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# sqlglot.dialects.dialect

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4from enum import Enum
      5from functools import reduce
      6
      7from sqlglot import exp
      8from sqlglot._typing import E
      9from sqlglot.errors import ParseError
     10from sqlglot.generator import Generator
     11from sqlglot.helper import flatten, seq_get
     12from sqlglot.parser import Parser
     13from sqlglot.time import format_time
     14from sqlglot.tokens import Token, Tokenizer, TokenType
     15from sqlglot.trie import new_trie
     16
     17B = t.TypeVar("B", bound=exp.Binary)
     18
     19
     20class Dialects(str, Enum):
     21    DIALECT = ""
     22
     23    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
     24    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
     25    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
     26    DRILL = "drill"
     27    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
     28    HIVE = "hive"
     29    MYSQL = "mysql"
     30    ORACLE = "oracle"
     31    POSTGRES = "postgres"
     32    PRESTO = "presto"
     33    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
     34    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
     35    SPARK = "spark"
     36    SPARK2 = "spark2"
     37    SQLITE = "sqlite"
     38    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
     39    TABLEAU = "tableau"
     40    TERADATA = "teradata"
     41    TRINO = "trino"
     42    TSQL = "tsql"
     43    Doris = "doris"
     44
     45
     46class _Dialect(type):
     47    classes: t.Dict[str, t.Type[Dialect]] = {}
     48
     49    def __eq__(cls, other: t.Any) -> bool:
     50        if cls is other:
     51            return True
     52        if isinstance(other, str):
     53            return cls is cls.get(other)
     54        if isinstance(other, Dialect):
     55            return cls is type(other)
     56
     57        return False
     58
     59    def __hash__(cls) -> int:
     60        return hash(cls.__name__.lower())
     61
     62    @classmethod
     63    def __getitem__(cls, key: str) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
     64        return cls.classes[key]
     65
     66    @classmethod
     67    def get(
     68        cls, key: str, default: t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]] = None
     69    ) -> t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]]:
     70        return cls.classes.get(key, default)
     71
     72    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs):
     73        klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs)
     74        enum = Dialects.__members__.get(clsname.upper())
     75        cls.classes[enum.value if enum is not None else clsname.lower()] = klass
     76
     77        klass.TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.TIME_MAPPING)
     78        klass.FORMAT_TRIE = (
     79            new_trie(klass.FORMAT_MAPPING) if klass.FORMAT_MAPPING else klass.TIME_TRIE
     80        )
     81        klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING = {v: k for k, v in klass.TIME_MAPPING.items()}
     82        klass.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
     83
     84        klass.tokenizer_class = getattr(klass, "Tokenizer", Tokenizer)
     85        klass.parser_class = getattr(klass, "Parser", Parser)
     86        klass.generator_class = getattr(klass, "Generator", Generator)
     87
     88        klass.QUOTE_START, klass.QUOTE_END = list(klass.tokenizer_class._QUOTES.items())[0]
     89        klass.IDENTIFIER_START, klass.IDENTIFIER_END = list(
     90            klass.tokenizer_class._IDENTIFIERS.items()
     91        )[0]
     92
     93        def get_start_end(token_type: TokenType) -> t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], t.Optional[str]]:
     94            return next(
     95                (
     96                    (s, e)
     97                    for s, (e, t) in klass.tokenizer_class._FORMAT_STRINGS.items()
     98                    if t == token_type
     99                ),
    100                (None, None),
    101            )
    102
    103        klass.BIT_START, klass.BIT_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BIT_STRING)
    104        klass.HEX_START, klass.HEX_END = get_start_end(TokenType.HEX_STRING)
    105        klass.BYTE_START, klass.BYTE_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BYTE_STRING)
    106
    107        dialect_properties = {
    108            **{
    109                k: v
    110                for k, v in vars(klass).items()
    111                if not callable(v) and not isinstance(v, classmethod) and not k.startswith("__")
    112            },
    113            "TOKENIZER_CLASS": klass.tokenizer_class,
    114        }
    115
    116        if enum not in ("", "bigquery"):
    117            dialect_properties["SELECT_KINDS"] = ()
    118
    119        # Pass required dialect properties to the tokenizer, parser and generator classes
    120        for subclass in (klass.tokenizer_class, klass.parser_class, klass.generator_class):
    121            for name, value in dialect_properties.items():
    122                if hasattr(subclass, name):
    123                    setattr(subclass, name, value)
    124
    125        if not klass.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and klass.DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT:
    126            klass.parser_class.BITWISE[TokenType.DPIPE] = exp.SafeDPipe
    127
    128        klass.generator_class.can_identify = klass.can_identify
    129
    130        return klass
    131
    132
    133class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
    134    # Determines the base index offset for arrays
    135    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
    136
    137    # If true unnest table aliases are considered only as column aliases
    138    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
    139
    140    # Determines whether or not the table alias comes after tablesample
    141    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
    142
    143    # Determines whether or not unquoted identifiers are resolved as uppercase
    144    # When set to None, it means that the dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive
    145    RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE: t.Optional[bool] = False
    146
    147    # Determines whether or not an unquoted identifier can start with a digit
    148    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
    149
    150    # Determines whether or not the DPIPE token ('||') is a string concatenation operator
    151    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
    152
    153    # Determines whether or not CONCAT's arguments must be strings
    154    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
    155
    156    # Determines whether or not user-defined data types are supported
    157    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
    158
    159    # Determines how function names are going to be normalized
    160    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
    161
    162    # Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set
    163    # Options are: "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last"
    164    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
    165
    166    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
    167    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
    168    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
    169
    170    # Custom time mappings in which the key represents dialect time format
    171    # and the value represents a python time format
    172    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    173
    174    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
    175    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
    176    # special syntax cast(x as date format 'yyyy') defaults to time_mapping
    177    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    178
    179    # Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect
    180    # Such columns may be excluded from SELECT * queries, for example
    181    PSEUDOCOLUMNS: t.Set[str] = set()
    182
    183    # Autofilled
    184    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
    185    parser_class = Parser
    186    generator_class = Generator
    187
    188    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
    189    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    190    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    191
    192    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    193    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    194
    195    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
    196        return type(self) == other
    197
    198    def __hash__(self) -> int:
    199        return hash(type(self))
    200
    201    @classmethod
    202    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
    203        if not dialect:
    204            return cls
    205        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    206            return dialect
    207        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    208            return dialect.__class__
    209
    210        result = cls.get(dialect)
    211        if not result:
    212            raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect}'")
    213
    214        return result
    215
    216    @classmethod
    217    def format_time(
    218        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    219    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    220        if isinstance(expression, str):
    221            return exp.Literal.string(
    222                # the time formats are quoted
    223                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    224            )
    225
    226        if expression and expression.is_string:
    227            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    228
    229        return expression
    230
    231    @classmethod
    232    def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: E) -> E:
    233        """
    234        Normalizes an unquoted identifier to either lower or upper case, thus essentially
    235        making it case-insensitive. If a dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive,
    236        they will be normalized regardless of being quoted or not.
    237        """
