# sqlglot.dialects.presto API documentation

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# sqlglot.dialects.presto

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
      6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      7    Dialect,
      8    NormalizationStrategy,
      9    binary_from_function,
     10    bool_xor_sql,
     11    date_trunc_to_time,
     12    datestrtodate_sql,
     13    encode_decode_sql,
     14    format_time_lambda,
     15    if_sql,
     16    left_to_substring_sql,
     17    no_ilike_sql,
     18    no_pivot_sql,
     19    no_safe_divide_sql,
     20    no_timestamp_sql,
     21    regexp_extract_sql,
     22    rename_func,
     23    right_to_substring_sql,
     24    struct_extract_sql,
     25    timestamptrunc_sql,
     26    timestrtotime_sql,
     27    ts_or_ds_add_cast,
     28)
     29from sqlglot.dialects.mysql import MySQL
     30from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, seq_get
     31from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     32
     33
     34def _approx_distinct_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
     35    accuracy = expression.args.get("accuracy")
     36    accuracy = ", " + self.sql(accuracy) if accuracy else ""
     37    return f"APPROX_DISTINCT({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{accuracy})"
     38
     39
     40def _explode_to_unnest_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
     41    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Explode):
     42        return self.sql(
     43            exp.Join(
     44                this=exp.Unnest(
     45                    expressions=[expression.this.this],
     46                    alias=expression.args.get("alias"),
     47                    offset=isinstance(expression.this, exp.Posexplode),
     48                ),
     49                kind="cross",
     50            )
     51        )
     52    return self.lateral_sql(expression)
     53
     54
     55def _initcap_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Initcap) -> str:
     56    regex = r"(\w)(\w*)"
     57    return f"REGEXP_REPLACE({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, '{regex}', x -> UPPER(x[1]) || LOWER(x[2]))"
     58
     59
     60def _no_sort_array(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
     61    if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false():
     62        comparator = "(a, b) -> CASE WHEN a < b THEN 1 WHEN a > b THEN -1 ELSE 0 END"
     63    else:
     64        comparator = None
     65    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this, comparator)
     66
     67
     68def _schema_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Schema) -> str:
     69    if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Property):
     70        columns = ", ".join(f"'{c.name}'" for c in expression.expressions)
     71        return f"ARRAY[{columns}]"
     72
     73    if expression.parent:
     74        for schema in expression.parent.find_all(exp.Schema):
     75            column_defs = schema.find_all(exp.ColumnDef)
     76            if column_defs and isinstance(schema.parent, exp.Property):
     77                expression.expressions.extend(column_defs)
     78
     79    return self.schema_sql(expression)
     80
     81
     82def _quantile_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Quantile) -> str:
     83    self.unsupported("Presto does not support exact quantiles")
     84    return f"APPROX_PERCENTILE({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'quantile')})"
     85
     86
     87def _str_to_time_sql(
     88    self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.StrToDate | exp.StrToTime | exp.TsOrDsToDate
     89) -> str:
     90    return f"DATE_PARSE({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.format_time(expression)})"
     91
     92
     93def _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str:
     94    time_format = self.format_time(expression)
     95    if time_format and time_format not in (Presto.TIME_FORMAT, Presto.DATE_FORMAT):
     96        return exp.cast(_str_to_time_sql(self, expression), "DATE").sql(dialect="presto")
     97    return exp.cast(exp.cast(expression.this, "TIMESTAMP", copy=True), "DATE").sql(dialect="presto")
     98
     99
    100def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
    101    expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
    102    unit = exp.Literal.string(expression.text("unit") or "DAY")
    103    return self.func("DATE_ADD", unit, expression.expression, expression.this)
    104
    105
    106def _ts_or_ds_diff_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsDiff) -> str:
    107    this = exp.cast(expression.this, "TIMESTAMP")
    108    expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, "TIMESTAMP")
    109    unit = exp.Literal.string(expression.text("unit") or "DAY")
    110    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit, expr, this)
    111
    112
    113def _approx_percentile(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    114    if len(args) == 4:
    115        return exp.ApproxQuantile(
    116            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    117            weight=seq_get(args, 1),
    118            quantile=seq_get(args, 2),
    119            accuracy=seq_get(args, 3),
    120        )
    121    if len(args) == 3:
    122        return exp.ApproxQuantile(
    123            this=seq_get(args, 0), quantile=seq_get(args, 1), accuracy=seq_get(args, 2)
    124        )
    125    return exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list(args)
    126
    127
    128def _from_unixtime(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    129    if len(args) == 3:
    130        return exp.UnixToTime(
    131            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    132            hours=seq_get(args, 1),
    133            minutes=seq_get(args, 2),
    134        )
    135    if len(args) == 2:
    136        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), zone=seq_get(args, 1))
    137
    138    return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
    139
    140
    141def _unnest_sequence(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    142    if isinstance(expression, exp.Table):
    143        if isinstance(expression.this, exp.GenerateSeries):
    144            unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.this])
    145
    146            if expression.alias:
    147                return exp.alias_(unnest, alias="_u", table=[expression.alias], copy=False)
    148            return unnest
    149    return expression
    150
    151
    152def _first_last_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Func) -> str:
    153    """
    154    Trino doesn't support FIRST / LAST as functions, but they're valid in the context
    155    of MATCH_RECOGNIZE, so we need to preserve them in that case. In all other cases
    156    they're converted into an ARBITRARY call.
    157
    158    Reference: https://trino.io/docs/current/sql/match-recognize.html#logical-navigation-functions
    159    """
    160    if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.MatchRecognize, exp.Select), exp.MatchRecognize):
    161        return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    162
    163    return rename_func("ARBITRARY")(self, expression)
    164
    165
    166def _unix_to_time_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
    167    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
    168    timestamp = self.sql(expression, "this")
    169    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
    170        return rename_func("FROM_UNIXTIME")(self, expression)
    171
    172    return f"FROM_UNIXTIME(CAST({timestamp} AS DOUBLE) / POW(10, {scale}))"
    173
    174
    175def _to_int(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    176    if not expression.type:
    177        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    178
    179        annotate_types(expression)
    180    if expression.type and expression.type.this not in exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES:
    181        return exp.cast(expression, to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT)
    182    return expression
    183
    184
    185def _parse_to_char(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeToStr:
    186    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
    187    if isinstance(fmt, exp.Literal):
    188        # We uppercase this to match Teradata's format mapping keys
    189        fmt.set("this", fmt.this.upper())
    190
    191    # We use "teradata" on purpose here, because the time formats are different in Presto.
    192    # See https://prestodb.io/docs/current/functions/teradata.html?highlight=to_char#to_char
    193    return format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, "teradata")(args)
    194
    195
    196class Presto(Dialect):
    197    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    198    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
    199    TIME_FORMAT = MySQL.TIME_FORMAT
    200    TIME_MAPPING = MySQL.TIME_MAPPING
    201    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True
    202    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
