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frr/tests/topotests/conftest.py
Daniel Baumann a2d156806a
Merging upstream version 10.2.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel@debian.org>
2025-02-05 10:17:20 +01:00

828 lines
26 KiB
Python
Executable file

# -*- coding: utf-8 eval: (blacken-mode 1) -*-
"""
Topotest conftest.py file.
"""
# pylint: disable=consider-using-f-string
import contextlib
import glob
import logging
import os
import re
import resource
import subprocess
import sys
import time
from pathlib import Path
import lib.fixtures
import pytest
from lib.common_config import generate_support_bundle
from lib.topogen import diagnose_env, get_topogen
from lib.topolog import get_test_logdir, logger
from lib.topotest import json_cmp_result
from munet import cli
from munet.base import BaseMunet, Commander, proc_error
from munet.cleanup import cleanup_current, cleanup_previous
from munet.config import ConfigOptionsProxy
from munet.testing.util import pause_test
from lib import topolog, topotest
try:
# Used by munet native tests
from munet.testing.fixtures import unet # pylint: disable=all # noqa
@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def rundir_module(pytestconfig):
d = os.path.join(pytestconfig.option.rundir, get_test_logdir())
logging.debug("rundir_module: test module rundir %s", d)
return d
except (AttributeError, ImportError):
pass
# Remove this and use munet version when we move to pytest_asyncio
@contextlib.contextmanager
def chdir(ndir, desc=""):
odir = os.getcwd()
os.chdir(ndir)
if desc:
logging.debug("%s: chdir from %s to %s", desc, odir, ndir)
try:
yield
finally:
if desc:
logging.debug("%s: chdir back from %s to %s", desc, ndir, odir)
os.chdir(odir)
@contextlib.contextmanager
def log_handler(basename, logpath):
topolog.logstart(basename, logpath)
try:
yield
finally:
topolog.logfinish(basename, logpath)
def is_main_runner():
return "PYTEST_XDIST_WORKER" not in os.environ
def pytest_addoption(parser):
"""
Add topology-only option to the topology tester. This option makes pytest
only run the setup_module() to setup the topology without running any tests.
"""
parser.addoption(
"--asan-abort",
action="store_true",
help="Configure address sanitizer to abort process on error",
)
parser.addoption(
"--cli-on-error",
action="store_true",
help="Munet cli on test failure",
)
parser.addoption(
"--cov-topotest",
action="store_true",
help="Enable reporting of coverage",
)
parser.addoption(
"--cov-frr-build-dir",
help="Dir of coverage-enable build being run, default is the source dir",
)
parser.addoption(
"--gdb-breakpoints",
metavar="SYMBOL[,SYMBOL...]",
help="Comma-separated list of functions to set gdb breakpoints on",
)
parser.addoption(
"--gdb-daemons",
metavar="DAEMON[,DAEMON...]",
help="Comma-separated list of daemons to spawn gdb on, or 'all'",
)
parser.addoption(
"--gdb-routers",
metavar="ROUTER[,ROUTER...]",
help="Comma-separated list of routers to spawn gdb on, or 'all'",
)
parser.addoption(
"--gdb-use-emacs",
action="store_true",
help="Use emacsclient to run gdb instead of a shell",
)
parser.addoption(
"--logd",
action="append",
metavar="DAEMON[,ROUTER[,...]",
help=(
"Tail-F the DAEMON log file on all or a subset of ROUTERs."
" Option can be given multiple times."
),
)
parser.addoption(
"--memleaks",
action="store_true",
help="Report memstat results as errors",
)
parser.addoption(
"--pause",
action="store_true",
help="Pause after each test",
)
parser.addoption(
"--pause-at-end",
action="store_true",
help="Pause before taking munet down",
)
parser.addoption(
"--pause-on-error",
action="store_true",
help="Do not pause after (disables default when --shell or -vtysh given)",
)
parser.addoption(
"--no-pause-on-error",
dest="pause_on_error",
action="store_false",
help="Do not pause after (disables default when --shell or -vtysh given)",
)
parser.addoption(
"--pcap",
default="",
metavar="NET[,NET...]",
help="Comma-separated list of networks to capture packets on, or 'all'",
)
parser.addoption(
"--perf",
action="append",
metavar="DAEMON[,ROUTER[,...]",
help=(
"Collect performance data from given DAEMON on all or a subset of ROUTERs."