    238        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and (
    239            not expression.quoted or cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None
    240        ):
    241            expression.set(
    242                "this",
    243                expression.this.upper()
    244                if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE
    245                else expression.this.lower(),
    246            )
    247
    248        return expression
    249
    250    @classmethod
    251    def case_sensitive(cls, text: str) -> bool:
    252        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    253        if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None:
    254            return False
    255
    256        unsafe = str.islower if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE else str.isupper
    257        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
    258
    259    @classmethod
    260    def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    261        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    262
    263        Args:
    264            text: The text to check.
    265            identify:
    266                "always" or `True`: Always returns true.
    267                "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    268
    269        Returns:
    270            Whether or not the given text can be identified.
    271        """
    272        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    273            return True
    274
    275        if identify == "safe":
    276            return not cls.case_sensitive(text)
    277
    278        return False
    279
    280    @classmethod
    281    def quote_identifier(cls, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    282        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    283            name = expression.this
    284            expression.set(
    285                "quoted",
    286                identify or cls.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    287            )
    288
    289        return expression
    290
    291    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    292        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    293
    294    def parse_into(
    295        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    296    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    297        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    298
    299    def generate(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression], **opts) -> str:
    300        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression)
    301
    302    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    303        return [self.generate(expression, **opts) for expression in self.parse(sql)]
    304
    305    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    306        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
    307
    308    @property
    309    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    310        if not hasattr(self, "_tokenizer"):
    311            self._tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class()
    312        return self._tokenizer
    313
    314    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    315        return self.parser_class(**opts)
    316
    317    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    318        return self.generator_class(**opts)
    319
    320
    321DialectType = t.Union[str, Dialect, t.Type[Dialect], None]
    322
    323
    324def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    325    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))
    326
    327
    328def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
    329    if expression.args.get("accuracy"):
    330        self.unsupported("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy")
    331    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)
    332
    333
    334def if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
    335    return self.func(
    336        "IF", expression.this, expression.args.get("true"), expression.args.get("false")
    337    )
    338
    339
    340def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONBExtract) -> str:
    341    return self.binary(expression, "->")
    342
    343
    344def arrow_json_extract_scalar_sql(
    345    self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtractScalar | exp.JSONBExtractScalar
    346) -> str:
    347    return self.binary(expression, "->>")
    348
    349
    350def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    351    return f"[{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}]"
    352
    353
    354def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
    355    return self.like_sql(
    356        exp.Like(
    357            this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this.copy()), expression=expression.expression.copy()
    358        )
    359    )
    360
    361
    362def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
    363    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
    364    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"
    365
    366
    367def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
    368    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
    369        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
    370        expression.args["recursive"] = False
    371    return self.with_sql(expression)
    372
    373
    374def no_safe_divide_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SafeDivide) -> str:
    375    n = self.sql(expression, "this")
    376    d = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    377    return f"IF({d} <> 0, {n} / {d}, NULL)"
    378
    379
    380def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
    381    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
    382    return self.sql(expression.this)
    383
    384
    385def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
    386    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
    387    return ""
    388
    389
    390def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    391    return self.cast_sql(expression)
    392
    393
    394def no_properties_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Properties) -> str:
    395    self.unsupported("Properties unsupported")
    396    return ""
    397
    398
    399def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
    400    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
    401) -> str:
    402    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
    403    return ""
    404
    405
    406def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
    407    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
    408    return ""
    409
    410
    411def str_position_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    412    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    413    substr = self.sql(expression, "substr")
    414    position = self.sql(expression, "position")
    415    if position:
    416        return f"STRPOS(SUBSTR({this}, {position}), {substr}) + {position} - 1"
    417    return f"STRPOS({this}, {substr})"
    418
    419
    420def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
    421    return (
    422        f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(exp.to_identifier(expression.expression.name))}"
    423    )
    424
    425
    426def var_map_sql(
    427    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
    428) -> str:
    429    keys = expression.args["keys"]
    430    values = expression.args["values"]
    431
    432    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
    433        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
    434        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
    435
    436    args = []
    437    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
    438        args.append(self.sql(key))
    439        args.append(self.sql(value))
    440
    441    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)
    442
    443
    444def format_time_lambda(
    445    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
    446) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    447    """Helper used for time expressions.
    448
    449    Args:
    450        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
    451        dialect: target sql dialect.
    452        default: the default format, True being time.
    453
    454    Returns:
    455        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
    456    """
    457
    458    def _format_time(args: t.List):
    459        return exp_class(
    460            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    461            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
    462                seq_get(args, 1)
    463                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
    464            ),
    465        )
    466
    467    return _format_time
    468
    469
    470def time_format(
    471    dialect: DialectType = None,
    472) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix], t.Optional[str]]:
    473    def _time_format(self: Generator, expression: exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix) -> t.Optional[str]:
    474        """
    475        Returns the time format for a given expression, unless it's equivalent
    476        to the default time format of the dialect of interest.
    477        """
    478        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    479        return time_format if time_format != Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).TIME_FORMAT else None
    480
    481    return _time_format
    482
    483
    484def create_with_partitions_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    485    """
    486    In Hive and Spark, the PARTITIONED BY property acts as an extension of a table's schema. When the
    487    PARTITIONED BY value is an array of column names, they are transformed into a schema. The corresponding
    488    columns are removed from the create statement.
    489    """
    490    has_schema = isinstance(expression.this, exp.Schema)
    491    is_partitionable = expression.args.get("kind") in ("TABLE", "VIEW")
    492
    493    if has_schema and is_partitionable:
    494        expression = expression.copy()
    495        prop = expression.find(exp.PartitionedByProperty)
    496        if prop and prop.this and not isinstance(prop.this, exp.Schema):
