",
            "UPDATE MYTABLE AS T1 SET T1.COL = 13",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x !~ 'y'",
            "NOT x ~ 'y'",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x !~* 'y'",
            "NOT x ~* 'y'",
        )

        self.validate_identity(
            "x ~~ 'y'",
            "x LIKE 'y'",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x ~~* 'y'",
            "x ILIKE 'y'",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x !~~ 'y'",
            "NOT x LIKE 'y'",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x !~~* 'y'",
            "NOT x ILIKE 'y'",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "'45 days'::interval day",
            "CAST('45 days' AS INTERVAL DAY)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "'x' 'y' 'z'",
            "CONCAT('x', 'y', 'z')",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::cstring",
            "CAST(x AS CSTRING)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::oid",
            "CAST(x AS OID)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regclass",
            "CAST(x AS REGCLASS)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regcollation",
            "CAST(x AS REGCOLLATION)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regconfig",
            "CAST(x AS REGCONFIG)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regdictionary",
            "CAST(x AS REGDICTIONARY)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regnamespace",
            "CAST(x AS REGNAMESPACE)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regoper",
            "CAST(x AS REGOPER)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regoperator",
            "CAST(x AS REGOPERATOR)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regproc",
            "CAST(x AS REGPROC)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regprocedure",
            "CAST(x AS REGPROCEDURE)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regrole",
            "CAST(x AS REGROLE)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "x::regtype",
            "CAST(x AS REGTYPE)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "123::CHARACTER VARYING",
            "CAST(123 AS VARCHAR)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "TO_TIMESTAMP(123::DOUBLE PRECISION)",
            "TO_TIMESTAMP(CAST(123 AS DOUBLE PRECISION))",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT to_timestamp(123)::time without time zone",
            "SELECT CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP(123) AS TIME)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT SUM(x) OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY d ROWS 1 PRECEDING)",
            "SELECT SUM(x) OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY d ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT SUBSTRING(2022::CHAR(4) || LPAD(3::CHAR(2), 2, '0') FROM 3 FOR 4)",
            "SELECT SUBSTRING(CAST(2022 AS CHAR(4)) || LPAD(CAST(3 AS CHAR(2)), 2, '0') FROM 3 FOR 4)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT m.name FROM manufacturers AS m LEFT JOIN LATERAL GET_PRODUCT_NAMES(m.id) pname ON TRUE WHERE pname IS NULL",
            "SELECT m.name FROM manufacturers AS m LEFT JOIN LATERAL GET_PRODUCT_NAMES(m.id) AS pname ON TRUE WHERE pname IS NULL",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT p1.id, p2.id, v1, v2 FROM polygons AS p1, polygons AS p2, LATERAL VERTICES(p1.poly) v1, LATERAL VERTICES(p2.poly) v2 WHERE (v1 <-> v2) < 10 AND p1.id <> p2.id",
            "SELECT p1.id, p2.id, v1, v2 FROM polygons AS p1, polygons AS p2, LATERAL VERTICES(p1.poly) AS v1, LATERAL VERTICES(p2.poly) AS v2 WHERE (v1 <-> v2) < 10 AND p1.id <> p2.id",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT id, email, CAST(deleted AS TEXT) FROM users WHERE deleted NOTNULL",
            "SELECT id, email, CAST(deleted AS TEXT) FROM users WHERE NOT deleted IS NULL",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT id, email, CAST(deleted AS TEXT) FROM users WHERE NOT deleted ISNULL",
            "SELECT id, email, CAST(deleted AS TEXT) FROM users WHERE NOT deleted IS NULL",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """'{"x": {"y": 1}}'::json->'x'->'y'""",
            """CAST('{"x": {"y": 1}}' AS JSON) -> 'x' -> 'y'""",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """'[1,2,3]'::json->>2""",
            "CAST('[1,2,3]' AS JSON) ->> 2",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """'{"a":1,"b":2}'::json->>'b'""",
            """CAST('{"a":1,"b":2}' AS JSON) ->> 'b'""",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """'{"a":[1,2,3],"b":[4,5,6]}'::json#>'{a,2}'""",
            """CAST('{"a":[1,2,3],"b":[4,5,6]}' AS JSON) #> '{a,2}'""",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """'{"a":[1,2,3],"b":[4,5,6]}'::json#>>'{a,2}'""",
            """CAST('{"a":[1,2,3],"b":[4,5,6]}' AS JSON) #>> '{a,2}'""",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "'[1,2,3]'::json->2",
            "CAST('[1,2,3]' AS JSON) -> 2",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """SELECT JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS((foo->'sections')::JSON) AS sections""",
            """SELECT JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS(CAST((foo -> 'sections') AS JSON)) AS sections""",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "MERGE INTO x USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET x.a = y.b WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (a, b) VALUES (y.a, y.b)",
            "MERGE INTO x USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = y.b WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (a, b) VALUES (y.a, y.b)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT * FROM t1*",
            "SELECT * FROM t1",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT SUBSTRING('afafa' for 1)",
            "SELECT SUBSTRING('afafa' FROM 1 FOR 1)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CAST(x AS INT8)",
            "CAST(x AS BIGINT)",
        )