" Option can be given multiple times."
),
)
parser.addoption(
"--perf-options",
metavar="OPTS",
default="-g",
help="Options to pass to `perf record`.",
)
parser.addoption(
"--rr-daemons",
metavar="DAEMON[,DAEMON...]",
help="Comma-separated list of daemons to run `rr` on, or 'all'",
)
parser.addoption(
"--rr-routers",
metavar="ROUTER[,ROUTER...]",
help="Comma-separated list of routers to run `rr` on, or 'all'",
)
parser.addoption(
"--rr-options",
metavar="OPTS",
help="Options to pass to `rr record`.",
)
rundir_help = "directory for running in and log files"
parser.addini("rundir", rundir_help, default="/tmp/topotests")
parser.addoption("--rundir", metavar="DIR", help=rundir_help)
parser.addoption(
"--shell",
metavar="ROUTER[,ROUTER...]",
help="Comma-separated list of routers to spawn shell on, or 'all'",
)
parser.addoption(
"--shell-on-error",
action="store_true",
help="Spawn shell on all routers on test failure",
)
parser.addoption(
"--strace-daemons",
metavar="DAEMON[,DAEMON...]",
help="Comma-separated list of daemons to strace, or 'all'",
)
parser.addoption(
"--topology-only",
action="store_true",
default=False,
help="Only set up this topology, don't run tests",
)
parser.addoption(
"--valgrind-extra",
action="store_true",
help="Generate suppression file, and enable more precise (slower) valgrind checks",
)
parser.addoption(
"--valgrind-leak-kinds",
metavar="KIND[,KIND...]",
help="Comma-separated list of valgrind leak kinds or 'all'",
)
parser.addoption(
"--valgrind-memleaks",
action="store_true",
help="Run all daemons under valgrind for memleak detection",
)
parser.addoption(
"--vtysh",
metavar="ROUTER[,ROUTER...]",
help="Comma-separated list of routers to spawn vtysh on, or 'all'",
)
parser.addoption(
"--vtysh-on-error",
action="store_true",
help="Spawn vtysh on all routers on test failure",
)
def check_for_valgrind_memleaks():
assert topotest.g_pytest_config.option.valgrind_memleaks
leaks = []
tgen = get_topogen() # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
latest = []
existing = []
if tgen is not None:
logdir = tgen.logdir
if hasattr(tgen, "valgrind_existing_files"):
existing = tgen.valgrind_existing_files
latest = glob.glob(os.path.join(logdir, "*.valgrind.*"))
latest = [x for x in latest if "core" not in x]
daemons = set()
for vfile in latest:
if vfile in existing:
continue
# do not consider memleaks from parent fork (i.e., owned by root)
if os.stat(vfile).st_uid == 0:
existing.append(vfile) # do not check again
logger.debug("Skipping valgrind file %s owned by root", vfile)
continue
logger.debug("Checking valgrind file %s not owned by root", vfile)
with open(vfile, encoding="ascii") as vf:
vfcontent = vf.read()
match = re.search(r"ERROR SUMMARY: (\d+) errors", vfcontent)
if match:
existing.append(vfile) # have summary don't check again
if match and match.group(1) != "0":
emsg = "{} in {}".format(match.group(1), vfile)
leaks.append(emsg)
daemon = re.match(r".*\.valgrind\.(.*)\.\d+", vfile).group(1)
daemons.add("{}({})".format(daemon, match.group(1)))
if tgen is not None:
tgen.valgrind_existing_files = existing
if leaks:
logger.error("valgrind memleaks found:\n\t%s", "\n\t".join(leaks))
pytest.fail("valgrind memleaks found for daemons: " + " ".join(daemons))
def check_for_memleaks():
leaks = []
tgen = get_topogen() # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
latest = []
existing = []
if tgen is not None:
logdir = tgen.logdir
if hasattr(tgen, "memstat_existing_files"):
existing = tgen.memstat_existing_files
latest = glob.glob(os.path.join(logdir, "*/*.err"))
daemons = []
for vfile in latest:
if vfile in existing:
continue
with open(vfile, encoding="ascii") as vf:
vfcontent = vf.read()
num = vfcontent.count("memstats:")