    497            schema = expression.this
    498            columns = {v.name.upper() for v in prop.this.expressions}
    499            partitions = [col for col in schema.expressions if col.name.upper() in columns]
    500            schema.set("expressions", [e for e in schema.expressions if e not in partitions])
    501            prop.replace(exp.PartitionedByProperty(this=exp.Schema(expressions=partitions)))
    502            expression.set("this", schema)
    503
    504    return self.create_sql(expression)
    505
    506
    507def parse_date_delta(
    508    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
    509) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    510    def inner_func(args: t.List) -> E:
    511        unit_based = len(args) == 3
    512        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
    513        unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string("DAY")
    514        unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
    515        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
    516
    517    return inner_func
    518
    519
    520def parse_date_delta_with_interval(
    521    expression_class: t.Type[E],
    522) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
    523    def func(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
    524        if len(args) < 2:
    525            return None
    526
    527        interval = args[1]
    528
    529        if not isinstance(interval, exp.Interval):
    530            raise ParseError(f"INTERVAL expression expected but got '{interval}'")
    531
    532        expression = interval.this
    533        if expression and expression.is_string:
    534            expression = exp.Literal.number(expression.this)
    535
    536        return expression_class(
    537            this=args[0], expression=expression, unit=exp.Literal.string(interval.text("unit"))
    538        )
    539
    540    return func
    541
    542
    543def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
    544    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
    545    this = seq_get(args, 1)
    546
    547    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
    548        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
    549    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)
    550
    551
    552def timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
    553    return self.func(
    554        "DATE_TRUNC", exp.Literal.string(expression.text("unit") or "day"), expression.this
    555    )
    556
    557
    558def locate_to_strposition(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    559    return exp.StrPosition(
    560        this=seq_get(args, 1), substr=seq_get(args, 0), position=seq_get(args, 2)
    561    )
    562
    563
    564def strposition_to_locate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    565    return self.func(
    566        "LOCATE", expression.args.get("substr"), expression.this, expression.args.get("position")
    567    )
    568
    569
    570def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    571    expression = expression.copy()
    572    return self.sql(
    573        exp.Substring(
    574            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
    575        )
    576    )
    577
    578
    579def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    580    expression = expression.copy()
    581    return self.sql(
    582        exp.Substring(
    583            this=expression.this,
    584            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
    585        )
    586    )
    587
    588
    589def timestrtotime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime) -> str:
    590    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, "timestamp"))
    591
    592
    593def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
    594    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, "date"))
    595
    596
    597# Used for Presto and Duckdb which use functions that don't support charset, and assume utf-8
    598def encode_decode_sql(
    599    self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True
    600) -> str:
    601    charset = expression.args.get("charset")
    602    if charset and charset.name.lower() != "utf-8":
    603        self.unsupported(f"Expected utf-8 character set, got {charset}.")
    604
    605    return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.args.get("replace") if replace else None)
    606
    607
    608def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
    609    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
    610    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    611
    612
    613def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
    614    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
    615    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    616
    617
    618def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    619    cond = expression.this
    620
    621    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
    622        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
    623        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
    624
    625    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond.copy(), 1, 0))
    626
    627
    628def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
    629    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
    630    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
    631    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    632    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
    633
    634    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
    635    if not remove_chars and not collation:
    636        return self.trim_sql(expression)
    637
    638    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
    639    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
    640    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
    641    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
    642    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"
    643
    644
    645def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    646    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))
    647
    648
    649def ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(dialect: str) -> t.Callable:
    650    def _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str:
    651        _dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)
    652        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    653        if time_format and time_format not in (_dialect.TIME_FORMAT, _dialect.DATE_FORMAT):
    654            return self.sql(exp.cast(str_to_time_sql(self, expression), "date"))
    655
    656        return self.sql(exp.cast(self.sql(expression, "this"), "date"))
    657
    658    return _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql
    659
    660
    661def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat | exp.SafeConcat) -> str:
    662    expression = expression.copy()
    663    return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=y), expression.expressions))
    664
    665
    666def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str:
    667    expression = expression.copy()
    668    delim, *rest_args = expression.expressions
    669    return self.sql(
    670        reduce(
    671            lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=exp.DPipe(this=delim, expression=y)),
    672            rest_args,
    673        )
    674    )
    675
    676
    677def regexp_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    678    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
    679    if bad_args:
    680        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_EXTRACT does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    681
    682    return self.func(
    683        "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("group")
    684    )
    685
    686
    687def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
    688    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
    689    if bad_args:
    690        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_REPLACE does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    691
    692    return self.func(
    693        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
    694    )
    695
    696
    697def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
    698    names = []
    699    for agg in aggregations:
    700        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
    701            names.append(agg.alias)
    702        else:
    703            """
    704            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
    705            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
    706            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
    707            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
    708            """
    709            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
    710                lambda node: exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
    711                if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    712                else node
    713            )
    714            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
    715
    716    return names
    717
    718
    719def simplify_literal(expression: E) -> E:
    720    if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Literal):
    721        from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify
    722
    723        simplify(expression.expression)
    724
    725    return expression
    726
    727
    728def binary_from_function(expr_type: t.Type[B]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], B]:
    729    return lambda args: expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))
    730
    731
    732# Used to represent DATE_TRUNC in Doris, Postgres and Starrocks dialects
    733def parse_timestamp_trunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
    734    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
    735
    736
    737def any_value_to_max_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
    738    return self.func("MAX", expression.this)
    739
    740
    741# Used to generate JSON_OBJECT with a comma in BigQuery and MySQL instead of colon
    742def json_keyvalue_comma_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str:
    743    return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}"