        self.validate_all(
            "STRING_TO_ARRAY('xx~^~yy~^~zz', '~^~', 'yy')",
            read={
                "doris": "SPLIT_BY_STRING('xx~^~yy~^~zz', '~^~', 'yy')",
            },
            write={
                "doris": "SPLIT_BY_STRING('xx~^~yy~^~zz', '~^~', 'yy')",
                "postgres": "STRING_TO_ARRAY('xx~^~yy~^~zz', '~^~', 'yy')",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3] @> ARRAY[1, 2]",
            read={
                "duckdb": "SELECT ARRAY_HAS_ALL([1, 2, 3], [1, 2])",
            },
            write={
                "duckdb": "SELECT ARRAY_HAS_ALL([1, 2, 3], [1, 2])",
                "mysql": UnsupportedError,
                "postgres": "SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3] @> ARRAY[1, 2]",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT REGEXP_REPLACE('mr .', '[^a-zA-Z]', '', 'g')",
            write={
                "duckdb": "SELECT REGEXP_REPLACE('mr .', '[^a-zA-Z]', '', 'g')",
                "postgres": "SELECT REGEXP_REPLACE('mr .', '[^a-zA-Z]', '', 'g')",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "CREATE TABLE t (c INT)",
            read={
                "mysql": "CREATE TABLE t (c INT COMMENT 'comment 1') COMMENT = 'comment 2'",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            'SELECT * FROM "test_table" ORDER BY RANDOM() LIMIT 5',
            write={
                "bigquery": "SELECT * FROM `test_table` ORDER BY RAND() NULLS LAST LIMIT 5",
                "duckdb": 'SELECT * FROM "test_table" ORDER BY RANDOM() LIMIT 5',
                "postgres": 'SELECT * FROM "test_table" ORDER BY RANDOM() LIMIT 5',
                "tsql": "SELECT TOP 5 * FROM [test_table] ORDER BY RAND()",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT (data -> 'en-US') AS acat FROM my_table",
            write={
                "duckdb": """SELECT (data -> '$."en-US"') AS acat FROM my_table""",
                "postgres": "SELECT (data -> 'en-US') AS acat FROM my_table",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT (data ->> 'en-US') AS acat FROM my_table",
            write={
                "duckdb": """SELECT (data ->> '$."en-US"') AS acat FROM my_table""",
                "postgres": "SELECT (data ->> 'en-US') AS acat FROM my_table",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3] && ARRAY[1, 2]",
            write={
                "": "SELECT ARRAY_OVERLAPS(ARRAY(1, 2, 3), ARRAY(1, 2))",
                "postgres": "SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3] && ARRAY[1, 2]",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT(x, k1, k2, k3) FROM t",
            read={
                "clickhouse": "SELECT JSONExtractString(x, k1, k2, k3) FROM t",
                "redshift": "SELECT JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT(x, k1, k2, k3) FROM t",
            },
            write={
                "clickhouse": "SELECT JSONExtractString(x, k1, k2, k3) FROM t",
                "postgres": "SELECT JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT(x, k1, k2, k3) FROM t",
                "redshift": "SELECT JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT(x, k1, k2, k3) FROM t",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "x #> 'y'",
            read={
                "": "JSONB_EXTRACT(x, 'y')",
            },
            write={
                "": "JSONB_EXTRACT(x, 'y')",
                "postgres": "x #> 'y'",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "x #>> 'y'",
            read={
                "": "JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR(x, 'y')",
            },
            write={
                "": "JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR(x, 'y')",
                "postgres": "x #>> 'y'",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "x -> 'y' -> 0 -> 'z'",
            write={
                "": "JSON_EXTRACT(JSON_EXTRACT(JSON_EXTRACT(x, '$.y'), '$[0]'), '$.z')",
                "postgres": "x -> 'y' -> 0 -> 'z'",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            """JSON_EXTRACT_PATH('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}','f4')""",
            write={
                "": """JSON_EXTRACT('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}', '$.f4')""",
                "bigquery": """JSON_EXTRACT('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}', '$.f4')""",
                "duckdb": """'{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}' -> '$.f4'""",
                "mysql": """JSON_EXTRACT('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}', '$.f4')""",
                "postgres": """JSON_EXTRACT_PATH('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}', 'f4')""",
                "presto": """JSON_EXTRACT('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}', '$.f4')""",
                "redshift": """JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}', 'f4')""",
                "spark": """GET_JSON_OBJECT('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}', '$.f4')""",
                "sqlite": """'{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}' -> '$.f4'""",
                "tsql": """ISNULL(JSON_QUERY('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}', '$.f4'), JSON_VALUE('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}', '$.f4'))""",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            """JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT('{"farm": ["a", "b", "c"]}', 'farm', '0')""",
            read={
                "duckdb": """'{"farm": ["a", "b", "c"]}' ->> '$.farm[0]'""",
                "redshift": """JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT('{"farm": ["a", "b", "c"]}', 'farm', '0')""",