if num:
existing.append(vfile) # have summary don't check again
emsg = "{} types in {}".format(num, vfile)
leaks.append(emsg)
daemon = re.match(r".*test[a-z_A-Z0-9\+]*/(.*)\.err", vfile).group(1)
daemons.append("{}({})".format(daemon, num))
if tgen is not None:
tgen.memstat_existing_files = existing
if leaks:
logger.error("memleaks found:\n\t%s", "\n\t".join(leaks))
pytest.fail("memleaks found for daemons: " + " ".join(daemons))
def check_for_core_dumps():
tgen = get_topogen() # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
if not tgen:
return
if not hasattr(tgen, "existing_core_files"):
tgen.existing_core_files = set()
existing = tgen.existing_core_files
cores = glob.glob(os.path.join(tgen.logdir, "*/*.dmp"))
latest = {x for x in cores if x not in existing}
if latest:
existing |= latest
tgen.existing_core_files = existing
emsg = "New core[s] found: " + ", ".join(latest)
logger.error(emsg)
pytest.fail(emsg)
def check_for_backtraces():
tgen = get_topogen() # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
if not tgen:
return
if not hasattr(tgen, "existing_backtrace_files"):
tgen.existing_backtrace_files = {}
existing = tgen.existing_backtrace_files
latest = glob.glob(os.path.join(tgen.logdir, "*/*.log"))
backtraces = []
for vfile in latest:
with open(vfile, encoding="ascii") as vf:
vfcontent = vf.read()
btcount = vfcontent.count("Backtrace:")
if not btcount:
continue
if vfile not in existing:
existing[vfile] = 0
if btcount == existing[vfile]:
continue
existing[vfile] = btcount
backtraces.append(vfile)
if backtraces:
emsg = "New backtraces found in: " + ", ".join(backtraces)
logger.error(emsg)
pytest.fail(emsg)
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="module")
def module_autouse(request):
basename = get_test_logdir(request.node.nodeid, True)
logdir = Path(topotest.g_pytest_config.option.rundir) / basename
logpath = logdir / "exec.log"
subprocess.check_call("mkdir -p -m 1777 {}".format(logdir), shell=True)
with log_handler(basename, logpath):
sdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(request.fspath))
with chdir(sdir, "module autouse fixture"):
yield
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="module")
def module_check_memtest(request):
yield
if request.config.option.valgrind_memleaks:
if get_topogen() is not None:
check_for_valgrind_memleaks()
if request.config.option.memleaks:
if get_topogen() is not None:
check_for_memleaks()
#
# Disable per test function logging as FRR CI system can't handle it.
#
# @pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="function")
# def function_autouse(request):
# # For tests we actually use the logdir name as the logfile base
# logbase = get_test_logdir(nodeid=request.node.nodeid, module=False)
# logbase = os.path.join(topotest.g_pytest_config.option.rundir, logbase)
# logpath = Path(logbase)
# path = Path(f"{logpath.parent}/exec-{logpath.name}.log")
# subprocess.check_call("mkdir -p -m 1777 {}".format(logpath.parent), shell=True)
# with log_handler(request.node.nodeid, path):
# yield
@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
def pytest_runtest_call(item: pytest.Item) -> None:
"Hook the function that is called to execute the test."
# For topology only run the CLI then exit
if item.config.option.topology_only:
get_topogen().cli()
pytest.exit("exiting after --topology-only")
# Let the default pytest_runtest_call execute the test function
yield
check_for_backtraces()
check_for_core_dumps()
# Check for leaks if requested
if item.config.option.valgrind_memleaks:
check_for_valgrind_memleaks()
if item.config.option.memleaks:
check_for_memleaks()
def pytest_assertrepr_compare(op, left, right):
"""
Show proper assertion error message for json_cmp results.