class Dialects(builtins.str, enum.Enum): View Source

    21class Dialects(str, Enum):
    22    DIALECT = ""
    23
    24    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
    25    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
    26    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
    27    DRILL = "drill"
    28    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
    29    HIVE = "hive"
    30    MYSQL = "mysql"
    31    ORACLE = "oracle"
    32    POSTGRES = "postgres"
    33    PRESTO = "presto"
    34    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
    35    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
    36    SPARK = "spark"
    37    SPARK2 = "spark2"
    38    SQLITE = "sqlite"
    39    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
    40    TABLEAU = "tableau"
    41    TERADATA = "teradata"
    42    TRINO = "trino"
    43    TSQL = "tsql"
    44    Doris = "doris"

An enumeration.

DIALECT = <Dialects.DIALECT: ''>
BIGQUERY = <Dialects.BIGQUERY: 'bigquery'>
CLICKHOUSE = <Dialects.CLICKHOUSE: 'clickhouse'>
DATABRICKS = <Dialects.DATABRICKS: 'databricks'>
DRILL = <Dialects.DRILL: 'drill'>
DUCKDB = <Dialects.DUCKDB: 'duckdb'>
HIVE = <Dialects.HIVE: 'hive'>
MYSQL = <Dialects.MYSQL: 'mysql'>
ORACLE = <Dialects.ORACLE: 'oracle'>
POSTGRES = <Dialects.POSTGRES: 'postgres'>
PRESTO = <Dialects.PRESTO: 'presto'>
REDSHIFT = <Dialects.REDSHIFT: 'redshift'>
SNOWFLAKE = <Dialects.SNOWFLAKE: 'snowflake'>
SPARK = <Dialects.SPARK: 'spark'>
SPARK2 = <Dialects.SPARK2: 'spark2'>
SQLITE = <Dialects.SQLITE: 'sqlite'>
STARROCKS = <Dialects.STARROCKS: 'starrocks'>
TABLEAU = <Dialects.TABLEAU: 'tableau'>
TERADATA = <Dialects.TERADATA: 'teradata'>
TRINO = <Dialects.TRINO: 'trino'>
TSQL = <Dialects.TSQL: 'tsql'>
Doris = <Dialects.Doris: 'doris'>