            },
            write={
                "duckdb": """'{"farm": ["a", "b", "c"]}' ->> '$.farm[0]'""",
                "postgres": """JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT('{"farm": ["a", "b", "c"]}', 'farm', '0')""",
                "redshift": """JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT('{"farm": ["a", "b", "c"]}', 'farm', '0')""",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH(x, 'x', 'y', 'z')",
            read={
                "duckdb": "x -> '$.x.y.z'",
                "postgres": "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH(x, 'x', 'y', 'z')",
            },
            write={
                "duckdb": "x -> '$.x.y.z'",
                "redshift": "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT(x, 'x', 'y', 'z')",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT * FROM t TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM (50)",
            write={
                "postgres": "SELECT * FROM t TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM (50)",
                "redshift": UnsupportedError,
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT PERCENTILE_CONT(0.5) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY amount)",
            write={
                "databricks": "SELECT PERCENTILE_APPROX(amount, 0.5)",
                "postgres": "SELECT PERCENTILE_CONT(0.5) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY amount)",
                "presto": "SELECT APPROX_PERCENTILE(amount, 0.5)",
                "spark": "SELECT PERCENTILE_APPROX(amount, 0.5)",
                "trino": "SELECT APPROX_PERCENTILE(amount, 0.5)",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "e'x'",
            write={
                "mysql": "x",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT DATE_PART('minute', timestamp '2023-01-04 04:05:06.789')",
            write={
                "postgres": "SELECT EXTRACT(minute FROM CAST('2023-01-04 04:05:06.789' AS TIMESTAMP))",
                "redshift": "SELECT EXTRACT(minute FROM CAST('2023-01-04 04:05:06.789' AS TIMESTAMP))",
                "snowflake": "SELECT DATE_PART(minute, CAST('2023-01-04 04:05:06.789' AS TIMESTAMP))",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT DATE_PART('month', date '20220502')",
            write={
                "postgres": "SELECT EXTRACT(month FROM CAST('20220502' AS DATE))",
                "redshift": "SELECT EXTRACT(month FROM CAST('20220502' AS DATE))",
                "snowflake": "SELECT DATE_PART(month, CAST('20220502' AS DATE))",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT (DATE '2016-01-10', DATE '2016-02-01') OVERLAPS (DATE '2016-01-20', DATE '2016-02-10')",
            write={
                "postgres": "SELECT (CAST('2016-01-10' AS DATE), CAST('2016-02-01' AS DATE)) OVERLAPS (CAST('2016-01-20' AS DATE), CAST('2016-02-10' AS DATE))",
                "tsql": "SELECT (CAST('2016-01-10' AS DATE), CAST('2016-02-01' AS DATE)) OVERLAPS (CAST('2016-01-20' AS DATE), CAST('2016-02-10' AS DATE))",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT DATE_PART('epoch', CAST('2023-01-04 04:05:06.789' AS TIMESTAMP))",
            read={
                "": "SELECT TIME_TO_UNIX(TIMESTAMP '2023-01-04 04:05:06.789')",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "x ^ y",
            write={
                "": "POWER(x, y)",
                "postgres": "x ^ y",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "x # y",
            write={
                "": "x ^ y",
                "postgres": "x # y",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "GENERATE_SERIES(a, b, '  2   days  ')",
            write={
                "postgres": "GENERATE_SERIES(a, b, INTERVAL '2 DAYS')",
                "presto": "SEQUENCE(a, b, INTERVAL '2' DAY)",
                "trino": "SEQUENCE(a, b, INTERVAL '2' DAY)",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "GENERATE_SERIES('2019-01-01'::TIMESTAMP, NOW(), '1day')",
            write={
                "postgres": "GENERATE_SERIES(CAST('2019-01-01' AS TIMESTAMP), CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL '1 DAY')",
                "presto": "SEQUENCE(CAST('2019-01-01' AS TIMESTAMP), CAST(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS TIMESTAMP), INTERVAL '1' DAY)",
                "trino": "SEQUENCE(CAST('2019-01-01' AS TIMESTAMP), CAST(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS TIMESTAMP), INTERVAL '1' DAY)",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "GENERATE_SERIES(a, b)",
            write={
                "postgres": "GENERATE_SERIES(a, b)",
                "presto": "SEQUENCE(a, b)",
                "trino": "SEQUENCE(a, b)",
                "tsql": "GENERATE_SERIES(a, b)",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "GENERATE_SERIES(a, b)",
            read={
                "postgres": "GENERATE_SERIES(a, b)",
                "presto": "SEQUENCE(a, b)",
                "trino": "SEQUENCE(a, b)",
                "tsql": "GENERATE_SERIES(a, b)",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT * FROM t CROSS JOIN GENERATE_SERIES(2, 4)",
            write={
                "postgres": "SELECT * FROM t CROSS JOIN GENERATE_SERIES(2, 4)",
                "presto": "SELECT * FROM t CROSS JOIN UNNEST(SEQUENCE(2, 4))",
                "trino": "SELECT * FROM t CROSS JOIN UNNEST(SEQUENCE(2, 4))",
                "tsql": "SELECT * FROM t CROSS JOIN GENERATE_SERIES(2, 4)",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT * FROM t CROSS JOIN GENERATE_SERIES(2, 4) AS s",
            write={