"""
del op
json_result = left
if not isinstance(json_result, json_cmp_result):
json_result = right
if not isinstance(json_result, json_cmp_result):
return None
return json_result.gen_report()
def setup_coverage(config):
commander = Commander("pytest")
if config.option.cov_frr_build_dir:
bdir = Path(config.option.cov_frr_build_dir).resolve()
output = commander.cmd_raises(f"find {bdir} -name zebra_nb.gcno").strip()
else:
# Support build sub-directory of main source dir
bdir = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent
output = commander.cmd_raises(f"find {bdir} -name zebra_nb.gcno").strip()
m = re.match(f"({bdir}.*)/zebra/zebra_nb.gcno", output)
if not m:
logger.warning(
"No coverage data files (*.gcno) found, try specifying --cov-frr-build-dir"
)
return
bdir = Path(m.group(1))
# Save so we can get later from g_pytest_config
rundir = Path(config.option.rundir).resolve()
gcdadir = rundir / "gcda"
os.environ["FRR_BUILD_DIR"] = str(bdir)
os.environ["GCOV_PREFIX_STRIP"] = str(len(bdir.parts) - 1)
os.environ["GCOV_PREFIX"] = str(gcdadir)
if is_main_runner():
commander.cmd_raises(f"find {bdir} -name '*.gc??' -exec chmod o+r {{}} +")
commander.cmd_raises(f"mkdir -p {gcdadir}")
commander.cmd_raises(f"chown -R root:frr {gcdadir}")
commander.cmd_raises(f"chmod 2775 {gcdadir}")
def pytest_configure(config):
"""
Assert that the environment is correctly configured, and get extra config.
"""
topotest.g_pytest_config = ConfigOptionsProxy(config)
if config.getoption("--collect-only"):
return
if "PYTEST_XDIST_WORKER" not in os.environ:
os.environ["PYTEST_XDIST_MODE"] = config.getoption("dist", "no")
os.environ["PYTEST_TOPOTEST_WORKER"] = ""
is_xdist = os.environ["PYTEST_XDIST_MODE"] != "no"
is_worker = False
wname = ""
else:
wname = os.environ["PYTEST_XDIST_WORKER"]
os.environ["PYTEST_TOPOTEST_WORKER"] = wname
is_xdist = True
is_worker = True
resource.setrlimit(
resource.RLIMIT_CORE, (resource.RLIM_INFINITY, resource.RLIM_INFINITY)
)
# -----------------------------------------------------
# Set some defaults for the pytest.ini [pytest] section
# ---------------------------------------------------
rundir = config.option.rundir
if not rundir:
rundir = config.getini("rundir")
if not rundir:
rundir = "/tmp/topotests"
config.option.rundir = rundir
if not config.getoption("--junitxml"):
config.option.xmlpath = os.path.join(rundir, "topotests.xml")
xmlpath = config.option.xmlpath
# Save an existing topotest.xml
if os.path.exists(xmlpath):
fmtime = time.localtime(os.path.getmtime(xmlpath))
suffix = "-" + time.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S", fmtime)
commander = Commander("pytest")
mv_path = commander.get_exec_path("mv")
commander.cmd_status([mv_path, xmlpath, xmlpath + suffix])
# Set the log_file (exec) to inside the rundir if not specified
if not config.getoption("--log-file") and not config.getini("log_file"):
config.option.log_file = os.path.join(rundir, "exec.log")
# Handle pytest-xdist each worker get's it's own top level log file
# `exec-worker-N.log`
if wname:
wname = wname.replace("gw", "worker-")
cpath = Path(config.option.log_file).absolute()
config.option.log_file = f"{cpath.parent}/{cpath.stem}-{wname}{cpath.suffix}"
elif is_xdist:
cpath = Path(config.option.log_file).absolute()
config.option.log_file = f"{cpath.parent}/{cpath.stem}-xdist{cpath.suffix}"
# Turn on live logging if user specified verbose and the config has a CLI level set
if config.getoption("--verbose") and not is_xdist and not config.getini("log_cli"):
if config.getoption("--log-cli-level", None) is None:
# By setting the CLI option to the ini value it enables log_cli=1
cli_level = config.getini("log_cli_level")
if cli_level is not None:
config.option.log_cli_level = cli_level
have_tmux = bool(os.getenv("TMUX", ""))
have_screen = not have_tmux and bool(os.getenv("STY", ""))
have_xterm = not have_tmux and not have_screen and bool(os.getenv("DISPLAY", ""))
have_windows = have_tmux or have_screen or have_xterm
have_windows_pause = have_tmux or have_xterm
