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# sqlglot.dialects.postgres

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
      6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      7    Dialect,
      8    arrow_json_extract_scalar_sql,
      9    arrow_json_extract_sql,
     10    datestrtodate_sql,
     11    format_time_lambda,
     12    max_or_greatest,
     13    min_or_least,
     14    no_paren_current_date_sql,
     15    no_pivot_sql,
     16    no_tablesample_sql,
     17    no_trycast_sql,
     18    rename_func,
     19    str_position_sql,
     20    timestamptrunc_sql,
     21    trim_sql,
     22)
     23from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
     24from sqlglot.parser import binary_range_parser
     25from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     26
     27DATE_DIFF_FACTOR = {
     28    "MICROSECOND": " * 1000000",
     29    "MILLISECOND": " * 1000",
     30    "SECOND": "",
     31    "MINUTE": " / 60",
     32    "HOUR": " / 3600",
     33    "DAY": " / 86400",
     34}
     35
     36
     37def _date_add_sql(kind: str) -> t.Callable[[generator.Generator, exp.DateAdd | exp.DateSub], str]:
     38    def func(self: generator.Generator, expression: exp.DateAdd | exp.DateSub) -> str:
     39        from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify
     40
     41        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     42        unit = expression.args.get("unit")
     43        expression = simplify(expression.args["expression"])
     44
     45        if not isinstance(expression, exp.Literal):
     46            self.unsupported("Cannot add non literal")
     47
     48        expression = expression.copy()
     49        expression.args["is_string"] = True
     50        return f"{this} {kind} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression, unit=unit))}"
     51
     52    return func
     53
     54
     55def _date_diff_sql(self: generator.Generator, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
     56    unit = expression.text("unit").upper()
     57    factor = DATE_DIFF_FACTOR.get(unit)
     58
     59    end = f"CAST({expression.this} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     60    start = f"CAST({expression.expression} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     61
     62    if factor is not None:
     63        return f"CAST(EXTRACT(epoch FROM {end} - {start}){factor} AS BIGINT)"
     64
     65    age = f"AGE({end}, {start})"
     66
     67    if unit == "WEEK":
     68        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age}) * 48 + EXTRACT(month FROM {age}) * 4 + EXTRACT(day FROM {age}) / 7"
     69    elif unit == "MONTH":
     70        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age}) * 12 + EXTRACT(month FROM {age})"
     71    elif unit == "QUARTER":
     72        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age}) * 4 + EXTRACT(month FROM {age}) / 3"
     73    elif unit == "YEAR":
     74        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age})"
     75    else:
     76        unit = age
     77
     78    return f"CAST({unit} AS BIGINT)"
     79
     80
     81def _substring_sql(self: generator.Generator, expression: exp.Substring) -> str:
     82    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     83    start = self.sql(expression, "start")
     84    length = self.sql(expression, "length")
     85
     86    from_part = f" FROM {start}" if start else ""
     87    for_part = f" FOR {length}" if length else ""
     88
     89    return f"SUBSTRING({this}{from_part}{for_part})"
     90
     91
     92def _string_agg_sql(self: generator.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
     93    expression = expression.copy()
     94    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
     95
     96    order = ""
     97    this = expression.this
     98    if isinstance(this, exp.Order):
     99        if this.this:
    100            this = this.this.pop()
    101        order = self.sql(expression.this)  # Order has a leading space
    102
    103    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}{order})"
    104
    105
    106def _datatype_sql(self: generator.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    107    if expression.this == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY:
    108        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[]"
    109    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
    110
    111
    112def _auto_increment_to_serial(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    113    auto = expression.find(exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint)
    114
    115    if auto:
    116        expression = expression.copy()
    117        expression.args["constraints"].remove(auto.parent)
    118        kind = expression.args["kind"]
    119
    120        if kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.INT:
    121            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.SERIAL))
    122        elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT:
    123            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.SMALLSERIAL))
    124        elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT:
    125            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.BIGSERIAL))
    126
    127    return expression
    128
    129
    130def _serial_to_generated(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    131    kind = expression.args["kind"]
    132
    133    if kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.SERIAL:
    134        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT)
    135    elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.SMALLSERIAL:
    136        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT)
    137    elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.BIGSERIAL:
    138        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT)
    139    else:
    140        data_type = None
    141
    142    if data_type:
    143        expression = expression.copy()
    144        expression.args["kind"].replace(data_type)