                "postgres": "SELECT * FROM t CROSS JOIN GENERATE_SERIES(2, 4) AS s",
                "presto": "SELECT * FROM t CROSS JOIN UNNEST(SEQUENCE(2, 4)) AS _u(s)",
                "trino": "SELECT * FROM t CROSS JOIN UNNEST(SEQUENCE(2, 4)) AS _u(s)",
                "tsql": "SELECT * FROM t CROSS JOIN GENERATE_SERIES(2, 4) AS s",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT * FROM x FETCH 1 ROW",
            write={
                "postgres": "SELECT * FROM x FETCH FIRST 1 ROWS ONLY",
                "presto": "SELECT * FROM x FETCH FIRST 1 ROWS ONLY",
                "hive": "SELECT * FROM x LIMIT 1",
                "spark": "SELECT * FROM x LIMIT 1",
                "sqlite": "SELECT * FROM x LIMIT 1",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT fname, lname, age FROM person ORDER BY age DESC NULLS FIRST, fname ASC NULLS LAST, lname",
            write={
                "postgres": "SELECT fname, lname, age FROM person ORDER BY age DESC, fname ASC, lname",
                "presto": "SELECT fname, lname, age FROM person ORDER BY age DESC NULLS FIRST, fname ASC, lname",
                "hive": "SELECT fname, lname, age FROM person ORDER BY age DESC NULLS FIRST, fname ASC NULLS LAST, lname NULLS LAST",
                "spark": "SELECT fname, lname, age FROM person ORDER BY age DESC NULLS FIRST, fname ASC NULLS LAST, lname NULLS LAST",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT CASE WHEN SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 1 FOR 2) IN ('ab') THEN 1 ELSE 0 END",
            write={
                "hive": "SELECT CASE WHEN SUBSTRING('abcdefg', 1, 2) IN ('ab') THEN 1 ELSE 0 END",
                "spark": "SELECT CASE WHEN SUBSTRING('abcdefg', 1, 2) IN ('ab') THEN 1 ELSE 0 END",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT * FROM x WHERE SUBSTRING(col1 FROM 3 + LENGTH(col1) - 10 FOR 10) IN (col2)",
            write={
                "hive": "SELECT * FROM x WHERE SUBSTRING(col1, 3 + LENGTH(col1) - 10, 10) IN (col2)",
                "spark": "SELECT * FROM x WHERE SUBSTRING(col1, 3 + LENGTH(col1) - 10, 10) IN (col2)",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT TRIM(BOTH ' XXX ')",
            write={
                "mysql": "SELECT TRIM(' XXX ')",
                "postgres": "SELECT TRIM(' XXX ')",
                "hive": "SELECT TRIM(' XXX ')",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "TRIM(LEADING FROM ' XXX ')",
            write={
                "mysql": "LTRIM(' XXX ')",
                "postgres": "LTRIM(' XXX ')",
                "hive": "LTRIM(' XXX ')",
                "presto": "LTRIM(' XXX ')",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "TRIM(TRAILING FROM ' XXX ')",
            write={
                "mysql": "RTRIM(' XXX ')",
                "postgres": "RTRIM(' XXX ')",
                "hive": "RTRIM(' XXX ')",
                "presto": "RTRIM(' XXX ')",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            """'{"a":1,"b":2}'::json->'b'""",
            write={
                "postgres": """CAST('{"a":1,"b":2}' AS JSON) -> 'b'""",
                "redshift": """JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT('{"a":1,"b":2}', 'b')""",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "TRIM(BOTH 'as' FROM 'as string as')",
            write={
                "postgres": "TRIM(BOTH 'as' FROM 'as string as')",
                "spark": "TRIM(BOTH 'as' FROM 'as string as')",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            """merge into x as x using (select id) as y on a = b WHEN matched then update set X."A" = y.b""",
            write={
                "postgres": """MERGE INTO x AS x USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET "A" = y.b""",
                "trino": """MERGE INTO x AS x USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET "A" = y.b""",
                "snowflake": """MERGE INTO x AS x USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET X."A" = y.b""",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "merge into x as z using (select id) as y on a = b WHEN matched then update set X.a = y.b",
            write={
                "postgres": "MERGE INTO x AS z USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = y.b",
                "snowflake": "MERGE INTO x AS z USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET X.a = y.b",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "merge into x as z using (select id) as y on a = b WHEN matched then update set Z.a = y.b",
            write={
                "postgres": "MERGE INTO x AS z USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = y.b",
                "snowflake": "MERGE INTO x AS z USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET Z.a = y.b",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "merge into x using (select id) as y on a = b WHEN matched then update set x.a = y.b",
            write={
                "postgres": "MERGE INTO x USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET a = y.b",
                "snowflake": "MERGE INTO x USING (SELECT id) AS y ON a = b WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET x.a = y.b",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "x / y ^ z",
            write={
                "": "x / POWER(y, z)",
                "postgres": "x / y ^ z",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "CAST(x AS NAME)",
            read={
                "redshift": "CAST(x AS NAME)",
            },
            write={
                "postgres": "CAST(x AS NAME)",
                "redshift": "CAST(x AS NAME)",
            },
        )
        self.assertIsInstance(self.parse_one("id::UUID"), exp.Cast)