xdist_no_windows = is_xdist and not is_worker and not have_windows_pause
def assert_feature_windows(b, feature):
if b and xdist_no_windows:
pytest.exit(
"{} use requires byobu/TMUX/XTerm under dist {}".format(
feature, os.environ["PYTEST_XDIST_MODE"]
)
)
elif b and not is_xdist and not have_windows:
pytest.exit("{} use requires byobu/TMUX/SCREEN/XTerm".format(feature))
#
# Check for window capability if given options that require window
#
assert_feature_windows(config.option.gdb_routers, "GDB")
assert_feature_windows(config.option.gdb_daemons, "GDB")
assert_feature_windows(config.option.cli_on_error, "--cli-on-error")
assert_feature_windows(config.option.shell, "--shell")
assert_feature_windows(config.option.shell_on_error, "--shell-on-error")
assert_feature_windows(config.option.vtysh, "--vtysh")
assert_feature_windows(config.option.vtysh_on_error, "--vtysh-on-error")
if config.option.topology_only and is_xdist:
pytest.exit("Cannot use --topology-only with distributed test mode")
# Check environment now that we have config
if not diagnose_env(rundir):
pytest.exit("environment has errors, please read the logs in %s" % rundir)
# slave TOPOTESTS_CHECK_MEMLEAK to memleaks flag
if config.option.memleaks:
if "TOPOTESTS_CHECK_MEMLEAK" not in os.environ:
os.environ["TOPOTESTS_CHECK_MEMLEAK"] = "/dev/null"
else:
if "TOPOTESTS_CHECK_MEMLEAK" in os.environ:
del os.environ["TOPOTESTS_CHECK_MEMLEAK"]
if "TOPOTESTS_CHECK_STDERR" in os.environ:
del os.environ["TOPOTESTS_CHECK_STDERR"]
if config.option.cov_topotest:
setup_coverage(config)
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="session")
def session_autouse():
# Aligns logs nicely
logging.addLevelName(logging.WARNING, " WARN")
logging.addLevelName(logging.INFO, " INFO")
is_main = is_main_runner()
logger.debug("Before the run (is_main: %s)", is_main)
if is_main:
cleanup_previous()
yield
if is_main:
cleanup_current()
logger.debug("After the run (is_main: %s)", is_main)
def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
module = item.parent.module
script_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(module.__file__))
os.environ["PYTEST_TOPOTEST_SCRIPTDIR"] = script_dir
os.environ["CONFIGDIR"] = script_dir
def pytest_exception_interact(node, call, report):
generate_support_bundle()
def pytest_runtest_makereport(item, call):
"Log all assert messages to default logger with error level"
pause = bool(item.config.getoption("--pause"))
title = "unset"
if call.excinfo is None:
error = False
else:
parent = item.parent
modname = parent.module.__name__
# Treat skips as non errors, don't pause after
if call.excinfo.typename == "Skipped":
pause = False
error = False
logger.info(
'test skipped at "{}/{}": {}'.format(
modname, item.name, call.excinfo.value
)
)
else:
error = True
# Handle assert failures
parent._previousfailed = item # pylint: disable=W0212
logger.error(
'test failed at "{}/{}": {}'.format(
modname, item.name, call.excinfo.value
)
)
title = "{}/{}".format(modname, item.name)
# We want to pause, if requested, on any error not just test cases
# (e.g., call.when == "setup")
if not pause:
pause = item.config.option.pause_on_error or item.config.option.pause
# (topogen) Set topology error to avoid advancing in the test.
tgen = get_topogen() # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
if tgen is not None:
# This will cause topogen to report error on `routers_have_failure`.
tgen.set_error("{}/{}".format(modname, item.name))
commander = Commander("pytest")
isatty = sys.stdout.isatty()
error_cmd = None
if error and item.config.option.vtysh_on_error:
error_cmd = commander.get_exec_path(["vtysh"])
elif error and item.config.option.shell_on_error:
error_cmd = os.getenv("SHELL", commander.get_exec_path(["bash"]))
if error_cmd:
is_tmux = bool(os.getenv("TMUX", ""))
is_screen = not is_tmux and bool(os.getenv("STY", ""))
is_xterm = not is_tmux and not is_screen and bool(os.getenv("DISPLAY", ""))
channel = None
win_info = None
wait_for_channels = []
wait_for_procs = []