    145        constraints = expression.args["constraints"]
    146        generated = exp.ColumnConstraint(kind=exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(this=False))
    147        notnull = exp.ColumnConstraint(kind=exp.NotNullColumnConstraint())
    148
    149        if notnull not in constraints:
    150            constraints.insert(0, notnull)
    151        if generated not in constraints:
    152            constraints.insert(0, generated)
    153
    154    return expression
    155
    156
    157def _generate_series(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    158    # The goal is to convert step values like '1 day' or INTERVAL '1 day' into INTERVAL '1' day
    159    step = seq_get(args, 2)
    160
    161    if step is None:
    162        # Postgres allows calls with just two arguments -- the "step" argument defaults to 1
    163        return exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
    164
    165    if step.is_string:
    166        args[2] = exp.to_interval(step.this)
    167    elif isinstance(step, exp.Interval) and not step.args.get("unit"):
    168        args[2] = exp.to_interval(step.this.this)
    169
    170    return exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
    171
    172
    173def _to_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    174    # TO_TIMESTAMP accepts either a single double argument or (text, text)
    175    if len(args) == 1:
    176        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TABLE
    177        return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
    178
    179    # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-formatting.html
    180    return format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "postgres")(args)
    181
    182
    183class Postgres(Dialect):
    184    null_ordering = "nulls_are_large"
    185    time_format = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
    186    time_mapping = {
    187        "AM": "%p",
    188        "PM": "%p",
    189        "D": "%u",  # 1-based day of week
    190        "DD": "%d",  # day of month
    191        "DDD": "%j",  # zero padded day of year
    192        "FMDD": "%-d",  # - is no leading zero for Python; same for FM in postgres
    193        "FMDDD": "%-j",  # day of year
    194        "FMHH12": "%-I",  # 9
    195        "FMHH24": "%-H",  # 9
    196        "FMMI": "%-M",  # Minute
    197        "FMMM": "%-m",  # 1
    198        "FMSS": "%-S",  # Second
    199        "HH12": "%I",  # 09
    200        "HH24": "%H",  # 09
    201        "MI": "%M",  # zero padded minute
    202        "MM": "%m",  # 01
    203        "OF": "%z",  # utc offset
    204        "SS": "%S",  # zero padded second
    205        "TMDay": "%A",  # TM is locale dependent
    206        "TMDy": "%a",
    207        "TMMon": "%b",  # Sep
    208        "TMMonth": "%B",  # September
    209        "TZ": "%Z",  # uppercase timezone name
    210        "US": "%f",  # zero padded microsecond
    211        "WW": "%U",  # 1-based week of year
    212        "YY": "%y",  # 15
    213        "YYYY": "%Y",  # 2015
    214    }
    215
    216    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    217        QUOTES = ["'", "$$"]
    218
    219        BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
    220        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    221        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    222
    223        KEYWORDS = {
    224            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    225            "~~": TokenType.LIKE,
    226            "~~*": TokenType.ILIKE,
    227            "~*": TokenType.IRLIKE,
    228            "~": TokenType.RLIKE,
    229            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    230            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    231            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    232            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    233            "BIGSERIAL": TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
    234            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    235            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    236            "DO": TokenType.COMMAND,
    237            "HSTORE": TokenType.HSTORE,
    238            "JSONB": TokenType.JSONB,
    239            "REFRESH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    240            "REINDEX": TokenType.COMMAND,
    241            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
    242            "RETURNING": TokenType.RETURNING,
    243            "REVOKE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    244            "SERIAL": TokenType.SERIAL,
    245            "SMALLSERIAL": TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
    246            "TEMP": TokenType.TEMPORARY,
    247            "CSTRING": TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
    248        }
    249
    250        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    251            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    252            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    253        }
    254
    255        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
    256
    257    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    258        STRICT_CAST = False
    259
    260        FUNCTIONS = {
    261            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    262            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.TimestampTrunc(
    263                this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
    264            ),
    265            "GENERATE_SERIES": _generate_series,
    266            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    267            "TO_CHAR": format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, "postgres"),
    268            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _to_timestamp,
    269        }
    270
    271        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    272            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    273            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    274        }