        self.validate_identity(
            "COPY tbl (col1, col2) FROM 'file' WITH (FORMAT format, HEADER MATCH, FREEZE TRUE)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "COPY tbl (col1, col2) TO 'file' WITH (FORMAT format, HEADER MATCH, FREEZE TRUE)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "COPY (SELECT * FROM t) TO 'file' WITH (FORMAT format, HEADER MATCH, FREEZE TRUE)"
        )
        self.validate_identity("cast(a as FLOAT)", "CAST(a AS DOUBLE PRECISION)")
        self.validate_identity("cast(a as FLOAT8)", "CAST(a AS DOUBLE PRECISION)")
        self.validate_identity("cast(a as FLOAT4)", "CAST(a AS REAL)")

    def test_ddl(self):
        # Checks that user-defined types are parsed into DataType instead of Identifier
        self.parse_one("CREATE TABLE t (a udt)").this.expressions[0].args["kind"].assert_is(
            exp.DataType
        )

        # Checks that OID is parsed into a DataType (ObjectIdentifier)
        self.assertIsInstance(
            self.parse_one("CREATE TABLE p.t (c oid)").find(exp.DataType), exp.ObjectIdentifier
        )

        expr = self.parse_one("CREATE TABLE t (x INTERVAL day)")
        cdef = expr.find(exp.ColumnDef)
        cdef.args["kind"].assert_is(exp.DataType)
        self.assertEqual(expr.sql(dialect="postgres"), "CREATE TABLE t (x INTERVAL DAY)")