##### Inherited Members

enum.Enum
  name
  value
builtins.str
  encode
  replace
  split
  rsplit
  join
  capitalize
  casefold
  title
  center
  count
  expandtabs
  find
  partition
  index
  ljust
  lower
  lstrip
  rfind
  rindex
  rjust
  rstrip
  rpartition
  splitlines
  strip
  swapcase
  translate
  upper
  startswith
  endswith
  removeprefix
  removesuffix
  isascii
  islower
  isupper
  istitle
  isspace
  isdecimal
  isdigit
  isnumeric
  isalpha
  isalnum
  isidentifier
  isprintable
  zfill
  format
  format_map
  maketrans

class Dialect: View Source

    134class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
    135    # Determines the base index offset for arrays
    136    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
    137
    138    # If true unnest table aliases are considered only as column aliases
    139    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
    140
    141    # Determines whether or not the table alias comes after tablesample
    142    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
    143
    144    # Determines whether or not unquoted identifiers are resolved as uppercase
    145    # When set to None, it means that the dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive
    146    RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE: t.Optional[bool] = False
    147
    148    # Determines whether or not an unquoted identifier can start with a digit
    149    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
    150
    151    # Determines whether or not the DPIPE token ('||') is a string concatenation operator
    152    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
    153
    154    # Determines whether or not CONCAT's arguments must be strings
    155    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
    156
    157    # Determines whether or not user-defined data types are supported
    158    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
    159
    160    # Determines how function names are going to be normalized
    161    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
    162
    163    # Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set
    164    # Options are: "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last"
    165    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
    166
    167    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
    168    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
    169    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
    170
    171    # Custom time mappings in which the key represents dialect time format
    172    # and the value represents a python time format
    173    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    174
    175    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
    176    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
    177    # special syntax cast(x as date format 'yyyy') defaults to time_mapping
    178    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    179
    180    # Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect
    181    # Such columns may be excluded from SELECT * queries, for example
    182    PSEUDOCOLUMNS: t.Set[str] = set()
    183
    184    # Autofilled
    185    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
    186    parser_class = Parser
    187    generator_class = Generator
    188
    189    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
    190    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    191    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    192
    193    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    194    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    195
    196    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
    197        return type(self) == other
    198
    199    def __hash__(self) -> int:
    200        return hash(type(self))
    201
    202    @classmethod
    203    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
    204        if not dialect:
    205            return cls
    206        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    207            return dialect
    208        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    209            return dialect.__class__
    210
    211        result = cls.get(dialect)
    212        if not result:
    213            raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect}'")
    214
    215        return result
    216
    217    @classmethod
    218    def format_time(
    219        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    220    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    221        if isinstance(expression, str):
    222            return exp.Literal.string(
    223                # the time formats are quoted
    224                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    225            )
    226
    227        if expression and expression.is_string:
    228            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    229
    230        return expression
    231
    232    @classmethod
    233    def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: E) -> E:
    234        """
    235        Normalizes an unquoted identifier to either lower or upper case, thus essentially
    236        making it case-insensitive. If a dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive,
    237        they will be normalized regardless of being quoted or not.
    238        """
    239        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and (
    240            not expression.quoted or cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None
    241        ):
    242            expression.set(
    243                "this",
    244                expression.this.upper()
    245                if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE
    246                else expression.this.lower(),
    247            )
    248
    249        return expression
    250
    251    @classmethod
    252    def case_sensitive(cls, text: str) -> bool:
    253        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    254        if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None:
    255            return False
    256
    257        unsafe = str.islower if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE else str.isupper
    258        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
    259
    260    @classmethod
    261    def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    262        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    263
    264        Args:
    265            text: The text to check.
    266            identify:
    267                "always" or `True`: Always returns true.
    268                "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    269
    270        Returns:
    271            Whether or not the given text can be identified.
    272        """
    273        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    274            return True
    275
    276        if identify == "safe":
    277            return not cls.case_sensitive(text)
    278
    279        return False
    280
    281    @classmethod
    282    def quote_identifier(cls, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    283        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    284            name = expression.this
    285            expression.set(
    286                "quoted",
    287                identify or cls.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    288            )
    289
    290        return expression
    291
    292    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    293        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    294
    295    def parse_into(
    296        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    297    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    298        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    299
    300    def generate(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression], **opts) -> str:
    301        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression)
    302
    303    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    304        return [self.generate(expression, **opts) for expression in self.parse(sql)]
    305
    306    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    307        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
    308
    309    @property
    310    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    311        if not hasattr(self, "_tokenizer"):
    312            self._tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class()
    313        return self._tokenizer
    314
    315    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    316        return self.parser_class(**opts)
    317
    318    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    319        return self.generator_class(**opts)