    275
    276        BITWISE = {
    277            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    278            TokenType.HASH: exp.BitwiseXor,
    279        }
    280
    281        EXPONENT = {
    282            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    283        }
    284
    285        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    286            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    287            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    288            TokenType.AT_GT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContains),
    289            TokenType.LT_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContained),
    290        }
    291
    292        def _parse_factor(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    293            return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_exponent, self.FACTOR)
    294
    295        def _parse_exponent(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    296            return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_unary, self.EXPONENT)
    297
    298        def _parse_date_part(self) -> exp.Expression:
    299            part = self._parse_type()
    300            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    301            value = self._parse_bitwise()
    302
    303            if part and part.is_string:
    304                part = exp.Var(this=part.name)
    305
    306            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=part, expression=value)
    307
    308    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    309        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
    310        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
    311        JOIN_HINTS = False
    312        TABLE_HINTS = False
    313        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    314
    315        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    316            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    317            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
    318            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    319            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
    320            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTEA",
    321            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
    322            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    323        }
    324
    325        TRANSFORMS = {
    326            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    327            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
    328            exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
    329            exp.JSONExtract: arrow_json_extract_sql,
    330            exp.JSONExtractScalar: arrow_json_extract_scalar_sql,
    331            exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
    332            exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
    333            exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
    334            exp.Pow: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "^"),
    335            exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
    336            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    337            exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    338            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    339            exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
    340            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    341            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    342            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    343            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    344            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    345            exp.ArrayOverlaps: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "&&"),
    346            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "@>"),
    347            exp.ArrayContained: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "<@"),
    348            exp.Merge: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_target_from_merge]),
    349            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    350            exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
    351            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
    352            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    353            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    354            exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
    355            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    356            exp.TimeStrToTime: lambda self, e: f"CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TIMESTAMP)",
    357            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: f"TO_CHAR({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    358            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
    359            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    360            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
    361            exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
    362            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    363            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    364            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
    365            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}({self.sql(e.expressions[0])})"
    366            if isinstance(seq_get(e.expressions, 0), exp.Select)
    367            else f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
    368        }
    369
    370        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    371            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    372            exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    373            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    374        }