        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE t (col INT[3][5])")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE t (col INT[3])")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ON t(c)")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE INDEX et_vid_idx ON et(vid) INCLUDE (fid)")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE INDEX idx_x ON x USING BTREE(x, y) WHERE (NOT y IS NULL)")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE test (elems JSONB[])")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE public.y (x TSTZRANGE NOT NULL)")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE test (foo HSTORE)")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE test (foo JSONB)")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE test (foo VARCHAR(64)[])")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE test (foo INT) PARTITION BY HASH(foo)")
        self.validate_identity("INSERT INTO x VALUES (1, 'a', 2.0) RETURNING a")
        self.validate_identity("INSERT INTO x VALUES (1, 'a', 2.0) RETURNING a, b")
        self.validate_identity("INSERT INTO x VALUES (1, 'a', 2.0) RETURNING *")
        self.validate_identity("UPDATE tbl_name SET foo = 123 RETURNING a")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE cities_partdef PARTITION OF cities DEFAULT")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE t (c CHAR(2) UNIQUE NOT NULL) INHERITS (t1)")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE TABLE s.t (c CHAR(2) UNIQUE NOT NULL) INHERITS (s.t1, s.t2)")
        self.validate_identity("CREATE FUNCTION x(INT) RETURNS INT SET search_path = 'public'")
        self.validate_identity("TRUNCATE TABLE t1 CONTINUE IDENTITY")
        self.validate_identity("TRUNCATE TABLE t1 RESTART IDENTITY")
        self.validate_identity("TRUNCATE TABLE t1 CASCADE")
        self.validate_identity("TRUNCATE TABLE t1 RESTRICT")
        self.validate_identity("TRUNCATE TABLE t1 CONTINUE IDENTITY CASCADE")
        self.validate_identity("TRUNCATE TABLE t1 RESTART IDENTITY RESTRICT")
        self.validate_identity("ALTER TABLE t1 SET LOGGED")
        self.validate_identity("ALTER TABLE t1 SET UNLOGGED")
        self.validate_identity("ALTER TABLE t1 SET WITHOUT CLUSTER")
        self.validate_identity("ALTER TABLE t1 SET WITHOUT OIDS")
        self.validate_identity("ALTER TABLE t1 SET ACCESS METHOD method")
        self.validate_identity("ALTER TABLE t1 SET TABLESPACE tablespace")
        self.validate_identity("ALTER TABLE t1 SET (fillfactor = 5, autovacuum_enabled = TRUE)")
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE FUNCTION pymax(a INT, b INT) RETURNS INT LANGUAGE plpython3u AS $$\n  if a > b:\n    return a\n  return b\n$$",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE t (vid INT NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT ht_vid_nid_fid_idx EXCLUDE (INT4RANGE(vid, nid) WITH &&, INT4RANGE(fid, fid, '[]') WITH &&))"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE t (i INT, PRIMARY KEY (i), EXCLUDE USING gist(col varchar_pattern_ops DESC NULLS LAST WITH &&) WITH (sp1=1, sp2=2))"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE t (i INT, EXCLUDE USING btree(INT4RANGE(vid, nid, '[]') ASC NULLS FIRST WITH &&) INCLUDE (col1, col2))"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE t (i INT, EXCLUDE USING gin(col1 WITH &&, col2 WITH ||) USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace WHERE (id > 5))"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE A (LIKE B INCLUDING CONSTRAINT INCLUDING COMPRESSION EXCLUDING COMMENTS)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE cust_part3 PARTITION OF customers FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE measurement_y2016m07 PARTITION OF measurement (unitsales DEFAULT 0) FOR VALUES FROM ('2016-07-01') TO ('2016-08-01')"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE measurement_ym_older PARTITION OF measurement_year_month FOR VALUES FROM (MINVALUE, MINVALUE) TO (2016, 11)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE measurement_ym_y2016m11 PARTITION OF measurement_year_month FOR VALUES FROM (2016, 11) TO (2016, 12)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE cities_ab PARTITION OF cities (CONSTRAINT city_id_nonzero CHECK (city_id <> 0)) FOR VALUES IN ('a', 'b')"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE cities_ab PARTITION OF cities (CONSTRAINT city_id_nonzero CHECK (city_id <> 0)) FOR VALUES IN ('a', 'b') PARTITION BY RANGE(population)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE INDEX foo ON bar.baz USING btree(col1 varchar_pattern_ops ASC, col2)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE INDEX index_issues_on_title_trigram ON public.issues USING gin(title public.gin_trgm_ops)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "INSERT INTO x VALUES (1, 'a', 2.0) ON CONFLICT(id) DO NOTHING RETURNING *"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "INSERT INTO x VALUES (1, 'a', 2.0) ON CONFLICT(id) DO UPDATE SET x.id = 1 RETURNING *"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "INSERT INTO x VALUES (1, 'a', 2.0) ON CONFLICT(id) DO UPDATE SET x.id = excluded.id RETURNING *"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "INSERT INTO x VALUES (1, 'a', 2.0) ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT pkey DO NOTHING RETURNING *"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "INSERT INTO x VALUES (1, 'a', 2.0) ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT pkey DO UPDATE SET x.id = 1 RETURNING *"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "DELETE FROM event USING sales AS s WHERE event.eventid = s.eventid RETURNING a"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "WITH t(c) AS (SELECT 1) SELECT * INTO UNLOGGED foo FROM (SELECT c AS c FROM t) AS temp"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE test (x TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE[][])",
            "CREATE TABLE test (x TIMESTAMP[][])",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE FUNCTION add(integer, integer) RETURNS INT LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT AS 'select $1 + $2;'",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE FUNCTION add(integer, integer) RETURNS INT LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE STRICT AS 'select $1 + $2;'"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE FUNCTION add(INT, INT) RETURNS INT SET search_path TO 'public' AS 'select $1 + $2;' LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE",
            check_command_warning=True,
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE FUNCTION x(INT) RETURNS INT SET foo FROM CURRENT",
            check_command_warning=True,
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE FUNCTION add(integer, integer) RETURNS integer AS 'select $1 + $2;' LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE CALLED ON NULL INPUT",
            check_command_warning=True,
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER my_trigger AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE OF col_a, col_b ON public.my_table DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION do_sth()",
            check_command_warning=True,
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE foo AS WITH t(c) AS (SELECT 1) SELECT * FROM (SELECT c AS c FROM t) AS temp"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE t (col integer ARRAY[3])",
            "CREATE TABLE t (col INT[3])",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE t (col integer ARRAY)",
            "CREATE TABLE t (col INT[])",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE FUNCTION x(INT) RETURNS INT SET search_path TO 'public'",
            "CREATE FUNCTION x(INT) RETURNS INT SET search_path = 'public'",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE test (x TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE[][])",
            "CREATE TABLE test (x TIMESTAMP[][])",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION function_name (input_a character varying DEFAULT NULL::character varying)",
            "CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION function_name(input_a VARCHAR DEFAULT CAST(NULL AS VARCHAR))",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE products (product_no INT UNIQUE, name TEXT, price DECIMAL)",
            "CREATE TABLE products (product_no INT UNIQUE, name TEXT, price DECIMAL)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE products (product_no INT CONSTRAINT must_be_different UNIQUE, name TEXT CONSTRAINT present NOT NULL, price DECIMAL)",
            "CREATE TABLE products (product_no INT CONSTRAINT must_be_different UNIQUE, name TEXT CONSTRAINT present NOT NULL, price DECIMAL)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE products (product_no INT, name TEXT, price DECIMAL, UNIQUE (product_no, name))",
            "CREATE TABLE products (product_no INT, name TEXT, price DECIMAL, UNIQUE (product_no, name))",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE TABLE products ("
            "product_no INT UNIQUE,"
            " name TEXT,"
            " price DECIMAL CHECK (price > 0),"
            " discounted_price DECIMAL CONSTRAINT positive_discount CHECK (discounted_price > 0),"
            " CHECK (product_no > 1),"
            " CONSTRAINT valid_discount CHECK (price > discounted_price))"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            """
            CREATE INDEX index_ci_builds_on_commit_id_and_artifacts_expireatandidpartial
            ON public.ci_builds
            USING btree (commit_id, artifacts_expire_at, id)
            WHERE (
                ((type)::text = 'Ci::Build'::text)
                AND ((retried = false) OR (retried IS NULL))
                AND ((name)::text = ANY (ARRAY[
                    ('sast'::character varying)::text,
                    ('dependency_scanning'::character varying)::text,
                    ('sast:container'::character varying)::text,
                    ('container_scanning'::character varying)::text,
                    ('dast'::character varying)::text
                ]))
            )
            """,
            "CREATE INDEX index_ci_builds_on_commit_id_and_artifacts_expireatandidpartial ON public.ci_builds USING btree(commit_id, artifacts_expire_at, id) WHERE ((CAST((type) AS TEXT) = CAST('Ci::Build' AS TEXT)) AND ((retried = FALSE) OR (retried IS NULL)) AND (CAST((name) AS TEXT) = ANY(ARRAY[CAST((CAST('sast' AS VARCHAR)) AS TEXT), CAST((CAST('dependency_scanning' AS VARCHAR)) AS TEXT), CAST((CAST('sast:container' AS VARCHAR)) AS TEXT), CAST((CAST('container_scanning' AS VARCHAR)) AS TEXT), CAST((CAST('dast' AS VARCHAR)) AS TEXT)])))",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "CREATE INDEX index_ci_pipelines_on_project_idandrefandiddesc ON public.ci_pipelines USING btree(project_id, ref, id DESC)"
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "TRUNCATE TABLE ONLY t1, t2*, ONLY t3, t4, t5* RESTART IDENTITY CASCADE",
            "TRUNCATE TABLE ONLY t1, t2, ONLY t3, t4, t5 RESTART IDENTITY CASCADE",
        )