    203    TYPED_DIVISION = True
    204    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
    205
    206    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/17
    207    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/12289
    208    # https://github.com/prestodb/presto/issues/2863
    209    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    210
    211    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    212        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
    213            (prefix + q, q)
    214            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
    215            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
    216        ]
    217
    218        KEYWORDS = {
    219            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    220            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
    221            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    222            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
    223            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
    224            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
    225        }
    226
    227    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    228        FUNCTIONS = {
    229            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    230            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
    231            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
    232            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _approx_percentile,
    233            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
    234            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
    235            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
    236            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    237            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
    238            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    239            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
    240                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
    241            ),
    242            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
    243                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
    244            ),
    245            "DATE_FORMAT": format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
    246            "DATE_PARSE": format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
    247            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    248            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
    249                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
    250            ),
    251            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
    252            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _from_unixtime,
    253            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    254                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    255            ),
    256            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    257            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    258                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
    259            ),
    260            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    261                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    262                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    263                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
    264            ),
    265            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    266            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
    267            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
    268            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
    269            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
    270                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), instance=seq_get(args, 2)
    271            ),
    272            "TO_CHAR": _parse_to_char,
    273            "TO_HEX": exp.Hex.from_arg_list,
    274            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    275            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    276                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    277            ),
    278        }
    279
    280        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    281        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    282
    283    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    284        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
    285        JOIN_HINTS = False
    286        TABLE_HINTS = False
    287        QUERY_HINTS = False
    288        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
    289        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
    290        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    291        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    292        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
    293        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
    294        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
    295
    296        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    297            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    298            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    299            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    300        }
    301
    302        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    303            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    304            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
    305            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    306            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
    307            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
    308            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
    309            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    310            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
    311            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    312            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
    313        }
    314
    315        TRANSFORMS = {
    316            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    317            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
    318            exp.ApproxDistinct: _approx_distinct_sql,
    319            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
    320            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
    321            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
    322            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
    323            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
    324            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
    325            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("CARDINALITY"),
    326            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
    327            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
    328            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self,
    329            e: f"BITWISE_AND({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    330            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self,
    331            e: f"BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    332            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: f"BITWISE_NOT({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    333            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self,
    334            e: f"BITWISE_OR({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    335            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self,
    336            e: f"BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    337            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self,
    338            e: f"BITWISE_XOR({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    339            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
    340            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    341            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func(
    342                "DATE_ADD",
    343                exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit") or "DAY"),
    344                _to_int(
    345                    e.expression,
    346                ),
    347                e.this,
    348            ),
    349            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    350                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit") or "DAY"), e.expression, e.this
    351            ),
    352            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    353            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    354            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    355            exp.DateSub: lambda self, e: self.func(
    356                "DATE_ADD",