class Postgres(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    184class Postgres(Dialect):
    185    null_ordering = "nulls_are_large"
    186    time_format = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
    187    time_mapping = {
    188        "AM": "%p",
    189        "PM": "%p",
    190        "D": "%u",  # 1-based day of week
    191        "DD": "%d",  # day of month
    192        "DDD": "%j",  # zero padded day of year
    193        "FMDD": "%-d",  # - is no leading zero for Python; same for FM in postgres
    194        "FMDDD": "%-j",  # day of year
    195        "FMHH12": "%-I",  # 9
    196        "FMHH24": "%-H",  # 9
    197        "FMMI": "%-M",  # Minute
    198        "FMMM": "%-m",  # 1
    199        "FMSS": "%-S",  # Second
    200        "HH12": "%I",  # 09
    201        "HH24": "%H",  # 09
    202        "MI": "%M",  # zero padded minute
    203        "MM": "%m",  # 01
    204        "OF": "%z",  # utc offset
    205        "SS": "%S",  # zero padded second
    206        "TMDay": "%A",  # TM is locale dependent
    207        "TMDy": "%a",
    208        "TMMon": "%b",  # Sep
    209        "TMMonth": "%B",  # September
    210        "TZ": "%Z",  # uppercase timezone name
    211        "US": "%f",  # zero padded microsecond
    212        "WW": "%U",  # 1-based week of year
    213        "YY": "%y",  # 15
    214        "YYYY": "%Y",  # 2015
    215    }
    216
    217    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    218        QUOTES = ["'", "$$"]
    219
    220        BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
    221        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    222        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    223
    224        KEYWORDS = {
    225            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    226            "~~": TokenType.LIKE,
    227            "~~*": TokenType.ILIKE,
    228            "~*": TokenType.IRLIKE,
    229            "~": TokenType.RLIKE,
    230            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    231            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    232            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    233            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    234            "BIGSERIAL": TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
    235            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    236            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    237            "DO": TokenType.COMMAND,
    238            "HSTORE": TokenType.HSTORE,
    239            "JSONB": TokenType.JSONB,
    240            "REFRESH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    241            "REINDEX": TokenType.COMMAND,
    242            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
    243            "RETURNING": TokenType.RETURNING,
    244            "REVOKE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    245            "SERIAL": TokenType.SERIAL,
    246            "SMALLSERIAL": TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
    247            "TEMP": TokenType.TEMPORARY,
    248            "CSTRING": TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
    249        }
    250
    251        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    252            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    253            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    254        }
    255
    256        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
    257
    258    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    259        STRICT_CAST = False
    260
    261        FUNCTIONS = {
    262            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    263            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.TimestampTrunc(
    264                this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
    265            ),
    266            "GENERATE_SERIES": _generate_series,
    267            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    268            "TO_CHAR": format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, "postgres"),
    269            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _to_timestamp,
    270        }
    271
    272        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    273            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    274            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    275        }
    276
    277        BITWISE = {
    278            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    279            TokenType.HASH: exp.BitwiseXor,
    280        }
    281
    282        EXPONENT = {
    283            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    284        }
    285
    286        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    287            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    288            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    289            TokenType.AT_GT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContains),
    290            TokenType.LT_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContained),
    291        }
    292
    293        def _parse_factor(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    294            return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_exponent, self.FACTOR)
    295
    296        def _parse_exponent(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    297            return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_unary, self.EXPONENT)
    298
    299        def _parse_date_part(self) -> exp.Expression:
    300            part = self._parse_type()
    301            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    302            value = self._parse_bitwise()
    303
    304            if part and part.is_string:
    305                part = exp.Var(this=part.name)
    306
    307            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=part, expression=value)
    308
    309    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    310        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
    311        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
    312        JOIN_HINTS = False
    313        TABLE_HINTS = False
    314        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    315
    316        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    317            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    318            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
    319            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    320            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
    321            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTEA",
    322            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
    323            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    324        }
    325
    326        TRANSFORMS = {
    327            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    328            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
    329            exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
    330            exp.JSONExtract: arrow_json_extract_sql,
    331            exp.JSONExtractScalar: arrow_json_extract_scalar_sql,
    332            exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
    333            exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
    334            exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
    335            exp.Pow: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "^"),
    336            exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
    337            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    338            exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    339            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    340            exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
    341            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    342            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    343            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    344            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    345            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    346            exp.ArrayOverlaps: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "&&"),
    347            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "@>"),
    348            exp.ArrayContained: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "<@"),
    349            exp.Merge: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_target_from_merge]),
    350            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    351            exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
    352            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
    353            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    354            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    355            exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
    356            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    357            exp.TimeStrToTime: lambda self, e: f"CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TIMESTAMP)",
    358            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: f"TO_CHAR({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    359            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
    360            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    361            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
    362            exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
    363            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    364            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    365            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
    366            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}({self.sql(e.expressions[0])})"
    367            if isinstance(seq_get(e.expressions, 0), exp.Select)
    368            else f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
    369        }
    370
    371        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    372            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    373            exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    374            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    375        }