        self.validate_all(
            "CREATE TABLE x (a UUID, b BYTEA)",
            write={
                "duckdb": "CREATE TABLE x (a UUID, b BLOB)",
                "presto": "CREATE TABLE x (a UUID, b VARBINARY)",
                "hive": "CREATE TABLE x (a UUID, b BINARY)",
                "spark": "CREATE TABLE x (a UUID, b BINARY)",
            },
        )

        with self.assertRaises(ParseError):
            transpile("CREATE TABLE products (price DECIMAL CHECK price > 0)", read="postgres")
        with self.assertRaises(ParseError):
            transpile(
                "CREATE TABLE products (price DECIMAL, CHECK price > 1)",
                read="postgres",
            )

    def test_unnest(self):
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT * FROM UNNEST(ARRAY[1, 2], ARRAY['foo', 'bar', 'baz']) AS x(a, b)"
        )

        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT UNNEST(c) FROM t",
            write={
                "hive": "SELECT EXPLODE(c) FROM t",
                "postgres": "SELECT UNNEST(c) FROM t",
                "presto": "SELECT IF(_u.pos = _u_2.pos_2, _u_2.col) AS col FROM t CROSS JOIN UNNEST(SEQUENCE(1, GREATEST(CARDINALITY(c)))) AS _u(pos) CROSS JOIN UNNEST(c) WITH ORDINALITY AS _u_2(col, pos_2) WHERE _u.pos = _u_2.pos_2 OR (_u.pos > CARDINALITY(c) AND _u_2.pos_2 = CARDINALITY(c))",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "SELECT UNNEST(ARRAY[1])",
            write={
                "hive": "SELECT EXPLODE(ARRAY(1))",
                "postgres": "SELECT UNNEST(ARRAY[1])",
                "presto": "SELECT IF(_u.pos = _u_2.pos_2, _u_2.col) AS col FROM UNNEST(SEQUENCE(1, GREATEST(CARDINALITY(ARRAY[1])))) AS _u(pos) CROSS JOIN UNNEST(ARRAY[1]) WITH ORDINALITY AS _u_2(col, pos_2) WHERE _u.pos = _u_2.pos_2 OR (_u.pos > CARDINALITY(ARRAY[1]) AND _u_2.pos_2 = CARDINALITY(ARRAY[1]))",
            },
        )

    def test_array_offset(self):
        with self.assertLogs(helper_logger) as cm:
            self.validate_all(
                "SELECT col[1]",
                write={
                    "bigquery": "SELECT col[0]",
                    "duckdb": "SELECT col[1]",
                    "hive": "SELECT col[0]",
                    "postgres": "SELECT col[1]",
                    "presto": "SELECT col[1]",
                },
            )

            self.assertEqual(
                cm.output,
                [
                    "WARNING:sqlglot:Applying array index offset (-1)",
                    "WARNING:sqlglot:Applying array index offset (1)",
                    "WARNING:sqlglot:Applying array index offset (1)",
                    "WARNING:sqlglot:Applying array index offset (1)",
                ],
            )

    def test_operator(self):
        expr = self.parse_one("1 OPERATOR(+) 2 OPERATOR(*) 3")

        expr.left.assert_is(exp.Operator)
        expr.left.left.assert_is(exp.Literal)
        expr.left.right.assert_is(exp.Literal)
        expr.right.assert_is(exp.Literal)
        self.assertEqual(expr.sql(dialect="postgres"), "1 OPERATOR(+) 2 OPERATOR(*) 3")

        self.validate_identity("SELECT operator FROM t")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT 1 OPERATOR(+) 2")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT 1 OPERATOR(+) /* foo */ 2")
        self.validate_identity("SELECT 1 OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) 2")

    def test_bool_or(self):
        self.validate_identity(
            "SELECT a, LOGICAL_OR(b) FROM table GROUP BY a",
            "SELECT a, BOOL_OR(b) FROM table GROUP BY a",
        )

    def test_string_concat(self):
        self.validate_identity("SELECT CONCAT('abcde', 2, NULL, 22)")

        self.validate_all(
            "CONCAT(a, b)",
            write={
                "": "CONCAT(COALESCE(a, ''), COALESCE(b, ''))",
                "clickhouse": "CONCAT(COALESCE(a, ''), COALESCE(b, ''))",
                "duckdb": "CONCAT(a, b)",
                "postgres": "CONCAT(a, b)",
                "presto": "CONCAT(COALESCE(CAST(a AS VARCHAR), ''), COALESCE(CAST(b AS VARCHAR), ''))",
            },
        )
        self.validate_all(
            "a || b",
            write={
                "": "a || b",
                "clickhouse": "a || b",
                "duckdb": "a || b",
                "postgres": "a || b",
                "presto": "CONCAT(CAST(a AS VARCHAR), CAST(b AS VARCHAR))",
            },
        )

    def test_variance(self):
        self.validate_identity(
            "VAR_SAMP(x)",
            "VAR_SAMP(x)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "VAR_POP(x)",
            "VAR_POP(x)",
        )
        self.validate_identity(
            "VARIANCE(x)",
            "VAR_SAMP(x)",
        )

        self.validate_all(
            "VAR_POP(x)",
            read={
                "": "VARIANCE_POP(x)",
            },
            write={
                "postgres": "VAR_POP(x)",
            },
        )

    def test_regexp_binary(self):
        """See https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/pull/2404 for details."""
        self.assertIsInstance(self.parse_one("'thomas' ~ '.*thomas.*'"), exp.Binary)
        self.assertIsInstance(self.parse_one("'thomas' ~* '.*thomas.*'"), exp.Binary)

    def test_unnest_json_array(self):
        trino_input = """
            WITH t(boxcrate) AS (
              SELECT JSON '[{"boxes": [{"name": "f1", "type": "plant", "color": "red"}]}]'
            )
            SELECT
              JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR(boxes,'$.name')  AS name,
              JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR(boxes,'$.type')  AS type,
              JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR(boxes,'$.color') AS color
            FROM t
            CROSS JOIN UNNEST(CAST(boxcrate AS array(json))) AS x(tbox)
            CROSS JOIN UNNEST(CAST(json_extract(tbox, '$.boxes') AS array(json))) AS y(boxes)
        """

        expected_postgres = """WITH t(boxcrate) AS (
  SELECT
    CAST('[{"boxes": [{"name": "f1", "type": "plant", "color": "red"}]}]' AS JSON)
)
SELECT
  JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT(boxes, 'name') AS name,
  JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT(boxes, 'type') AS type,
  JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT(boxes, 'color') AS color
FROM t
CROSS JOIN JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS(CAST(boxcrate AS JSON)) AS x(tbox)
CROSS JOIN JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS(CAST(JSON_EXTRACT_PATH(tbox, 'boxes') AS JSON)) AS y(boxes)"""

        self.validate_all(expected_postgres, read={"trino": trino_input}, pretty=True)