    357                exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit") or "DAY"),
    358                _to_int(e.expression * -1),
    359                e.this,
    360            ),
    361            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
    362            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    363            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    364            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
    365            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
    366            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
    367            exp.FirstValue: _first_last_sql,
    368            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
    369            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
    370            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
    371            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: self.func(
    372                "ARRAY_JOIN", self.func("ARRAY_AGG", e.this), e.args.get("separator")
    373            ),
    374            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
    375            exp.If: if_sql(),
    376            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
    377            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
    378            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
    379            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
    380            exp.LastValue: _first_last_sql,
    381            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
    382            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
    383            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
    384            exp.Levenshtein: rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE"),
    385            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    386            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    387            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    388            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
    389            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    390            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
    391            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    392            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
    393            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
    394            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    395                [
    396                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
    397                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    398                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(1),
    399                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    400                ]
    401            ),
    402            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
    403            exp.StrPosition: rename_func("STRPOS"),
    404            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
    405            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
    406            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
    407            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self,
    408            e: f"TO_UNIXTIME(DATE_PARSE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)}))",
    409            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
    410            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([_unnest_sequence]),
    411            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    412            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    413            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
    414            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    415            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self,
    416            e: f"TO_UNIXTIME(DATE_PARSE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.TIME_FORMAT}))",
    417            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self,
    418            e: f"DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    419            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
    420            exp.ToChar: lambda self,
    421            e: f"DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    422            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
    423            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    424            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    425            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    426            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
    427            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
    428            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
    429            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
    430            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
    431            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    432            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
    433            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
    434            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    435            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
    436            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
    437                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
    438            ),
    439            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    440        }
    441
    442        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    443            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    444                return self.func(
    445                    "ELEMENT_AT",
    446                    expression.this,
    447                    seq_get(
    448                        apply_index_offset(
    449                            expression.this,
    450                            expression.expressions,
    451                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
    452                        ),
    453                        0,
    454                    ),
    455                )
    456            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    457
    458        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    459            if any(isinstance(arg, self.KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS) for arg in expression.expressions):
    460                self.unsupported("Struct with key-value definitions is unsupported.")
    461                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    462
    463            return rename_func("ROW")(self, expression)
    464
    465        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    466            unit = self.sql(expression, "unit")
    467            if expression.this and unit.startswith("WEEK"):
    468                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
    469            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    470
    471        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    472            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
    473            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
    474            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
    475
    476        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    477            start = expression.args["start"]
    478            end = expression.args["end"]
    479            step = expression.args.get("step")
    480
    481            if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
    482                target_type = start.to
    483            elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
    484                target_type = end.to
    485            else:
    486                target_type = None
    487
    488            if target_type and target_type.is_type("timestamp"):
    489                if target_type is start.to:
    490                    end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
    491                else:
    492                    start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
    493
    494            return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)
    495
    496        def offset_limit_modifiers(
    497            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
    498        ) -> t.List[str]:
    499            return [
    500                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
    501                self.sql(limit),
    502            ]
    503
    504        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    505            """
    506            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
    507            so we need to remove them
    508            """
    509            kind = expression.args["kind"]
    510            schema = expression.this
    511            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
    512                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
    513            return super().create_sql(expression)