INDEX_OFFSET = 0
UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE: Optional[bool] = False
IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = 'upper'
NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_small'
DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
PSEUDOCOLUMNS: Set[str] = set()
tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'sqlglot.parser.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'sqlglot.generator.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
@classmethod
def get_or_raise( cls, dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType]) -> Type[Dialect]: View Source

    202    @classmethod
    203    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
    204        if not dialect:
    205            return cls
    206        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    207            return dialect
    208        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    209            return dialect.__class__
    210
    211        result = cls.get(dialect)
    212        if not result:
    213            raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect}'")
    214
    215        return result

@classmethod
def format_time( cls, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    217    @classmethod
    218    def format_time(
    219        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    220    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    221        if isinstance(expression, str):
    222            return exp.Literal.string(
    223                # the time formats are quoted
    224                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    225            )
    226
    227        if expression and expression.is_string:
    228            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    229
    230        return expression

@classmethod
def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    232    @classmethod
    233    def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: E) -> E:
    234        """
    235        Normalizes an unquoted identifier to either lower or upper case, thus essentially
    236        making it case-insensitive. If a dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive,
    237        they will be normalized regardless of being quoted or not.
    238        """
    239        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and (
    240            not expression.quoted or cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None
    241        ):
    242            expression.set(
    243                "this",
    244                expression.this.upper()
    245                if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE
    246                else expression.this.lower(),
    247            )
    248
    249        return expression

Normalizes an unquoted identifier to either lower or upper case, thus essentially making it case-insensitive. If a dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive, they will be normalized regardless of being quoted or not.

@classmethod
def case_sensitive(cls, text: str) -> bool: View Source

    251    @classmethod
    252    def case_sensitive(cls, text: str) -> bool:
    253        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    254        if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None:
    255            return False
    256
    257        unsafe = str.islower if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE else str.isupper
    258        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)

Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules.

@classmethod
def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = 'safe') -> bool: View Source

    260    @classmethod
    261    def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    262        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    263
    264        Args:
    265            text: The text to check.
    266            identify:
    267                "always" or `True`: Always returns true.
    268                "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    269
    270        Returns:
    271            Whether or not the given text can be identified.
    272        """
    273        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    274            return True
    275
    276        if identify == "safe":
    277            return not cls.case_sensitive(text)
    278
    279        return False

Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.

###### Arguments:

- text: The text to check.
- identify: "always" or `True`: Always returns true. "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.

###### Returns:

> Whether or not the given text can be identified.

@classmethod
def quote_identifier(cls, expression: ~E, identify: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    281    @classmethod
    282    def quote_identifier(cls, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    283        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    284            name = expression.this
    285            expression.set(
    286                "quoted",
    287                identify or cls.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    288            )
    289
    290        return expression

def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    292    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    293        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def parse_into( self, expression_type: Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Collection[Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]]], sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    295    def parse_into(
    296        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    297    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    298        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def generate( self, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], **opts) -> str: View Source

    300    def generate(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression], **opts) -> str:
    301        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression)

def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[str]: View Source

    303    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    304        return [self.generate(expression, **opts) for expression in self.parse(sql)]

def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> List[sqlglot.tokens.Token]: View Source

    306    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    307        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)

tokenizer: sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
def parser(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.parser.Parser: View Source

    315    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    316        return self.parser_class(**opts)

def generator(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.generator.Generator: View Source

    318    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    319        return self.generator_class(**opts)

QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START = None
BIT_END = None
HEX_START = None
HEX_END = None
BYTE_START = None
BYTE_END = None
DialectType = typing.Union[str, Dialect, typing.Type[Dialect], NoneType]
def rename_func( name: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.Expression], str]: View Source

    325def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    326    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))

def approx_count_distinct_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct) -> str: View Source

    329def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
    330    if expression.args.get("accuracy"):
    331        self.unsupported("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy")
    332    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)

def if_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.If) -> str: View Source

    335def if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
    336    return self.func(
    337        "IF", expression.this, expression.args.get("true"), expression.args.get("false")
    338    )

def arrow_json_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract | sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract) -> str: View Source

    341def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONBExtract) -> str:
    342    return self.binary(expression, "->")

def arrow_json_extract_scalar_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar | sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar) -> str: View Source

    345def arrow_json_extract_scalar_sql(
    346    self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtractScalar | exp.JSONBExtractScalar
    347) -> str:
    348    return self.binary(expression, "->>")

def inline_array_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    351def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    352    return f"[{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}]"

def no_ilike_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ILike) -> str: View Source

    355def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
    356    return self.like_sql(
    357        exp.Like(
    358            this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this.copy()), expression=expression.expression.copy()
    359        )
    360    )

def no_paren_current_date_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate) -> str: View Source

    363def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
    364    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
    365    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"

def no_recursive_cte_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.With) -> str: View Source

    368def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
    369    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
    370        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
    371        expression.args["recursive"] = False
    372    return self.with_sql(expression)

def no_safe_divide_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide) -> str: View Source

    375def no_safe_divide_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SafeDivide) -> str:
    376    n = self.sql(expression, "this")
    377    d = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    378    return f"IF({d} <> 0, {n} / {d}, NULL)"

def no_tablesample_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample) -> str: View Source

    381def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
    382    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
    383    return self.sql(expression.this)

def no_pivot_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Pivot) -> str: View Source

    386def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
    387    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
    388    return ""

def no_trycast_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str: View Source

    391def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    392    return self.cast_sql(expression)

def no_properties_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Properties) -> str: View Source

    395def no_properties_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Properties) -> str:
    396    self.unsupported("Properties unsupported")
    397    return ""

def no_comment_column_constraint_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    400def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
    401    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
    402) -> str:
    403    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
    404    return ""

def no_map_from_entries_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries) -> str: View Source

    407def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
    408    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
    409    return ""

def str_position_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition) -> str: View Source

    412def str_position_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    413    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    414    substr = self.sql(expression, "substr")
    415    position = self.sql(expression, "position")
    416    if position:
    417        return f"STRPOS(SUBSTR({this}, {position}), {substr}) + {position} - 1"
    418    return f"STRPOS({this}, {substr})"

def struct_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract) -> str: View Source

    421def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
    422    return (
    423        f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(exp.to_identifier(expression.expression.name))}"
    424    )

def var_map_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Map | sqlglot.expressions.VarMap, map_func_name: str = 'MAP') -> str: View Source

    427def var_map_sql(
    428    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
    429) -> str:
    430    keys = expression.args["keys"]
    431    values = expression.args["values"]
    432
    433    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
    434        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
    435        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
    436
    437    args = []
    438    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
    439        args.append(self.sql(key))
    440        args.append(self.sql(value))
    441
    442    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)

def format_time_lambda( exp_class: Type[~E], dialect: str, default: Union[str, bool, NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    445def format_time_lambda(
    446    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
    447) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    448    """Helper used for time expressions.
    449
    450    Args:
    451        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
    452        dialect: target sql dialect.
    453        default: the default format, True being time.
    454
    455    Returns:
    456        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
    457    """
    458
    459    def _format_time(args: t.List):
    460        return exp_class(
    461            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    462            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
    463                seq_get(args, 1)
    464                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
    465            ),
    466        )
    467
    468    return _format_time

Helper used for time expressions.

###### Arguments:

- exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
- dialect: target sql dialect.
- default: the default format, True being time.

###### Returns:

> A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.

def time_format( dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr | sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix], Optional[str]]: View Source

    471def time_format(
    472    dialect: DialectType = None,
    473) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix], t.Optional[str]]:
    474    def _time_format(self: Generator, expression: exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix) -> t.Optional[str]:
    475        """
    476        Returns the time format for a given expression, unless it's equivalent
    477        to the default time format of the dialect of interest.
    478        """
    479        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    480        return time_format if time_format != Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).TIME_FORMAT else None
    481
    482    return _time_format

def create_with_partitions_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create) -> str: View Source

    485def create_with_partitions_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    486    """
    487    In Hive and Spark, the PARTITIONED BY property acts as an extension of a table's schema. When the
    488    PARTITIONED BY value is an array of column names, they are transformed into a schema. The corresponding
    489    columns are removed from the create statement.
    490    """
    491    has_schema = isinstance(expression.this, exp.Schema)
    492    is_partitionable = expression.args.get("kind") in ("TABLE", "VIEW")
    493
    494    if has_schema and is_partitionable:
    495        expression = expression.copy()
    496        prop = expression.find(exp.PartitionedByProperty)
    497        if prop and prop.this and not isinstance(prop.this, exp.Schema):
    498            schema = expression.this
    499            columns = {v.name.upper() for v in prop.this.expressions}
    500            partitions = [col for col in schema.expressions if col.name.upper() in columns]
    501            schema.set("expressions", [e for e in schema.expressions if e not in partitions])
    502            prop.replace(exp.PartitionedByProperty(this=exp.Schema(expressions=partitions)))
    503            expression.set("this", schema)
    504
    505    return self.create_sql(expression)

In Hive and Spark, the PARTITIONED BY property acts as an extension of a table's schema. When the PARTITIONED BY value is an array of column names, they are transformed into a schema. The corresponding columns are removed from the create statement.

def parse_date_delta( exp_class: Type[~E], unit_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    508def parse_date_delta(
    509    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
    510) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    511    def inner_func(args: t.List) -> E:
    512        unit_based = len(args) == 3
    513        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
    514        unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string("DAY")
    515        unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
    516        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
    517
    518    return inner_func

def parse_date_delta_with_interval(expression_class: Type[~E]) -> Callable[[List], Optional[~E]]: View Source

    521def parse_date_delta_with_interval(
    522    expression_class: t.Type[E],
    523) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
    524    def func(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
    525        if len(args) < 2:
    526            return None
    527
    528        interval = args[1]
    529
    530        if not isinstance(interval, exp.Interval):
    531            raise ParseError(f"INTERVAL expression expected but got '{interval}'")
    532
    533        expression = interval.this
    534        if expression and expression.is_string:
    535            expression = exp.Literal.number(expression.this)
    536
    537        return expression_class(
    538            this=args[0], expression=expression, unit=exp.Literal.string(interval.text("unit"))
    539        )
    540
    541    return func

def date_trunc_to_time( args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc | sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    544def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
    545    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
    546    this = seq_get(args, 1)
    547
    548    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
    549        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
    550    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)

def timestamptrunc_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc) -> str: View Source

    553def timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
    554    return self.func(
    555        "DATE_TRUNC", exp.Literal.string(expression.text("unit") or "day"), expression.this
    556    )

def locate_to_strposition(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    559def locate_to_strposition(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    560    return exp.StrPosition(
    561        this=seq_get(args, 1), substr=seq_get(args, 0), position=seq_get(args, 2)
    562    )

def strposition_to_locate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition) -> str: View Source

    565def strposition_to_locate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    566    return self.func(
    567        "LOCATE", expression.args.get("substr"), expression.this, expression.args.get("position")
    568    )

def left_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    571def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    572    expression = expression.copy()
    573    return self.sql(
    574        exp.Substring(
    575            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
    576        )
    577    )

def right_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    580def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    581    expression = expression.copy()
    582    return self.sql(
    583        exp.Substring(
    584            this=expression.this,
    585            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
    586        )
    587    )

def timestrtotime_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime) -> str: View Source

    590def timestrtotime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime) -> str:
    591    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, "timestamp"))

def datestrtodate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate) -> str: View Source

    594def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
    595    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, "date"))

def encode_decode_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True) -> str: View Source

    599def encode_decode_sql(
    600    self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True
    601) -> str:
    602    charset = expression.args.get("charset")
    603    if charset and charset.name.lower() != "utf-8":
    604        self.unsupported(f"Expected utf-8 character set, got {charset}.")
    605
    606    return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.args.get("replace") if replace else None)

def min_or_least( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Min) -> str: View Source

    609def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
    610    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
    611    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def max_or_greatest( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Max) -> str: View Source

    614def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
    615    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
    616    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def count_if_to_sum( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CountIf) -> str: View Source

    619def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    620    cond = expression.this
    621
    622    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
    623        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
    624        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
    625
    626    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond.copy(), 1, 0))

def trim_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Trim) -> str: View Source

    629def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
    630    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
    631    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
    632    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    633    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
    634
    635    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
    636    if not remove_chars and not collation:
    637        return self.trim_sql(expression)
    638
    639    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
    640    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
    641    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
    642    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
    643    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"

def str_to_time_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> str: View Source

    646def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    647    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))

def ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(dialect: str) -> Callable: View Source

    650def ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(dialect: str) -> t.Callable:
    651    def _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str:
    652        _dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)
    653        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    654        if time_format and time_format not in (_dialect.TIME_FORMAT, _dialect.DATE_FORMAT):
    655            return self.sql(exp.cast(str_to_time_sql(self, expression), "date"))
    656
    657        return self.sql(exp.cast(self.sql(expression, "this"), "date"))
    658
    659    return _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql

def concat_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Concat | sqlglot.expressions.SafeConcat) -> str: View Source

    662def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat | exp.SafeConcat) -> str:
    663    expression = expression.copy()
    664    return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=y), expression.expressions))

def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs) -> str: View Source

    667def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str:
    668    expression = expression.copy()
    669    delim, *rest_args = expression.expressions
    670    return self.sql(
    671        reduce(
    672            lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=exp.DPipe(this=delim, expression=y)),
    673            rest_args,
    674        )
    675    )

def regexp_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract) -> str: View Source

    678def regexp_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    679    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
    680    if bad_args:
    681        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_EXTRACT does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    682
    683    return self.func(
    684        "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("group")
    685    )

def regexp_replace_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace) -> str: View Source

    688def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
    689    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
    690    if bad_args:
    691        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_REPLACE does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    692
    693    return self.func(
    694        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
    695    )

def pivot_column_names( aggregations: List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType]) -> List[str]: View Source

    698def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
    699    names = []
    700    for agg in aggregations:
    701        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
    702            names.append(agg.alias)
    703        else:
    704            """
    705            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
    706            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
    707            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
    708            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
    709            """
    710            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
    711                lambda node: exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
    712                if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    713                else node
    714            )
    715            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
    716
    717    return names

def simplify_literal(expression: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    720def simplify_literal(expression: E) -> E:
    721    if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Literal):
    722        from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify
    723
    724        simplify(expression.expression)
    725
    726    return expression

def binary_from_function(expr_type: Type[~B]) -> Callable[[List], ~B]: View Source

    729def binary_from_function(expr_type: t.Type[B]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], B]:
    730    return lambda args: expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))

def parse_timestamp_trunc(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    734def parse_timestamp_trunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
    735    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))

def any_value_to_max_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue) -> str: View Source

    738def any_value_to_max_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
    739    return self.func("MAX", expression.this)

def json_keyvalue_comma_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONKeyValue) -> str: View Source

    743def json_keyvalue_comma_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str:
    744    return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}"