# Really would like something better than using this global here.
# Not all tests use topogen though so get_topogen() won't work.
for node in BaseMunet.g_unet.hosts.values():
pause = True
if is_tmux:
channel = (
"{}-{}".format(os.getpid(), Commander.tmux_wait_gen)
if not isatty
else None
)
# If we don't have a tty to pause on pause for tmux windows to exit
if channel is not None:
Commander.tmux_wait_gen += 1
wait_for_channels.append(channel)
pane_info = node.run_in_window(
error_cmd,
new_window=win_info is None,
background=not isatty,
title="{} ({})".format(title, node.name),
name=title,
tmux_target=win_info,
wait_for=channel,
)
if is_tmux:
if win_info is None:
win_info = pane_info
elif is_xterm:
assert isinstance(pane_info, subprocess.Popen)
# If we don't have a tty to pause on pause for xterm procs to exit
if not isatty:
wait_for_procs.append(pane_info)
# Now wait on any channels
if wait_for_channels or wait_for_procs:
logger.info("Pausing for error command windows to exit")
for channel in wait_for_channels:
logger.debug("Waiting on TMUX channel %s", channel)
commander.cmd_raises([commander.get_exec_path("tmux"), "wait", channel])
for p in wait_for_procs:
logger.debug("Waiting on TMUX xterm process %s", p)
o, e = p.communicate()
if p.wait():
logger.warning("xterm proc failed: %s:", proc_error(p, o, e))
if error and item.config.option.cli_on_error:
# Really would like something better than using this global here.
# Not all tests use topogen though so get_topogen() won't work.
if BaseMunet.g_unet:
cli.cli(BaseMunet.g_unet, title=title, background=False)
else:
logger.error("Could not launch CLI b/c no munet exists yet")
if pause and isatty:
pause_test()
def coverage_finish(terminalreporter, config):
commander = Commander("pytest")
rundir = Path(config.option.rundir).resolve()
bdir = Path(os.environ["FRR_BUILD_DIR"])
gcdadir = Path(os.environ["GCOV_PREFIX"])
logger.info("Creating .gcno ssymlink from '%s' to '%s'", gcdadir, bdir)
commander.cmd_raises(
f"cd {gcdadir}; bdir={bdir}"
+ """
for f in $(find . -name '*.gcda'); do
f=${f#./};
f=${f%.gcda}.gcno;
ln -fs $bdir/$f $f;
touch -h -r $bdir/$f $f;
echo $f;
done"""
)
# Get the results into a summary file
data_file = rundir / "coverage.info"
logger.info("Gathering coverage data into: %s", data_file)
commander.cmd_raises(
f"lcov --directory {gcdadir} --capture --output-file {data_file}"
)
# Get coverage info filtered to a specific set of files
report_file = rundir / "coverage.info"
logger.debug("Generating coverage summary from: %s\n%s", report_file)
output = commander.cmd_raises(f"lcov --summary {data_file}")
logger.info("\nCOVERAGE-SUMMARY-START\n%s\nCOVERAGE-SUMMARY-END", output)
terminalreporter.write(
f"\nCOVERAGE-SUMMARY-START\n{output}\nCOVERAGE-SUMMARY-END\n"
)
def pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter, exitstatus, config):
# Only run if we are the top level test runner
is_xdist_worker = "PYTEST_XDIST_WORKER" in os.environ
is_xdist = os.environ["PYTEST_XDIST_MODE"] != "no"
if config.option.cov_topotest and not is_xdist_worker:
coverage_finish(terminalreporter, config)
if (
is_xdist
and not is_xdist_worker
and (
bool(config.getoption("--pause"))
or bool(config.getoption("--pause-at-end"))
)
):
pause_test("pause-at-end")
#
# Add common fixtures available to all tests as parameters
#
tgen = pytest.fixture(lib.fixtures.tgen)
topo = pytest.fixture(lib.fixtures.topo)