class Presto(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    197class Presto(Dialect):
    198    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    199    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
    200    TIME_FORMAT = MySQL.TIME_FORMAT
    201    TIME_MAPPING = MySQL.TIME_MAPPING
    202    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True
    203    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
    204    TYPED_DIVISION = True
    205    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
    206
    207    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/17
    208    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/12289
    209    # https://github.com/prestodb/presto/issues/2863
    210    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    211
    212    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    213        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
    214            (prefix + q, q)
    215            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
    216            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
    217        ]
    218
    219        KEYWORDS = {
    220            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    221            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
    222            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    223            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
    224            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
    225            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
    226        }
    227
    228    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    229        FUNCTIONS = {
    230            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    231            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
    232            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
    233            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _approx_percentile,
    234            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
    235            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
    236            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
    237            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    238            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
    239            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    240            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
    241                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
    242            ),
    243            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
    244                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
    245            ),
    246            "DATE_FORMAT": format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
    247            "DATE_PARSE": format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
    248            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    249            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
    250                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
    251            ),
    252            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
    253            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _from_unixtime,
    254            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    255                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    256            ),
    257            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    258            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    259                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
    260            ),
    261            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    262                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    263                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    264                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
    265            ),
    266            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    267            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
    268            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
    269            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
    270            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
    271                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), instance=seq_get(args, 2)
    272            ),
    273            "TO_CHAR": _parse_to_char,
    274            "TO_HEX": exp.Hex.from_arg_list,
    275            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    276            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    277                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    278            ),
    279        }
    280
    281        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    282        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    283
    284    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    285        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
    286        JOIN_HINTS = False
    287        TABLE_HINTS = False
    288        QUERY_HINTS = False
    289        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
    290        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
    291        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    292        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    293        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
    294        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
    295        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
    296
    297        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    298            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    299            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    300            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    301        }
    302
    303        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    304            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    305            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
    306            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    307            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
    308            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
    309            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
    310            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    311            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
    312            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    313            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
    314        }
    315
    316        TRANSFORMS = {
    317            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    318            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
    319            exp.ApproxDistinct: _approx_distinct_sql,
    320            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
    321            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
    322            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
    323            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
    324            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
    325            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
    326            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("CARDINALITY"),
    327            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
    328            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
    329            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self,
    330            e: f"BITWISE_AND({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    331            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self,
    332            e: f"BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    333            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: f"BITWISE_NOT({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    334            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self,
    335            e: f"BITWISE_OR({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    336            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self,
    337            e: f"BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    338            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self,
    339            e: f"BITWISE_XOR({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    340            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
    341            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    342            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func(
    343                "DATE_ADD",
    344                exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit") or "DAY"),
    345                _to_int(
    346                    e.expression,
    347                ),
    348                e.this,
    349            ),
    350            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    351                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit") or "DAY"), e.expression, e.this
    352            ),
    353            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    354            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    355            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    356            exp.DateSub: lambda self, e: self.func(
    357                "DATE_ADD",
    358                exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit") or "DAY"),
    359                _to_int(e.expression * -1),
    360                e.this,
    361            ),
    362            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
    363            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    364            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    365            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
    366            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
    367            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
    368            exp.FirstValue: _first_last_sql,
    369            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
    370            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
    371            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
    372            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: self.func(
    373                "ARRAY_JOIN", self.func("ARRAY_AGG", e.this), e.args.get("separator")
    374            ),
    375            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
    376            exp.If: if_sql(),
    377            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
    378            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
    379            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
    380            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
    381            exp.LastValue: _first_last_sql,
    382            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
    383            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
    384            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
    385            exp.Levenshtein: rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE"),
    386            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    387            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    388            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    389            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
    390            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    391            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
    392            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    393            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
    394            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
    395            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    396                [
    397                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
    398                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    399                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(1),
    400                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    401                ]
    402            ),
    403            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
    404            exp.StrPosition: rename_func("STRPOS"),
    405            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
    406            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
    407            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
    408            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self,
    409            e: f"TO_UNIXTIME(DATE_PARSE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)}))",
    410            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
    411            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([_unnest_sequence]),
    412            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    413            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    414            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
    415            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    416            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self,
    417            e: f"TO_UNIXTIME(DATE_PARSE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.TIME_FORMAT}))",
    418            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self,
    419            e: f"DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    420            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
    421            exp.ToChar: lambda self,
    422            e: f"DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    423            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
    424            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    425            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    426            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    427            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
    428            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
    429            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
    430            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
    431            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
    432            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    433            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
    434            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
    435            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    436            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
    437            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
    438                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
    439            ),
    440            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    441        }
    442
    443        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    444            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    445                return self.func(
    446                    "ELEMENT_AT",
    447                    expression.this,
    448                    seq_get(
    449                        apply_index_offset(
    450                            expression.this,
    451                            expression.expressions,
    452                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
    453                        ),
    454                        0,
    455                    ),
    456                )
    457            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    458
    459        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    460            if any(isinstance(arg, self.KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS) for arg in expression.expressions):
    461                self.unsupported("Struct with key-value definitions is unsupported.")
    462                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    463
    464            return rename_func("ROW")(self, expression)
    465
    466        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    467            unit = self.sql(expression, "unit")
    468            if expression.this and unit.startswith("WEEK"):
    469                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
    470            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    471
    472        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    473            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
    474            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
    475            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
    476
    477        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    478            start = expression.args["start"]
    479            end = expression.args["end"]
    480            step = expression.args.get("step")
    481
    482            if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
    483                target_type = start.to
    484            elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
    485                target_type = end.to
    486            else:
    487                target_type = None
    488
    489            if target_type and target_type.is_type("timestamp"):
    490                if target_type is start.to:
    491                    end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
    492                else:
    493                    start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
    494
    495            return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)
    496
    497        def offset_limit_modifiers(
    498            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
    499        ) -> t.List[str]:
    500            return [
    501                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
    502                self.sql(limit),
    503            ]
    504
    505        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    506            """
    507            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
    508            so we need to remove them
    509            """
    510            kind = expression.args["kind"]
    511            schema = expression.this
    512            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
    513                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
    514            return super().create_sql(expression)

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

Determines the base index offset for arrays.

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Indicates the default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %T'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%M': '%B', '%c': '%-m', '%e': '%-d', '%h': '%I', '%i': '%M', '%s': '%S', '%u': '%W', '%k': '%-H', '%l': '%-I', '%T': '%H:%M:%S', '%W': '%a'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` format.

STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True

Determines whether or not `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Determines whether or not `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

TYPED_DIVISION = True

Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`. False means `a / b` is always float division. True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True

Determines whether or not a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

tokenizer_class = <class 'Presto.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Presto.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Presto.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'M': {0: True}, 'c': {0: True}, 'e': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'i': {0: True}, 's': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}, 'l': {0: True}, 'T': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'M': {0: True}, 'c': {0: True}, 'e': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'i': {0: True}, 's': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}, 'l': {0: True}, 'T': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%B': '%M', '%-m': '%c', '%-d': '%e', '%I': '%h', '%M': '%i', '%S': '%s', '%W': '%u', '%-H': '%k', '%-I': '%l', '%H:%M:%S': '%T', '%a': '%W'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'B': {0: True}, '-': {'m': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}, 'H': {':': {'%': {'M': {':': {'%': {'S': {0: True}}}}}}}, 'a': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = "U&'"
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = "'"

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  SAFE_DIVISION
  CONCAT_COALESCE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  ESCAPE_SEQUENCES
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  to_json_path
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class Presto.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    212    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    213        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
    214            (prefix + q, q)
    215            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
    216            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
    217        ]
    218
    219        KEYWORDS = {
    220            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    221            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
    222            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    223            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
    224            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
    225            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
    226        }

UNICODE_STRINGS = [("U&'", "'"), ("u&'", "'")]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'START': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE': <TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>, 'IPADDRESS': <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, 'IPPREFIX': <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  SINGLE_TOKENS
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEX_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  QUOTES
  STRING_ESCAPES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  peek
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class Presto.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    228    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    229        FUNCTIONS = {
    230            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    231            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
    232            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
    233            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _approx_percentile,
    234            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
    235            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
    236            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
    237            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    238            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
    239            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    240            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
    241                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
    242            ),
    243            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
    244                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
    245            ),
    246            "DATE_FORMAT": format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
    247            "DATE_PARSE": format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
    248            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    249            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
    250                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
    251            ),
    252            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
    253            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _from_unixtime,
    254            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    255                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    256            ),
    257            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    258            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    259                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
    260            ),
    261            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    262                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    263                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    264                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
    265            ),
    266            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    267            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
    268            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
    269            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
    270            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
    271                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), instance=seq_get(args, 2)
    272            ),
    273            "TO_CHAR": _parse_to_char,
    274            "TO_HEX": exp.Hex.from_arg_list,
    275            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    276            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    277                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    278            ),
    279        }
    280
    281        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    282        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: Determines the amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayJoin'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATEDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function parse_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._parser>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function parse_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._parser>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function parse_logarithm>, 'LOG10': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log10'>>, 'LOG2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log2'>>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function _parse_to_char>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function parse_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function parse_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._parser>, 'LIKE': <function parse_like>, 'ARBITRARY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_PERCENTILE': <function _approx_percentile>, 'BITWISE_AND': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_NOT': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_OR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'CARDINALITY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'DATE_FORMAT': <function format_time_lambda.<locals>._format_time>, 'DATE_PARSE': <function format_time_lambda.<locals>._format_time>, 'ELEMENT_AT': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'FROM_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'FROM_UNIXTIME': <function _from_unixtime>, 'FROM_UTF8': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'ROW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'SEQUENCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'SET_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'SPLIT_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STRPOS': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'TO_UNIXTIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TO_UTF8': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY_VALUE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ID_VAR_TOKENS
  INTERVAL_VARS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  BITWISE
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  STATEMENT_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  RANGE_PARSERS
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  MODIFIABLES
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
  UNION_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class Presto.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    284    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    285        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
    286        JOIN_HINTS = False
    287        TABLE_HINTS = False
    288        QUERY_HINTS = False
    289        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
    290        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
    291        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    292        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    293        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
    294        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
    295        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
    296
    297        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    298            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    299            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    300            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    301        }
    302
    303        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    304            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    305            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
    306            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    307            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
    308            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
    309            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
    310            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    311            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
    312            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    313            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
    314        }
    315
    316        TRANSFORMS = {
    317            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    318            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
    319            exp.ApproxDistinct: _approx_distinct_sql,
    320            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
    321            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
    322            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
    323            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
    324            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
    325            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
    326            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("CARDINALITY"),
    327            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
    328            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
    329            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self,
    330            e: f"BITWISE_AND({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    331            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self,
    332            e: f"BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    333            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: f"BITWISE_NOT({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    334            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self,
    335            e: f"BITWISE_OR({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    336            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self,
    337            e: f"BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    338            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self,
    339            e: f"BITWISE_XOR({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    340            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
    341            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    342            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func(
    343                "DATE_ADD",
    344                exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit") or "DAY"),
    345                _to_int(
    346                    e.expression,
    347                ),
    348                e.this,
    349            ),
    350            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    351                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit") or "DAY"), e.expression, e.this
    352            ),
    353            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    354            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    355            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    356            exp.DateSub: lambda self, e: self.func(
    357                "DATE_ADD",
    358                exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit") or "DAY"),
    359                _to_int(e.expression * -1),
    360                e.this,
    361            ),
    362            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
    363            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    364            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    365            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
    366            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
    367            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
    368            exp.FirstValue: _first_last_sql,
    369            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
    370            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
    371            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
    372            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: self.func(
    373                "ARRAY_JOIN", self.func("ARRAY_AGG", e.this), e.args.get("separator")
    374            ),
    375            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
    376            exp.If: if_sql(),
    377            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
    378            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
    379            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
    380            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
    381            exp.LastValue: _first_last_sql,
    382            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
    383            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
    384            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
    385            exp.Levenshtein: rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE"),
    386            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    387            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    388            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    389            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
    390            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    391            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
    392            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    393            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
    394            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
    395            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    396                [
    397                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
    398                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    399                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(1),
    400                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    401                ]
    402            ),
    403            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
    404            exp.StrPosition: rename_func("STRPOS"),
    405            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
    406            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
    407            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
    408            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self,
    409            e: f"TO_UNIXTIME(DATE_PARSE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)}))",
    410            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
    411            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([_unnest_sequence]),
    412            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    413            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    414            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
    415            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    416            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self,
    417            e: f"TO_UNIXTIME(DATE_PARSE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.TIME_FORMAT}))",
    418            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self,
    419            e: f"DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    420            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
    421            exp.ToChar: lambda self,
    422            e: f"DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    423            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
    424            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    425            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    426            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    427            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
    428            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
    429            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
    430            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
    431            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
    432            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    433            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
    434            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
    435            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    436            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
    437            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
    438                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
    439            ),
    440            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    441        }
    442
    443        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    444            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    445                return self.func(
    446                    "ELEMENT_AT",
    447                    expression.this,
    448                    seq_get(
    449                        apply_index_offset(
    450                            expression.this,
    451                            expression.expressions,
    452                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
    453                        ),
    454                        0,
    455                    ),
    456                )
    457            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    458
    459        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    460            if any(isinstance(arg, self.KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS) for arg in expression.expressions):
    461                self.unsupported("Struct with key-value definitions is unsupported.")
    462                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    463
    464            return rename_func("ROW")(self, expression)
    465
    466        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    467            unit = self.sql(expression, "unit")
    468            if expression.this and unit.startswith("WEEK"):
    469                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
    470            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    471
    472        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    473            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
    474            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
    475            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
    476
    477        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    478            start = expression.args["start"]
    479            end = expression.args["end"]
    480            step = expression.args.get("step")
    481
    482            if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
    483                target_type = start.to
    484            elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
    485                target_type = end.to
    486            else:
    487                target_type = None
    488
    489            if target_type and target_type.is_type("timestamp"):
    490                if target_type is start.to:
    491                    end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
    492                else:
    493                    start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
    494
    495            return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)
    496
    497        def offset_limit_modifiers(
    498            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
    499        ) -> t.List[str]:
    500            return [
    501                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
    502                self.sql(limit),
    503            ]
    504
    505        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    506            """
    507            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
    508            so we need to remove them
    509            """
    510            kind = expression.args["kind"]
    511            schema = expression.this
    512            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
    513                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
    514            return super().create_sql(expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether or not to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether or not to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: Determines the pad size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- indent: Determines the indentation size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: Whether or not to normalize all function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Determines whether or not the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>: 'TIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>: 'ROW', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CheckColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function _approx_distinct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseLeftShift'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseNot'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseRightShift'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromTimeZone'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Group'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function no_ilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>: <function _initcap_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lateral'>: <function _explode_to_unnest_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>: <function left_to_substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function no_pivot_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>: <function _quantile_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function regexp_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>: <function right_to_substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function no_safe_divide_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Schema'>: <function _schema_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _no_sort_array>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function _str_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Table'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _ts_or_ds_add_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function _ts_or_ds_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.With'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>}
def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket ) -> str: View Source

    443        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    444            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    445                return self.func(
    446                    "ELEMENT_AT",
    447                    expression.this,
    448                    seq_get(
    449                        apply_index_offset(
    450                            expression.this,
    451                            expression.expressions,
    452                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
    453                        ),
    454                        0,
    455                    ),
    456                )
    457            return super().bracket_sql(expression)

def struct_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Struct ) -> str: View Source

    459        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    460            if any(isinstance(arg, self.KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS) for arg in expression.expressions):
    461                self.unsupported("Struct with key-value definitions is unsupported.")
    462                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    463
    464            return rename_func("ROW")(self, expression)

def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval ) -> str: View Source

    466        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    467            unit = self.sql(expression, "unit")
    468            if expression.this and unit.startswith("WEEK"):
    469                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
    470            return super().interval_sql(expression)

def transaction_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Transaction ) -> str: View Source

    472        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
    473            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
    474            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
    475            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"

def generateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries ) -> str: View Source

    477        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    478            start = expression.args["start"]
    479            end = expression.args["end"]
    480            step = expression.args.get("step")
    481
    482            if isinstance(start, exp.Cast):
    483                target_type = start.to
    484            elif isinstance(end, exp.Cast):
    485                target_type = end.to
    486            else:
    487                target_type = None
    488
    489            if target_type and target_type.is_type("timestamp"):
    490                if target_type is start.to:
    491                    end = exp.cast(end, target_type)
    492                else:
    493                    start = exp.cast(start, target_type)
    494
    495            return self.func("SEQUENCE", start, end, step)

def offset_limit_modifiers( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: Union[ sqlglot.expressions.Fetch , sqlglot.expressions.Limit , NoneType]) -> List[str]: View Source

    497        def offset_limit_modifiers(
    498            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
    499        ) -> t.List[str]:
    500            return [
    501                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
    502                self.sql(limit),
    503            ]

def create_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create ) -> str: View Source

    505        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    506            """
    507            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
    508            so we need to remove them
    509            """
    510            kind = expression.args["kind"]
    511            schema = expression.this
    512            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
    513                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
    514            return super().create_sql(expression)

Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression), so we need to remove them

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXPLICIT_UNION
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  LIMIT_FETCH
  RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
  STAR_MAPPING
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  PARAMETER_TOKEN
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
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