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  parser
  generator

class Postgres.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    217    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    218        QUOTES = ["'", "$$"]
    219
    220        BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
    221        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    222        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    223
    224        KEYWORDS = {
    225            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    226            "~~": TokenType.LIKE,
    227            "~~*": TokenType.ILIKE,
    228            "~*": TokenType.IRLIKE,
    229            "~": TokenType.RLIKE,
    230            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    231            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    232            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    233            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    234            "BIGSERIAL": TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
    235            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    236            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    237            "DO": TokenType.COMMAND,
    238            "HSTORE": TokenType.HSTORE,
    239            "JSONB": TokenType.JSONB,
    240            "REFRESH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    241            "REINDEX": TokenType.COMMAND,
    242            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
    243            "RETURNING": TokenType.RETURNING,
    244            "REVOKE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    245            "SERIAL": TokenType.SERIAL,
    246            "SMALLSERIAL": TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
    247            "TEMP": TokenType.TEMPORARY,
    248            "CSTRING": TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
    249        }
    250
    251        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    252            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    253            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    254        }
    255
    256        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  reset
  tokenize

class Postgres.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    258    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    259        STRICT_CAST = False
    260
    261        FUNCTIONS = {
    262            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    263            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.TimestampTrunc(
    264                this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
    265            ),
    266            "GENERATE_SERIES": _generate_series,
    267            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    268            "TO_CHAR": format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, "postgres"),
    269            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _to_timestamp,
    270        }
    271
    272        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    273            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    274            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    275        }
    276
    277        BITWISE = {
    278            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    279            TokenType.HASH: exp.BitwiseXor,
    280        }
    281
    282        EXPONENT = {
    283            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    284        }
    285
    286        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    287            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    288            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    289            TokenType.AT_GT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContains),
    290            TokenType.LT_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContained),
    291        }
    292
    293        def _parse_factor(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    294            return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_exponent, self.FACTOR)
    295
    296        def _parse_exponent(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    297            return self._parse_tokens(self._parse_unary, self.EXPONENT)
    298
    299        def _parse_date_part(self) -> exp.Expression:
    300            part = self._parse_type()
    301            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    302            value = self._parse_bitwise()
    303
    304            if part and part.is_string:
    305                part = exp.Var(this=part.name)
    306
    307            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=part, expression=value)

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the `sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer` and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: the desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.RAISE
- error_message_context: determines the amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 50.
- index_offset: Index offset for arrays eg ARRAY[0] vs ARRAY[1] as the head of a list. Default: 0
- alias_post_tablesample: If the table alias comes after tablesample. Default: False
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- null_ordering: Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Options are "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last". Default: "nulls_are_small"

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression

class Postgres.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    309    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    310        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
    311        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
    312        JOIN_HINTS = False
    313        TABLE_HINTS = False
    314        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    315
    316        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    317            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    318            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
    319            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    320            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
    321            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTEA",
    322            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
    323            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    324        }
    325
    326        TRANSFORMS = {
    327            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    328            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
    329            exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
    330            exp.JSONExtract: arrow_json_extract_sql,
    331            exp.JSONExtractScalar: arrow_json_extract_scalar_sql,
    332            exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
    333            exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
    334            exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
    335            exp.Pow: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "^"),
    336            exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
    337            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    338            exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    339            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    340            exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
    341            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    342            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    343            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    344            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    345            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    346            exp.ArrayOverlaps: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "&&"),
    347            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "@>"),
    348            exp.ArrayContained: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "<@"),
    349            exp.Merge: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_target_from_merge]),
    350            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    351            exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
    352            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
    353            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    354            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    355            exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
    356            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    357            exp.TimeStrToTime: lambda self, e: f"CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TIMESTAMP)",
    358            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: f"TO_CHAR({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    359            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
    360            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    361            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
    362            exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
    363            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    364            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    365            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
    366            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}({self.sql(e.expressions[0])})"
    367            if isinstance(seq_get(e.expressions, 0), exp.Select)
    368            else f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
    369        }
    370
    371        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    372            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    373            exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    374            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    375        }

Generator interprets the given syntax tree and produces a SQL string as an output.

###### Arguments:

- time_mapping (dict): the dictionary of custom time mappings in which the key represents a python time format and the output the target time format
- time_trie (trie): a trie of the time_mapping keys
- pretty (bool): if set to True the returned string will be formatted. Default: False.
- quote_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '.
- quote_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '.
- identifier_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ".
- identifier_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ".
- bit_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit bit literals. Default: None.
- bit_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit bit literals. Default: None.
- hex_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit hex literals. Default: None.
- hex_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit hex literals. Default: None.
- byte_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit byte literals. Default: None.
- byte_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit byte literals. Default: None.
- raw_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit raw literals. Default: None.
- raw_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit raw literals. Default: None.
- identify (bool | str): 'always': always quote, 'safe': quote identifiers if they don't contain an upcase, True defaults to always.
- normalize (bool): if set to True all identifiers will lower cased
- string_escape (str): specifies a string escape character. Default: '.
- identifier_escape (str): specifies an identifier escape character. Default: ".
- pad (int): determines padding in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- indent (int): determines the size of indentation in a formatted string. Default: 4.
- unnest_column_only (bool): if true unnest table aliases are considered only as column aliases
- normalize_functions (str): normalize function names, "upper", "lower", or None Default: "upper"
- alias_post_tablesample (bool): if the table alias comes after tablesample Default: False
- unsupported_level (ErrorLevel): determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- null_ordering (str): Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Options are "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last". Default: "nulls_are_small"
- max_unsupported (int): Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma (bool): if the the comma is leading or trailing in select statements Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  generate
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  create_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypesize_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  except_sql
  except_op
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  intersect_sql
  intersect_op
  introducer_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  after_having_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  union_sql
  union_op
  unnest_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_sql
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  concat_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  unique_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  aliases_sql
  attimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  renametable_sql
  altertable_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  or_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  text_width
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  set_operation
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql