# sqlglot.dialects.duckdb API documentation

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# sqlglot.dialects.duckdb

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import typing as t
       4
       5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
       6from sqlglot.expressions import DATA_TYPE
       7from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
       8    Dialect,
       9    JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE,
      10    NormalizationStrategy,
      11    Version,
      12    approx_count_distinct_sql,
      13    arrow_json_extract_sql,
      14    binary_from_function,
      15    bool_xor_sql,
      16    build_default_decimal_type,
      17    count_if_to_sum,
      18    date_trunc_to_time,
      19    datestrtodate_sql,
      20    no_datetime_sql,
      21    encode_decode_sql,
      22    build_formatted_time,
      23    inline_array_unless_query,
      24    no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
      25    no_time_sql,
      26    no_timestamp_sql,
      27    pivot_column_names,
      28    rename_func,
      29    remove_from_array_using_filter,
      30    strposition_sql,
      31    str_to_time_sql,
      32    timestamptrunc_sql,
      33    timestrtotime_sql,
      34    unit_to_var,
      35    unit_to_str,
      36    sha256_sql,
      37    build_regexp_extract,
      38    explode_to_unnest_sql,
      39    no_make_interval_sql,
      40    groupconcat_sql,
      41)
      42from sqlglot.generator import unsupported_args
      43from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
      44from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
      45from sqlglot.parser import binary_range_parser
      46
      47DATETIME_DELTA = t.Union[
      48    exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd, exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateSub, exp.DatetimeSub
      49]
      50
      51
      52def _date_delta_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: DATETIME_DELTA) -> str:
      53    this = expression.this
      54    unit = unit_to_var(expression)
      55    op = (
      56        "+"
      57        if isinstance(expression, (exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd, exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd))
      58        else "-"
      59    )
      60
      61    to_type: t.Optional[DATA_TYPE] = None
      62    if isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
      63        to_type = expression.return_type
      64    elif this.is_string:
      65        # Cast string literals (i.e function parameters) to the appropriate type for +/- interval to work
      66        to_type = (
      67            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME
      68            if isinstance(expression, (exp.DatetimeAdd, exp.DatetimeSub))
      69            else exp.DataType.Type.DATE
      70        )
      71
      72    this = exp.cast(this, to_type) if to_type else this
      73
      74    expr = expression.expression
      75    interval = expr if isinstance(expr, exp.Interval) else exp.Interval(this=expr, unit=unit)
      76
      77    return f"{self.sql(this)} {op} {self.sql(interval)}"
      78
      79
      80# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the DATE function
      81def _date_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Date) -> str:
      82    result = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
      83    zone = self.sql(expression, "zone")
      84
      85    if zone:
      86        date_str = self.func("STRFTIME", result, "'%d/%m/%Y'")
      87        date_str = f"{date_str} || ' ' || {zone}"
      88
      89        # This will create a TIMESTAMP with time zone information
      90        result = self.func("STRPTIME", date_str, "'%d/%m/%Y %Z'")
      91
      92    return result
      93
      94
      95# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the TIME_DIFF function
      96def _timediff_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.TimeDiff) -> str:
      97    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
      98    expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
      99
     100    # Although the 2 dialects share similar signatures, BQ seems to inverse
     101    # the sign of the result so the start/end time operands are flipped
     102    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(expression), expr, this)
     103
     104
     105@unsupported_args(("expression", "DuckDB's ARRAY_SORT does not support a comparator."))
     106def _array_sort_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.ArraySort) -> str:
     107    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this)
     108
     109
     110def _sort_array_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
     111    name = "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT" if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false() else "ARRAY_SORT"
     112    return self.func(name, expression.this)
     113
     114
     115def _build_sort_array_desc(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     116    return exp.SortArray(this=seq_get(args, 0), asc=exp.false())
     117
     118
     119def _build_date_diff(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     120    return exp.DateDiff(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
     121
     122
     123def _build_generate_series(end_exclusive: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.GenerateSeries]:
     124    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.GenerateSeries:
     125        # Check https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/functions/nested.html#range-functions
     126        if len(args) == 1:
     127            # DuckDB uses 0 as a default for the series' start when it's omitted
     128            args.insert(0, exp.Literal.number("0"))
     129
     130        gen_series = exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
     131        gen_series.set("is_end_exclusive", end_exclusive)
     132
     133        return gen_series
     134
     135    return _builder
     136
     137
     138def _build_make_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     139    if len(args) == 1:
     140        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS)
     141
     142    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
     143        year=seq_get(args, 0),
     144        month=seq_get(args, 1),
     145        day=seq_get(args, 2),
     146        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
     147        min=seq_get(args, 4),
     148        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
     149    )
     150
     151
     152def _show_parser(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[DuckDB.Parser], exp.Show]:
     153    def _parse(self: DuckDB.Parser) -> exp.Show:
     154        return self._parse_show_duckdb(*args, **kwargs)
     155
     156    return _parse
     157
     158
     159def _struct_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
     160    args: t.List[str] = []
     161
     162    # BigQuery allows inline construction such as "STRUCT<a STRING, b INTEGER>('str', 1)" which is
     163    # canonicalized to "ROW('str', 1) AS STRUCT(a TEXT, b INT)" in DuckDB
     164    # The transformation to ROW will take place if:
     165    #  1. The STRUCT itself does not have proper fields (key := value) as a "proper" STRUCT would
     166    #  2. A cast to STRUCT / ARRAY of STRUCTs is found
     167    ancestor_cast = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Cast)
     168    is_bq_inline_struct = (
     169        (expression.find(exp.PropertyEQ) is None)
     170        and ancestor_cast
     171        and any(
     172            casted_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT)
     173            for casted_type in ancestor_cast.find_all(exp.DataType)
     174        )
     175    )
     176
     177    for i, expr in enumerate(expression.expressions):
     178        is_property_eq = isinstance(expr, exp.PropertyEQ)
     179        value = expr.expression if is_property_eq else expr
     180
     181        if is_bq_inline_struct:
     182            args.append(self.sql(value))
     183        else:
     184            key = expr.name if is_property_eq else f"_{i}"
     185            args.append(f"{self.sql(exp.Literal.string(key))}: {self.sql(value)}")
     186
     187    csv_args = ", ".join(args)
     188
     189    return f"ROW({csv_args})" if is_bq_inline_struct else f"{{{csv_args}}}"
     190
     191
     192def _datatype_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     193    if expression.is_type("array"):
     194        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{self.expressions(expression, key='values', flat=True)}]"
     195
     196    # Modifiers are not supported for TIME, [TIME | TIMESTAMP] WITH TIME ZONE
     197    if expression.is_type(
     198        exp.DataType.Type.TIME, exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
     199    ):
     200        return expression.this.value
     201
     202    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
     203
     204
     205def _json_format_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONFormat) -> str:
     206    sql = self.func("TO_JSON", expression.this, expression.args.get("options"))
     207    return f"CAST({sql} AS TEXT)"
     208
     209
     210def _unix_to_time_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
     211    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
     212    timestamp = expression.this
     213
     214    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
     215        return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
     216    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
     217        return self.func("EPOCH_MS", timestamp)
     218    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
     219        return self.func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
     220
     221    return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)))
     222
     223
     224WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS = (exp.Binary, exp.Bracket, exp.In)
     225
     226
     227def _arrow_json_extract_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
     228    arrow_sql = arrow_json_extract_sql(self, expression)
     229    if not expression.same_parent and isinstance(
     230        expression.parent, WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS
     231    ):
     232        arrow_sql = self.wrap(arrow_sql)
     233    return arrow_sql
     234
     235
     236def _implicit_datetime_cast(
     237    arg: t.Optional[exp.Expression], type: exp.DataType.Type = exp.DataType.Type.DATE
     238) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     239    return exp.cast(arg, type) if isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) else arg
     240
     241
     242def _date_diff_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
     243    this = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.this)
     244    expr = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.expression)
     245
     246    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(expression), expr, this)
     247
     248
     249def _generate_datetime_array_sql(
     250    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: t.Union[exp.GenerateDateArray, exp.GenerateTimestampArray]
     251) -> str:
     252    is_generate_date_array = isinstance(expression, exp.GenerateDateArray)
     253
     254    type = exp.DataType.Type.DATE if is_generate_date_array else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
     255    start = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.args.get("start"), type=type)
     256    end = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.args.get("end"), type=type)
     257
     258    # BQ's GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY & GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY are transformed to DuckDB'S GENERATE_SERIES
     259    gen_series: t.Union[exp.GenerateSeries, exp.Cast] = exp.GenerateSeries(
     260        start=start, end=end, step=expression.args.get("step")
     261    )
     262
     263    if is_generate_date_array:
     264        # The GENERATE_SERIES result type is TIMESTAMP array, so to match BQ's semantics for
     265        # GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY we must cast it back to DATE array
     266        gen_series = exp.cast(gen_series, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<DATE>"))
     267
     268    return self.sql(gen_series)
     269
     270
     271def _json_extract_value_array_sql(
     272    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONValueArray | exp.JSONExtractArray
     273) -> str:
     274    json_extract = exp.JSONExtract(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression)
     275    data_type = "ARRAY<STRING>" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONValueArray) else "ARRAY<JSON>"
     276    return self.sql(exp.cast(json_extract, to=exp.DataType.build(data_type)))
     277
     278
     279class DuckDB(Dialect):
     280    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
     281    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
     282    SAFE_DIVISION = True
     283    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
     284    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
     285    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True
     286    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True
     287    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False
     288    NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED = True
     289
     290    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
     291    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     292
     293    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     294        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
     295            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
     296            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
     297            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
     298            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
     299            path_text = path.name
     300            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
     301                return path
     302
     303        return super().to_json_path(path)
     304
     305    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     306        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
     307        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
     308
     309        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
     310        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
     311
     312        KEYWORDS = {
     313            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     314            "//": TokenType.DIV,
     315            "**": TokenType.DSTAR,
     316            "^@": TokenType.CARET_AT,
     317            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
     318            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
     319            "ATTACH": TokenType.ATTACH,
     320            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
     321            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
     322            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     323            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     324            "DATETIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     325            "DETACH": TokenType.DETACH,
     326            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     327            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
     328            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
     329            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
     330            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
     331            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
     332            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
     333            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
     334            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     335            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
     336            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
     337            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
     338            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     339            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
     340            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
     341            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
     342            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
     343            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     344        }
     345        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     346
     347        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     348            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     349            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     350        }
     351
     352        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
     353
     354    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     355        BITWISE = {
     356            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
     357            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
     358        }
     359        BITWISE.pop(TokenType.CARET)
     360
     361        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     362            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     363            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
     364            TokenType.CARET_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.StartsWith),
     365        }
     366
     367        EXPONENT = {
     368            **parser.Parser.EXPONENT,
     369            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
     370            TokenType.DSTAR: exp.Pow,
     371        }
     372
     373        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
     374
     375        SHOW_PARSERS = {
     376            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     377            "ALL TABLES": _show_parser("ALL TABLES"),
     378        }
     379
     380        FUNCTIONS = {
     381            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     382            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     383            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     384            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
     385            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
     386            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     387            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     388            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
     389                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     390            ),
     391            "EDITDIST3": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
     392            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
     393                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     394            ),
     395            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
     396            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
     397                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
     398            ),
     399            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
     400            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
     401            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
     402            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     403            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
     404            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     405            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     406            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
     407            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
     408            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
     409            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
     410            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
     411            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
     412            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
     413            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
     414            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     415            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
     416                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     417                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     418                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
     419                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
     420            ),
     421            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
     422            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
     423            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     424            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     425            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     426            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
     427            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
     428            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     429            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     430            "TIME_BUCKET": exp.DateBin.from_arg_list,
     431            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
     432            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     433            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     434        }
     435
     436        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
     437        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
     438
     439        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     440            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     441            **dict.fromkeys(
     442                ("GROUP_CONCAT", "LISTAGG", "STRINGAGG"), lambda self: self._parse_string_agg()
     443            ),
     444        }
     445        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
     446
     447        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     448            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     449            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
     450            "@": lambda self: exp.Abs(this=self._parse_bitwise()),
     451        }
     452
     453        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
     454            TokenType.SEMI,
     455            TokenType.ANTI,
     456        }
     457
     458        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
     459            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
     460            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
     461                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
     462                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
     463                else None
     464            ),
     465        }
     466
     467        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
     468            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
     469            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
     470            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
     471            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
     472        }
     473
     474        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     475            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     476            TokenType.ATTACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(),
     477            TokenType.DETACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(is_attach=False),
     478            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
     479        }
     480
     481        def _parse_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     482            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. foo: 1
     483            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
     484                alias = self._parse_id_var(tokens=self.ALIAS_TOKENS)
     485                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
     486                comments = self._prev_comments or []
     487
     488                this = self._parse_assignment()
     489                if isinstance(this, exp.Expression):
     490                    # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: expr /* comment */`
     491                    comments += this.pop_comments() or []
     492
     493                return self.expression(exp.Alias, comments=comments, this=this, alias=alias)
     494
     495            return super()._parse_expression()
     496
     497        def _parse_table(
     498            self,
     499            schema: bool = False,
     500            joins: bool = False,
     501            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     502            parse_bracket: bool = False,
     503            is_db_reference: bool = False,
     504            parse_partition: bool = False,
     505        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     506            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. FROM foo: bar
     507            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
     508                alias = self._parse_table_alias(
     509                    alias_tokens=alias_tokens or self.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
     510                )
     511                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
     512                comments = self._prev_comments or []
     513            else:
     514                alias = None
     515                comments = []
     516
     517            table = super()._parse_table(
     518                schema=schema,
     519                joins=joins,
     520                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
     521                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
     522                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
     523                parse_partition=parse_partition,
     524            )
     525            if isinstance(table, exp.Expression) and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias):
     526                # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: table /* comment */`
     527                comments += table.pop_comments() or []
     528                alias.comments = alias.pop_comments() + comments
     529                table.set("alias", alias)
     530
     531            return table
     532
     533        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
     534            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
     535            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
     536            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
     537                if sample.args.get("size"):
     538                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     539                else:
     540                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
     541
     542            return sample
     543
     544        def _parse_bracket(
     545            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
     546        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     547            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
     548
     549            if self.dialect.version < Version("1.2.0") and isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
     550                # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
     551                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
     552
     553            return bracket
     554
     555        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
     556            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
     557                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
     558
     559            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
     560            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
     561
     562        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     563            return self._parse_field_def()
     564
     565        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
     566            if len(aggregations) == 1:
     567                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
     568            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
     569
     570        def _parse_attach_detach(self, is_attach=True) -> exp.Attach | exp.Detach:
     571            def _parse_attach_option() -> exp.AttachOption:
     572                return self.expression(
     573                    exp.AttachOption,
     574                    this=self._parse_var(any_token=True),
     575                    expression=self._parse_field(any_token=True),
     576                )
     577
     578            self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
     579            exists = self._parse_exists(not_=is_attach)
     580            this = self._parse_alias(self._parse_primary_or_var(), explicit=True)
     581
     582            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
     583                expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_attach_option)
     584            else:
     585                expressions = None
     586
     587            return (
     588                self.expression(exp.Attach, this=this, exists=exists, expressions=expressions)
     589                if is_attach
     590                else self.expression(exp.Detach, this=this, exists=exists)
     591            )
     592
     593        def _parse_show_duckdb(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
     594            return self.expression(exp.Show, this=this)
     595
     596    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     597        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     598        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
     599        JOIN_HINTS = False
     600        TABLE_HINTS = False
     601        QUERY_HINTS = False
     602        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
     603        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     604        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
     605        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     606        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
     607        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
     608        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     609        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
     610        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     611        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
     612        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     613        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
     614        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
     615        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
     616        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     617        SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True
     618        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
     619        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     620        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
     621        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     622        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
     623
     624        TRANSFORMS = {
     625            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     626            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
     627            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
     628            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
     629            exp.ArrayRemove: remove_from_array_using_filter,
     630            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
     631            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
     632            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
     633            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     634            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
     635            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
     636            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
     637            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     638            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     639            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
     640            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     641            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
     642            exp.Date: _date_sql,
     643            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     644            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
     645            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
     646            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
     647            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     648            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
     649            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
     650            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     651            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
     652            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
     653            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
     654            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
     655            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
     656            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
     657            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     658            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     659            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: groupconcat_sql(self, e, within_group=False),
     660            exp.HexString: lambda self, e: self.hexstring_sql(e, binary_function_repr="FROM_HEX"),
     661            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
     662            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
     663            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
     664            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
     665            exp.JSONBExists: rename_func("JSON_EXISTS"),
     666            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     667            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     668            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     669            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
     670            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     671            exp.Lateral: explode_to_unnest_sql,
     672            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
     673            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
     674            exp.MakeInterval: lambda self, e: no_make_interval_sql(self, e, sep=" "),
     675            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
     676            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
     677                "DATEDIFF",
     678                "'month'",
     679                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     680                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     681            ),
     682            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
     683            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
     684            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
     685            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
     686            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
     687            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
     688                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
     689                e.this,
     690                e.expression,
     691                e.args.get("replacement"),
     692                e.args.get("modifiers"),
     693            ),
     694            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
     695            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.func(
     696                "REGEXP_MATCHES", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string("i")
     697            ),
     698            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
     699            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
     700            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
     701            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     702            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     703            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
     704            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
     705            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
     706            exp.StrPosition: strposition_sql,
     707            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     708                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
     709            ),
     710            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
     711            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
     712            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     713            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
     714            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
     715            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     716            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     717                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
     718            ),
     719            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     720            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
     721            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     722            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     723                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
     724            ),
     725            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     726            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
     727            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
     728            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
     729            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     730            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     731                "DATE_DIFF",
     732                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
     733                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     734                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     735            ),
     736            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     737                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
     738            ),
     739            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
     740                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
     741            ),
     742            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
     743            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
     744            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
     745            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     746            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
     747            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
     748                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN")
     749            ),
     750            exp.JSONObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     751            exp.JSONBObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     752            exp.DateBin: rename_func("TIME_BUCKET"),
     753        }
     754
     755        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     756            exp.JSONPathKey,
     757            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     758            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     759            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
     760        }
     761
     762        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     763            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     764            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
     765            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
     766            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
     767            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
     768            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
     769            exp.DataType.Type.JSONB: "JSON",
     770            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
     771            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
     772            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
     773            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
     774            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
     775            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
     776            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
     777            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
     778            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
     779            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
     780        }
     781
     782        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
     783        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
     784            "array",
     785            "analyse",
     786            "union",
     787            "all",
     788            "when",
     789            "in_p",
     790            "default",
     791            "create_p",
     792            "window",
     793            "asymmetric",
     794            "to",
     795            "else",
     796            "localtime",
     797            "from",
     798            "end_p",
     799            "select",
     800            "current_date",
     801            "foreign",
     802            "with",
     803            "grant",
     804            "session_user",
     805            "or",
     806            "except",
     807            "references",
     808            "fetch",
     809            "limit",
     810            "group_p",
     811            "leading",
     812            "into",
     813            "collate",
     814            "offset",
     815            "do",
     816            "then",
     817            "localtimestamp",
     818            "check_p",
     819            "lateral_p",
     820            "current_role",
     821            "where",
     822            "asc_p",
     823            "placing",
     824            "desc_p",
     825            "user",
     826            "unique",
     827            "initially",
     828            "column",
     829            "both",
     830            "some",
     831            "as",
     832            "any",
     833            "only",
     834            "deferrable",
     835            "null_p",
     836            "current_time",
     837            "true_p",
     838            "table",
     839            "case",
     840            "trailing",
     841            "variadic",
     842            "for",
     843            "on",
     844            "distinct",
     845            "false_p",
     846            "not",
     847            "constraint",
     848            "current_timestamp",
     849            "returning",
     850            "primary",
     851            "intersect",
     852            "having",
     853            "analyze",
     854            "current_user",
     855            "and",
     856            "cast",
     857            "symmetric",
     858            "using",
     859            "order",
     860            "current_catalog",
     861        }
     862
     863        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
     864
     865        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
     866        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
     867        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     868            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
     869            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
     870        }
     871
     872        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
     873        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
     874        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
     875        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
     876        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
     877
     878        IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS = (
     879            exp.FirstValue,
     880            exp.Lag,
     881            exp.LastValue,
     882            exp.Lead,
     883            exp.NthValue,
     884        )
     885
     886        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     887            return f"SHOW {expression.name}"
     888
     889        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
     890            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
     891
     892        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
     893            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     894                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     895                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     896            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
     897
     898        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
     899            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     900                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     901                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
     902            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
     903
     904        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
     905            arg = expression.this
     906            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     907                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
     908            return self.func("JSON", arg)
     909
     910        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
     911            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     912            if nano is not None:
     913                expression.set(
     914                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     915                )
     916
     917            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
     918
     919        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     920            sec = expression.args["sec"]
     921
     922            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     923            if milli is not None:
     924                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
     925
     926            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     927            if nano is not None:
     928                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     929
     930            if milli or nano:
     931                expression.set("sec", sec)
     932
     933            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
     934
     935        def tablesample_sql(
     936            self,
     937            expression: exp.TableSample,
     938            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
     939        ) -> str:
     940            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
     941                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
     942                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
     943
     944            if expression.args.get("size"):
     945                method = expression.args.get("method")
     946                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
     947                    self.unsupported(
     948                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
     949                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
     950                    )
     951                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     952
     953            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
     954
     955        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
     956            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
     957            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
     958
     959            if unit.startswith("week"):
     960                multiplier = 7
     961            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
     962                multiplier = 90
     963
     964            if multiplier:
     965                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
     966
     967            return super().interval_sql(expression)
     968
     969        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
     970            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
     971                return self.sql(expression, "this")
     972            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
     973
     974        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
     975            if (
     976                expression.side == "LEFT"
     977                and not expression.args.get("on")
     978                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
     979            ):
     980                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
     981                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
     982                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
     983
     984            return super().join_sql(expression)
     985
     986        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
     987            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
     988            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
     989                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
     990
     991            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
     992
     993        def countif_sql(self, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
     994            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
     995                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
     996
     997            # https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/pull/4749
     998            return count_if_to_sum(self, expression)
     999
    1000        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    1001            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1002                return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1003
    1004            # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
    1005            this = expression.this
    1006            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    1007                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    1008
    1009            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1010
    1011            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    1012                if not this.type:
    1013                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1014
    1015                    this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1016
    1017                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    1018                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    1019
    1020            return bracket
    1021
    1022        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    1023            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1024
    1025            func = expression.this
    1026            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    1027                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    1028                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    1029                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    1030                if order_col:
    1031                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    1032                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    1033
    1034            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    1035
    1036            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
    1037
    1038        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1039            arg = expression.this
    1040
    1041            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    1042            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    1043            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    1044                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1045
    1046            if not arg.type:
    1047                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1048
    1049                arg = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
    1050
    1051            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1052                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1053
    1054            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    1055            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    1056            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    1057
    1058            case = (
    1059                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    1060                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    1061                .else_(
    1062                    exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    1063                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    1064            )
    1065
    1066            return self.sql(case)
    1067
    1068        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    1069            this = expression.this
    1070            key = expression.args.get("key")
    1071            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    1072            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    1073
    1074            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    1075
    1076            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    1077            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    1078            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    1079                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    1080
    1081            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
    1082
    1083        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1084            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    1085            if explode_array:
    1086                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    1087                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    1088                expression.expressions.append(
    1089                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    1090                )
    1091
    1092                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    1093                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1094                if alias:
    1095                    expression.set("alias", None)
    1096                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
    1097
    1098                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1099                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    1100                return self.sql(select)
    1101
    1102            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1103
    1104        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    1105            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1106                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1107                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    1108                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    1109
    1110            self.unsupported("IGNORE NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1111            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1112
    1113        def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
    1114            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1115                # DuckDB should render RESPECT NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1116                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... RESPECT NULLS) OVER (...)
    1117                return super().respectnulls_sql(expression)
    1118
    1119            self.unsupported("RESPECT NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1120            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1121
    1122        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1123            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1124            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1125
    1126            if null_text:
    1127                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1128
    1129            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
    1130
    1131        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1132        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1133            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1134            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1135
    1136            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1137            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1138            if (
    1139                not params
    1140                and group
    1141                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1142            ):
    1143                group = None
    1144            return self.func(
    1145                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1146            )
    1147
    1148        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1149        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1150            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1151            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1152                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1153
    1154            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1155            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1156
    1157        def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str:
    1158            self.unsupported("The AUTOINCREMENT column constraint is not supported by DuckDB")
    1159            return ""

DATETIME_DELTA = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateSub, sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub]
WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Bracket'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>)
class DuckDB(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

     280class DuckDB(Dialect):
     281    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
     282    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
     283    SAFE_DIVISION = True
     284    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
     285    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
     286    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True
     287    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True
     288    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False
     289    NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED = True
     290
     291    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
     292    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     293
     294    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     295        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
     296            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
     297            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
     298            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
     299            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
     300            path_text = path.name
     301            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
     302                return path
     303
     304        return super().to_json_path(path)
     305
     306    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     307        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
     308        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
     309
     310        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
     311        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
     312
     313        KEYWORDS = {
     314            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     315            "//": TokenType.DIV,
     316            "**": TokenType.DSTAR,
     317            "^@": TokenType.CARET_AT,
     318            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
     319            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
     320            "ATTACH": TokenType.ATTACH,
     321            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
     322            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
     323            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     324            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     325            "DATETIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     326            "DETACH": TokenType.DETACH,
     327            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     328            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
     329            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
     330            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
     331            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
     332            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
     333            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
     334            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
     335            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     336            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
     337            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
     338            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
     339            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     340            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
     341            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
     342            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
     343            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
     344            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     345        }
     346        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     347
     348        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     349            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     350            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     351        }
     352
     353        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
     354
     355    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     356        BITWISE = {
     357            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
     358            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
     359        }
     360        BITWISE.pop(TokenType.CARET)
     361
     362        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     363            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     364            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
     365            TokenType.CARET_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.StartsWith),
     366        }
     367
     368        EXPONENT = {
     369            **parser.Parser.EXPONENT,
     370            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
     371            TokenType.DSTAR: exp.Pow,
     372        }
     373
     374        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
     375
     376        SHOW_PARSERS = {
     377            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     378            "ALL TABLES": _show_parser("ALL TABLES"),
     379        }
     380
     381        FUNCTIONS = {
     382            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     383            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     384            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     385            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
     386            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
     387            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     388            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     389            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
     390                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     391            ),
     392            "EDITDIST3": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
     393            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
     394                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     395            ),
     396            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
     397            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
     398                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
     399            ),
     400            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
     401            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
     402            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
     403            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     404            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
     405            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     406            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     407            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
     408            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
     409            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
     410            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
     411            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
     412            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
     413            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
     414            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
     415            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     416            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
     417                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     418                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     419                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
     420                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
     421            ),
     422            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
     423            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
     424            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     425            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     426            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     427            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
     428            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
     429            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     430            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     431            "TIME_BUCKET": exp.DateBin.from_arg_list,
     432            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
     433            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     434            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     435        }
     436
     437        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
     438        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
     439
     440        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     441            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     442            **dict.fromkeys(
     443                ("GROUP_CONCAT", "LISTAGG", "STRINGAGG"), lambda self: self._parse_string_agg()
     444            ),
     445        }
     446        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
     447
     448        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     449            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     450            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
     451            "@": lambda self: exp.Abs(this=self._parse_bitwise()),
     452        }
     453
     454        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
     455            TokenType.SEMI,
     456            TokenType.ANTI,
     457        }
     458
     459        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
     460            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
     461            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
     462                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
     463                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
     464                else None
     465            ),
     466        }
     467
     468        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
     469            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
     470            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
     471            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
     472            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
     473        }
     474
     475        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     476            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     477            TokenType.ATTACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(),
     478            TokenType.DETACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(is_attach=False),
     479            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
     480        }
     481
     482        def _parse_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     483            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. foo: 1
     484            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
     485                alias = self._parse_id_var(tokens=self.ALIAS_TOKENS)
     486                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
     487                comments = self._prev_comments or []
     488
     489                this = self._parse_assignment()
     490                if isinstance(this, exp.Expression):
     491                    # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: expr /* comment */`
     492                    comments += this.pop_comments() or []
     493
     494                return self.expression(exp.Alias, comments=comments, this=this, alias=alias)
     495
     496            return super()._parse_expression()
     497
     498        def _parse_table(
     499            self,
     500            schema: bool = False,
     501            joins: bool = False,
     502            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     503            parse_bracket: bool = False,
     504            is_db_reference: bool = False,
     505            parse_partition: bool = False,
     506        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     507            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. FROM foo: bar
     508            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
     509                alias = self._parse_table_alias(
     510                    alias_tokens=alias_tokens or self.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
     511                )
     512                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
     513                comments = self._prev_comments or []
     514            else:
     515                alias = None
     516                comments = []
     517
     518            table = super()._parse_table(
     519                schema=schema,
     520                joins=joins,
     521                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
     522                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
     523                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
     524                parse_partition=parse_partition,
     525            )
     526            if isinstance(table, exp.Expression) and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias):
     527                # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: table /* comment */`
     528                comments += table.pop_comments() or []
     529                alias.comments = alias.pop_comments() + comments
     530                table.set("alias", alias)
     531
     532            return table
     533
     534        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
     535            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
     536            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
     537            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
     538                if sample.args.get("size"):
     539                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     540                else:
     541                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
     542
     543            return sample
     544
     545        def _parse_bracket(
     546            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
     547        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     548            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
     549
     550            if self.dialect.version < Version("1.2.0") and isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
     551                # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
     552                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
     553
     554            return bracket
     555
     556        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
     557            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
     558                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
     559
     560            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
     561            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
     562
     563        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     564            return self._parse_field_def()
     565
     566        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
     567            if len(aggregations) == 1:
     568                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
     569            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
     570
     571        def _parse_attach_detach(self, is_attach=True) -> exp.Attach | exp.Detach:
     572            def _parse_attach_option() -> exp.AttachOption:
     573                return self.expression(
     574                    exp.AttachOption,
     575                    this=self._parse_var(any_token=True),
     576                    expression=self._parse_field(any_token=True),
     577                )
     578
     579            self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
     580            exists = self._parse_exists(not_=is_attach)
     581            this = self._parse_alias(self._parse_primary_or_var(), explicit=True)
     582
     583            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
     584                expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_attach_option)
     585            else:
     586                expressions = None
     587
     588            return (
     589                self.expression(exp.Attach, this=this, exists=exists, expressions=expressions)
     590                if is_attach
     591                else self.expression(exp.Detach, this=this, exists=exists)
     592            )
     593
     594        def _parse_show_duckdb(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
     595            return self.expression(exp.Show, this=this)
     596
     597    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     598        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     599        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
     600        JOIN_HINTS = False
     601        TABLE_HINTS = False
     602        QUERY_HINTS = False
     603        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
     604        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     605        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
     606        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     607        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
     608        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
     609        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     610        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
     611        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     612        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
     613        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     614        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
     615        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
     616        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
     617        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     618        SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True
     619        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
     620        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     621        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
     622        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     623        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
     624
     625        TRANSFORMS = {
     626            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     627            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
     628            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
     629            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
     630            exp.ArrayRemove: remove_from_array_using_filter,
     631            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
     632            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
     633            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
     634            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     635            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
     636            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
     637            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
     638            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     639            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     640            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
     641            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     642            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
     643            exp.Date: _date_sql,
     644            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     645            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
     646            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
     647            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
     648            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     649            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
     650            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
     651            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     652            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
     653            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
     654            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
     655            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
     656            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
     657            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
     658            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     659            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     660            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: groupconcat_sql(self, e, within_group=False),
     661            exp.HexString: lambda self, e: self.hexstring_sql(e, binary_function_repr="FROM_HEX"),
     662            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
     663            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
     664            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
     665            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
     666            exp.JSONBExists: rename_func("JSON_EXISTS"),
     667            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     668            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     669            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     670            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
     671            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     672            exp.Lateral: explode_to_unnest_sql,
     673            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
     674            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
     675            exp.MakeInterval: lambda self, e: no_make_interval_sql(self, e, sep=" "),
     676            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
     677            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
     678                "DATEDIFF",
     679                "'month'",
     680                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     681                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     682            ),
     683            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
     684            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
     685            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
     686            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
     687            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
     688            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
     689                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
     690                e.this,
     691                e.expression,
     692                e.args.get("replacement"),
     693                e.args.get("modifiers"),
     694            ),
     695            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
     696            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.func(
     697                "REGEXP_MATCHES", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string("i")
     698            ),
     699            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
     700            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
     701            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
     702            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     703            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     704            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
     705            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
     706            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
     707            exp.StrPosition: strposition_sql,
     708            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     709                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
     710            ),
     711            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
     712            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
     713            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     714            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
     715            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
     716            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     717            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     718                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
     719            ),
     720            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     721            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
     722            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     723            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     724                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
     725            ),
     726            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     727            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
     728            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
     729            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
     730            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     731            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     732                "DATE_DIFF",
     733                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
     734                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     735                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     736            ),
     737            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     738                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
     739            ),
     740            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
     741                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
     742            ),
     743            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
     744            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
     745            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
     746            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     747            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
     748            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
     749                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN")
     750            ),
     751            exp.JSONObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     752            exp.JSONBObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     753            exp.DateBin: rename_func("TIME_BUCKET"),
     754        }
     755
     756        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     757            exp.JSONPathKey,
     758            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     759            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     760            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
     761        }
     762
     763        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     764            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     765            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
     766            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
     767            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
     768            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
     769            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
     770            exp.DataType.Type.JSONB: "JSON",
     771            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
     772            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
     773            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
     774            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
     775            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
     776            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
     777            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
     778            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
     779            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
     780            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
     781        }
     782
     783        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
     784        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
     785            "array",
     786            "analyse",
     787            "union",
     788            "all",
     789            "when",
     790            "in_p",
     791            "default",
     792            "create_p",
     793            "window",
     794            "asymmetric",
     795            "to",
     796            "else",
     797            "localtime",
     798            "from",
     799            "end_p",
     800            "select",
     801            "current_date",
     802            "foreign",
     803            "with",
     804            "grant",
     805            "session_user",
     806            "or",
     807            "except",
     808            "references",
     809            "fetch",
     810            "limit",
     811            "group_p",
     812            "leading",
     813            "into",
     814            "collate",
     815            "offset",
     816            "do",
     817            "then",
     818            "localtimestamp",
     819            "check_p",
     820            "lateral_p",
     821            "current_role",
     822            "where",
     823            "asc_p",
     824            "placing",
     825            "desc_p",
     826            "user",
     827            "unique",
     828            "initially",
     829            "column",
     830            "both",
     831            "some",
     832            "as",
     833            "any",
     834            "only",
     835            "deferrable",
     836            "null_p",
     837            "current_time",
     838            "true_p",
     839            "table",
     840            "case",
     841            "trailing",
     842            "variadic",
     843            "for",
     844            "on",
     845            "distinct",
     846            "false_p",
     847            "not",
     848            "constraint",
     849            "current_timestamp",
     850            "returning",
     851            "primary",
     852            "intersect",
     853            "having",
     854            "analyze",
     855            "current_user",
     856            "and",
     857            "cast",
     858            "symmetric",
     859            "using",
     860            "order",
     861            "current_catalog",
     862        }
     863
     864        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
     865
     866        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
     867        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
     868        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     869            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
     870            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
     871        }
     872
     873        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
     874        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
     875        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
     876        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
     877        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
     878
     879        IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS = (
     880            exp.FirstValue,
     881            exp.Lag,
     882            exp.LastValue,
     883            exp.Lead,
     884            exp.NthValue,
     885        )
     886
     887        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     888            return f"SHOW {expression.name}"
     889
     890        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
     891            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
     892
     893        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
     894            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     895                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     896                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     897            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
     898
     899        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
     900            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     901                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     902                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
     903            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
     904
     905        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
     906            arg = expression.this
     907            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     908                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
     909            return self.func("JSON", arg)
     910
     911        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
     912            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     913            if nano is not None:
     914                expression.set(
     915                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     916                )
     917
     918            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
     919
     920        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     921            sec = expression.args["sec"]
     922
     923            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     924            if milli is not None:
     925                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
     926
     927            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     928            if nano is not None:
     929                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     930
     931            if milli or nano:
     932                expression.set("sec", sec)
     933
     934            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
     935
     936        def tablesample_sql(
     937            self,
     938            expression: exp.TableSample,
     939            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
     940        ) -> str:
     941            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
     942                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
     943                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
     944
     945            if expression.args.get("size"):
     946                method = expression.args.get("method")
     947                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
     948                    self.unsupported(
     949                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
     950                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
     951                    )
     952                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     953
     954            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
     955
     956        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
     957            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
     958            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
     959
     960            if unit.startswith("week"):
     961                multiplier = 7
     962            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
     963                multiplier = 90
     964
     965            if multiplier:
     966                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
     967
     968            return super().interval_sql(expression)
     969
     970        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
     971            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
     972                return self.sql(expression, "this")
     973            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
     974
     975        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
     976            if (
     977                expression.side == "LEFT"
     978                and not expression.args.get("on")
     979                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
     980            ):
     981                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
     982                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
     983                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
     984
     985            return super().join_sql(expression)
     986
     987        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
     988            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
     989            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
     990                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
     991
     992            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
     993
     994        def countif_sql(self, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
     995            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
     996                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
     997
     998            # https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/pull/4749
     999            return count_if_to_sum(self, expression)
    1000
    1001        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    1002            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1003                return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1004
    1005            # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
    1006            this = expression.this
    1007            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    1008                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    1009
    1010            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1011
    1012            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    1013                if not this.type:
    1014                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1015
    1016                    this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1017
    1018                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    1019                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    1020
    1021            return bracket
    1022
    1023        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    1024            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1025
    1026            func = expression.this
    1027            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    1028                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    1029                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    1030                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    1031                if order_col:
    1032                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    1033                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    1034
    1035            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    1036
    1037            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
    1038
    1039        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1040            arg = expression.this
    1041
    1042            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    1043            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    1044            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    1045                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1046
    1047            if not arg.type:
    1048                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1049
    1050                arg = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
    1051
    1052            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1053                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1054
    1055            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    1056            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    1057            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    1058
    1059            case = (
    1060                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    1061                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    1062                .else_(
    1063                    exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    1064                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    1065            )
    1066
    1067            return self.sql(case)
    1068
    1069        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    1070            this = expression.this
    1071            key = expression.args.get("key")
    1072            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    1073            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    1074
    1075            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    1076
    1077            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    1078            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    1079            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    1080                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    1081
    1082            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
    1083
    1084        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1085            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    1086            if explode_array:
    1087                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    1088                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    1089                expression.expressions.append(
    1090                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    1091                )
    1092
    1093                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    1094                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1095                if alias:
    1096                    expression.set("alias", None)
    1097                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
    1098
    1099                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1100                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    1101                return self.sql(select)
    1102
    1103            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1104
    1105        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    1106            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1107                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1108                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    1109                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    1110
    1111            self.unsupported("IGNORE NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1112            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1113
    1114        def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
    1115            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1116                # DuckDB should render RESPECT NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1117                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... RESPECT NULLS) OVER (...)
    1118                return super().respectnulls_sql(expression)
    1119
    1120            self.unsupported("RESPECT NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1121            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1122
    1123        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1124            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1125            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1126
    1127            if null_text:
    1128                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1129
    1130            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
    1131
    1132        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1133        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1134            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1135            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1136
    1137            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1138            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1139            if (
    1140                not params
    1141                and group
    1142                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1143            ):
    1144                group = None
    1145            return self.func(
    1146                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1147            )
    1148
    1149        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1150        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1151            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1152            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1153                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1154
    1155            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1156            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1157
    1158        def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str:
    1159            self.unsupported("The AUTOINCREMENT column constraint is not supported by DuckDB")
    1160            return ""

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SAFE_DIVISION = True

Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`).

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True

Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks

SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True

Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g. in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.

STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False

Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning.

NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED = True

Whether number literals can include underscores for better readability

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ]) -> Optional[ sqlglot.expressions.Expression ]: View Source

    294    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    295        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    296            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    297            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    298            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    299            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    300            path_text = path.name
    301            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    302                return path
    303
    304        return super().to_json_path(path)

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'DuckDB.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'DuckDB.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'DuckDB.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class DuckDB.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    306    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    307        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    308        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    309
    310        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    311        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    312
    313        KEYWORDS = {
    314            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    315            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    316            "**": TokenType.DSTAR,
    317            "^@": TokenType.CARET_AT,
    318            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    319            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    320            "ATTACH": TokenType.ATTACH,
    321            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    322            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    323            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    324            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    325            "DATETIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
    326            "DETACH": TokenType.DETACH,
    327            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    328            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    329            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    330            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    331            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    332            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    333            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
    334            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
    335            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
    336            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    337            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    338            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    339            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    340            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    341            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    342            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    343            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    344            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    345        }
    346        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    347
    348        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    349            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    350            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    351        }
    352
    353        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}

BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
HEREDOC_STRINGS = ['$']
HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '|>': <TokenType.PIPE_GT: 'PIPE_GT'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_SCHEMA': <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NAMESPACE': <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT256': <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'UINT128': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'UINT256': <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '//': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, '**': <TokenType.DSTAR: 'DSTAR'>, '^@': <TokenType.CARET_AT: 'CARET_AT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, 'ATTACH': <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, 'BITSTRING': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'DETACH': <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'LOGICAL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'PIVOT_WIDER': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'POSITIONAL': <TokenType.POSITIONAL: 'POSITIONAL'>, 'SIGNED': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'SUMMARIZE': <TokenType.SUMMARIZE: 'SUMMARIZE'>, 'TIMESTAMP_S': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, 'TIMESTAMP_MS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_US': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'UBIGINT': <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, 'UINTEGER': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'USMALLINT': <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, 'UTINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}
COMMANDS = {<TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  BIT_STRINGS
  HEX_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  QUOTES
  STRING_ESCAPES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  STRING_ESCAPES_ALLOWED_IN_RAW_STRINGS
  NESTED_COMMENTS
  HINT_START
  TOKENS_PRECEDING_HINT
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  use_rs_tokenizer
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class DuckDB.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    355    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    356        BITWISE = {
    357            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    358            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    359        }
    360        BITWISE.pop(TokenType.CARET)
    361
    362        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    363            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    364            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    365            TokenType.CARET_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.StartsWith),
    366        }
    367
    368        EXPONENT = {
    369            **parser.Parser.EXPONENT,
    370            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    371            TokenType.DSTAR: exp.Pow,
    372        }
    373
    374        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    375
    376        SHOW_PARSERS = {
    377            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
    378            "ALL TABLES": _show_parser("ALL TABLES"),
    379        }
    380
    381        FUNCTIONS = {
    382            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    383            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    384            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    385            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    386            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    387            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    388            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    389            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    390                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    391            ),
    392            "EDITDIST3": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
    393            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    394                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    395            ),
    396            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    397            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    398                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    399            ),
    400            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    401            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    402            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    403            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    404            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    405            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    406            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    407            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
    408            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    409            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    410            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    411            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    412            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    413            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
    414            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
    415            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    416            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    417                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    418                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    419                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    420                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    421            ),
    422            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    423            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    424            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    425            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    426            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    427            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    428            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    429            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    430            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    431            "TIME_BUCKET": exp.DateBin.from_arg_list,
    432            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    433            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    434            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    435        }
    436
    437        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
    438        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
    439
    440        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    441            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    442            **dict.fromkeys(
    443                ("GROUP_CONCAT", "LISTAGG", "STRINGAGG"), lambda self: self._parse_string_agg()
    444            ),
    445        }
    446        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    447
    448        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    449            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    450            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    451            "@": lambda self: exp.Abs(this=self._parse_bitwise()),
    452        }
    453
    454        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    455            TokenType.SEMI,
    456            TokenType.ANTI,
    457        }
    458
    459        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    460            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    461            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    462                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    463                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    464                else None
    465            ),
    466        }
    467
    468        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
    469            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    470            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
    471            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
    472            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
    473        }
    474
    475        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    476            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    477            TokenType.ATTACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(),
    478            TokenType.DETACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(is_attach=False),
    479            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
    480        }
    481
    482        def _parse_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    483            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. foo: 1
    484            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
    485                alias = self._parse_id_var(tokens=self.ALIAS_TOKENS)
    486                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
    487                comments = self._prev_comments or []
    488
    489                this = self._parse_assignment()
    490                if isinstance(this, exp.Expression):
    491                    # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: expr /* comment */`
    492                    comments += this.pop_comments() or []
    493
    494                return self.expression(exp.Alias, comments=comments, this=this, alias=alias)
    495
    496            return super()._parse_expression()
    497
    498        def _parse_table(
    499            self,
    500            schema: bool = False,
    501            joins: bool = False,
    502            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    503            parse_bracket: bool = False,
    504            is_db_reference: bool = False,
    505            parse_partition: bool = False,
    506        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    507            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. FROM foo: bar
    508            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
    509                alias = self._parse_table_alias(
    510                    alias_tokens=alias_tokens or self.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
    511                )
    512                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
    513                comments = self._prev_comments or []
    514            else:
    515                alias = None
    516                comments = []
    517
    518            table = super()._parse_table(
    519                schema=schema,
    520                joins=joins,
    521                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
    522                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
    523                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
    524                parse_partition=parse_partition,
    525            )
    526            if isinstance(table, exp.Expression) and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias):
    527                # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: table /* comment */`
    528                comments += table.pop_comments() or []
    529                alias.comments = alias.pop_comments() + comments
    530                table.set("alias", alias)
    531
    532            return table
    533
    534        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    535            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
    536            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
    537            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
    538                if sample.args.get("size"):
    539                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    540                else:
    541                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
    542
    543            return sample
    544
    545        def _parse_bracket(
    546            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    547        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    548            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    549
    550            if self.dialect.version < Version("1.2.0") and isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    551                # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
    552                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    553
    554            return bracket
    555
    556        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    557            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    558                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    559
    560            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    561            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    562
    563        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    564            return self._parse_field_def()
    565
    566        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    567            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    568                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    569            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
    570
    571        def _parse_attach_detach(self, is_attach=True) -> exp.Attach | exp.Detach:
    572            def _parse_attach_option() -> exp.AttachOption:
    573                return self.expression(
    574                    exp.AttachOption,
    575                    this=self._parse_var(any_token=True),
    576                    expression=self._parse_field(any_token=True),
    577                )
    578
    579            self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
    580            exists = self._parse_exists(not_=is_attach)
    581            this = self._parse_alias(self._parse_primary_or_var(), explicit=True)
    582
    583            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    584                expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_attach_option)
    585            else:
    586                expressions = None
    587
    588            return (
    589                self.expression(exp.Attach, this=this, exists=exists, expressions=expressions)
    590                if is_attach
    591                else self.expression(exp.Detach, this=this, exists=exists)
    592            )
    593
    594        def _parse_show_duckdb(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
    595            return self.expression(exp.Show, this=this)

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>, <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.CARET_AT: 'CARET_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>}
EXPONENT = {<TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>, <TokenType.DSTAR: 'DSTAR'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>}
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {'STRUCT', 'STRUCT_PACK'}
SHOW_PARSERS = {'TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'ALL TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcatAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_INTERSECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayIntersect'>>, 'ARRAY_INTERSECTION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayIntersect'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_REMOVE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayRemove'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function build_convert_timezone>, 'CONVERT_TO_CHARSET': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConvertToCharset'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_SCHEMA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentSchema'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATE_BIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateBin'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENDS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EndsWith'>>, 'ENDSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EndsWith'>>, 'EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FEATURES_AT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FeaturesAtTime'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'INT64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>>, 'IS_ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsAscii'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'J_S_O_N_VALUE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHAR_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHARACTER_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <function build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'ST_DISTANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StDistance'>>, 'ST_POINT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StPoint'>>, 'ST_MAKEPOINT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StPoint'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRTOK_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNICODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLElement'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRPOS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'CHARINDEX': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'LOCATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'DATETRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'EDITDIST3': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'EPOCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'EPOCH_MS': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_STRING': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIST_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'LIST_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'LIST_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'LIST_VALUE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_make_timestamp>, 'QUANTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'QUANTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'RANGE': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_MATCHES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'SHA256': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRFTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRING_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STRING_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'STRPTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRUCT_PACK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STR_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STR_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'TIME_BUCKET': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateBin'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ARG_MAX': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'ARGMAX': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'MAX_BY': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'ARG_MIN': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'ARGMIN': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'MIN_BY': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CEIL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FLOOR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NORMALIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OVERLAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LISTAGG': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRINGAGG': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAP': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, '@': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>}
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
TYPE_CONVERTERS = {<Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: <function build_default_decimal_type.<locals>._builder>, <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {'TABLES': {0: True}, 'ALL': {'TABLES': {0: True}}}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ALTERABLES
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  COLON_PLACEHOLDER_TOKENS
  ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  ASSIGNMENT
  DISJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  TERM
  FACTOR
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PIPE_SYNTAX_TRANSFORM_PARSERS
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
  PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
  EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
  KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
  WINDOW_EXCLUDE_OPTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
  IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
  ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
  ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
  PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  DESCRIBE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  PARTITION_KEYWORDS
  AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS
  OPERATION_MODIFIERS
  RECURSIVE_CTE_SEARCH_KIND
  MODIFIABLES
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
  OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE
  ALTER_RENAME_REQUIRES_COLUMN
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  parse_set_operation
  errors
  sql

class DuckDB.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

     597    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     598        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     599        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
     600        JOIN_HINTS = False
     601        TABLE_HINTS = False
     602        QUERY_HINTS = False
     603        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
     604        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     605        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
     606        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     607        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
     608        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
     609        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     610        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
     611        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     612        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
     613        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     614        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
     615        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
     616        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
     617        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     618        SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True
     619        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
     620        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     621        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
     622        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     623        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
     624
     625        TRANSFORMS = {
     626            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     627            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
     628            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
     629            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
     630            exp.ArrayRemove: remove_from_array_using_filter,
     631            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
     632            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
     633            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
     634            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     635            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
     636            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
     637            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
     638            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     639            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     640            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
     641            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     642            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
     643            exp.Date: _date_sql,
     644            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     645            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
     646            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
     647            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
     648            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     649            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
     650            exp.DatetimeSub: _date_delta_sql,
     651            exp.DatetimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     652            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
     653            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
     654            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
     655            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
     656            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
     657            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
     658            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     659            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     660            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: groupconcat_sql(self, e, within_group=False),
     661            exp.HexString: lambda self, e: self.hexstring_sql(e, binary_function_repr="FROM_HEX"),
     662            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
     663            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
     664            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
     665            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
     666            exp.JSONBExists: rename_func("JSON_EXISTS"),
     667            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     668            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     669            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     670            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
     671            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     672            exp.Lateral: explode_to_unnest_sql,
     673            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
     674            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
     675            exp.MakeInterval: lambda self, e: no_make_interval_sql(self, e, sep=" "),
     676            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
     677            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
     678                "DATEDIFF",
     679                "'month'",
     680                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     681                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     682            ),
     683            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
     684            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
     685            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
     686            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
     687            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
     688            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
     689                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
     690                e.this,
     691                e.expression,
     692                e.args.get("replacement"),
     693                e.args.get("modifiers"),
     694            ),
     695            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
     696            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.func(
     697                "REGEXP_MATCHES", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string("i")
     698            ),
     699            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
     700            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
     701            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
     702            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     703            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     704            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
     705            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
     706            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
     707            exp.StrPosition: strposition_sql,
     708            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     709                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
     710            ),
     711            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
     712            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
     713            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     714            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
     715            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
     716            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     717            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     718                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
     719            ),
     720            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     721            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
     722            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     723            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     724                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
     725            ),
     726            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     727            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
     728            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
     729            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
     730            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_delta_sql,
     731            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     732                "DATE_DIFF",
     733                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
     734                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     735                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     736            ),
     737            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     738                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
     739            ),
     740            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
     741                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
     742            ),
     743            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
     744            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
     745            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
     746            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     747            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
     748            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
     749                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN")
     750            ),
     751            exp.JSONObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     752            exp.JSONBObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     753            exp.DateBin: rename_func("TIME_BUCKET"),
     754        }
     755
     756        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     757            exp.JSONPathKey,
     758            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     759            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     760            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
     761        }
     762
     763        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     764            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     765            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
     766            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
     767            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
     768            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
     769            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
     770            exp.DataType.Type.JSONB: "JSON",
     771            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
     772            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
     773            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
     774            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
     775            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
     776            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
     777            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
     778            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
     779            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
     780            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
     781        }
     782
     783        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
     784        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
     785            "array",
     786            "analyse",
     787            "union",
     788            "all",
     789            "when",
     790            "in_p",
     791            "default",
     792            "create_p",
     793            "window",
     794            "asymmetric",
     795            "to",
     796            "else",
     797            "localtime",
     798            "from",
     799            "end_p",
     800            "select",
     801            "current_date",
     802            "foreign",
     803            "with",
     804            "grant",
     805            "session_user",
     806            "or",
     807            "except",
     808            "references",
     809            "fetch",
     810            "limit",
     811            "group_p",
     812            "leading",
     813            "into",
     814            "collate",
     815            "offset",
     816            "do",
     817            "then",
     818            "localtimestamp",
     819            "check_p",
     820            "lateral_p",
     821            "current_role",
     822            "where",
     823            "asc_p",
     824            "placing",
     825            "desc_p",
     826            "user",
     827            "unique",
     828            "initially",
     829            "column",
     830            "both",
     831            "some",
     832            "as",
     833            "any",
     834            "only",
     835            "deferrable",
     836            "null_p",
     837            "current_time",
     838            "true_p",
     839            "table",
     840            "case",
     841            "trailing",
     842            "variadic",
     843            "for",
     844            "on",
     845            "distinct",
     846            "false_p",
     847            "not",
     848            "constraint",
     849            "current_timestamp",
     850            "returning",
     851            "primary",
     852            "intersect",
     853            "having",
     854            "analyze",
     855            "current_user",
     856            "and",
     857            "cast",
     858            "symmetric",
     859            "using",
     860            "order",
     861            "current_catalog",
     862        }
     863
     864        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
     865
     866        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
     867        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
     868        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     869            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
     870            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
     871        }
     872
     873        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
     874        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
     875        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
     876        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
     877        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
     878
     879        IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS = (
     880            exp.FirstValue,
     881            exp.Lag,
     882            exp.LastValue,
     883            exp.Lead,
     884            exp.NthValue,
     885        )
     886
     887        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     888            return f"SHOW {expression.name}"
     889
     890        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
     891            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
     892
     893        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
     894            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     895                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     896                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     897            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
     898
     899        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
     900            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     901                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     902                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
     903            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
     904
     905        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
     906            arg = expression.this
     907            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     908                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
     909            return self.func("JSON", arg)
     910
     911        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
     912            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     913            if nano is not None:
     914                expression.set(
     915                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     916                )
     917
     918            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
     919
     920        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     921            sec = expression.args["sec"]
     922
     923            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     924            if milli is not None:
     925                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
     926
     927            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     928            if nano is not None:
     929                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     930
     931            if milli or nano:
     932                expression.set("sec", sec)
     933
     934            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
     935
     936        def tablesample_sql(
     937            self,
     938            expression: exp.TableSample,
     939            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
     940        ) -> str:
     941            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
     942                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
     943                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
     944
     945            if expression.args.get("size"):
     946                method = expression.args.get("method")
     947                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
     948                    self.unsupported(
     949                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
     950                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
     951                    )
     952                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     953
     954            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
     955
     956        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
     957            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
     958            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
     959
     960            if unit.startswith("week"):
     961                multiplier = 7
     962            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
     963                multiplier = 90
     964
     965            if multiplier:
     966                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
     967
     968            return super().interval_sql(expression)
     969
     970        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
     971            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
     972                return self.sql(expression, "this")
     973            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
     974
     975        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
     976            if (
     977                expression.side == "LEFT"
     978                and not expression.args.get("on")
     979                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
     980            ):
     981                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
     982                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
     983                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
     984
     985            return super().join_sql(expression)
     986
     987        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
     988            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
     989            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
     990                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
     991
     992            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
     993
     994        def countif_sql(self, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
     995            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
     996                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
     997
     998            # https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/pull/4749
     999            return count_if_to_sum(self, expression)
    1000
    1001        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    1002            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1003                return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1004
    1005            # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
    1006            this = expression.this
    1007            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    1008                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    1009
    1010            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1011
    1012            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    1013                if not this.type:
    1014                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1015
    1016                    this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1017
    1018                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    1019                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    1020
    1021            return bracket
    1022
    1023        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    1024            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1025
    1026            func = expression.this
    1027            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    1028                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    1029                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    1030                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    1031                if order_col:
    1032                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    1033                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    1034
    1035            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    1036
    1037            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
    1038
    1039        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1040            arg = expression.this
    1041
    1042            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    1043            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    1044            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    1045                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1046
    1047            if not arg.type:
    1048                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1049
    1050                arg = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
    1051
    1052            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1053                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1054
    1055            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    1056            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    1057            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    1058
    1059            case = (
    1060                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    1061                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    1062                .else_(
    1063                    exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    1064                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    1065            )
    1066
    1067            return self.sql(case)
    1068
    1069        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    1070            this = expression.this
    1071            key = expression.args.get("key")
    1072            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    1073            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    1074
    1075            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    1076
    1077            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    1078            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    1079            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    1080                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    1081
    1082            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
    1083
    1084        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1085            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    1086            if explode_array:
    1087                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    1088                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    1089                expression.expressions.append(
    1090                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    1091                )
    1092
    1093                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    1094                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1095                if alias:
    1096                    expression.set("alias", None)
    1097                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
    1098
    1099                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1100                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    1101                return self.sql(select)
    1102
    1103            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1104
    1105        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    1106            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1107                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1108                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    1109                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    1110
    1111            self.unsupported("IGNORE NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1112            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1113
    1114        def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
    1115            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1116                # DuckDB should render RESPECT NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1117                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... RESPECT NULLS) OVER (...)
    1118                return super().respectnulls_sql(expression)
    1119
    1120            self.unsupported("RESPECT NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1121            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1122
    1123        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1124            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1125            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1126
    1127            if null_text:
    1128                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1129
    1130            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
    1131
    1132        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1133        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1134            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1135            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1136
    1137            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1138            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1139            if (
    1140                not params
    1141                and group
    1142                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1143            ):
    1144                group = None
    1145            return self.func(
    1146                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1147            )
    1148
    1149        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1150        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1151            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1152            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1153                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1154
    1155            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1156            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1157
    1158        def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str:
    1159            self.unsupported("The AUTOINCREMENT column constraint is not supported by DuckDB")
    1160            return ""

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = '$'
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = 'USING SAMPLE'
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
STAR_EXCEPT = 'EXCLUDE'
PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeColumns'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeWith'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function no_comment_column_constraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConvertToCharset'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CredentialsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EnviromentProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Get'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByBucket'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionByTruncate'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Put'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingTemplateProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingData'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ForceProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function approx_count_distinct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_unless_query>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayRemove'>: <function remove_from_array_using_filter>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>: <function _array_sort_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>: <function no_datetime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function _generate_datetime_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>: <function _generate_datetime_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HexString'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>: <function _json_extract_value_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function _json_format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>: <function _json_extract_value_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lateral'>: <function explode_to_unnest_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Return'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function sha256_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _sort_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function strposition_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function _struct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>: <function no_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function _timediff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBObjectAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateBin'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.BLOB: 'BLOB'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'BLOB', <Type.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.JSONB: 'JSONB'>: 'JSON', <Type.UINT: 'UINT'>: 'UINTEGER', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>: 'TIMESTAMP_S', <Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_MS', <Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'current_user', 'table', 'localtimestamp', 'grant', 'current_catalog', 'all', 'cast', 'unique', 'else', 'on', 'localtime', 'case', 'with', 'symmetric', 'check_p', 'asymmetric', 'column', 'window', 'false_p', 'constraint', 'placing', 'current_timestamp', 'user', 'end_p', 'only', 'having', 'analyze', 'default', 'current_date', 'except', 'true_p', 'current_role', 'both', 'fetch', 'order', 'select', 'desc_p', 'as', 'create_p', 'where', 'some', 'for', 'offset', 'primary', 'any', 'when', 'then', 'trailing', 'foreign', 'asc_p', 'array', 'union', 'or', 'returning', 'variadic', 'and', 'leading', 'into', 'references', 'collate', 'limit', 'lateral_p', 'to', 'distinct', 'initially', 'from', 'null_p', 'do', 'in_p', 'using', 'current_time', 'intersect', 'analyse', 'session_user', 'deferrable', 'group_p', 'not'}
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EnviromentProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IncludeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StorageHandlerProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingTemplateProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ForceProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>}
IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>)
def show_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Show ) -> str: View Source

    887        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
    888            return f"SHOW {expression.name}"

def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp ) -> str: View Source

    890        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
    891            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))

def strtotime_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime ) -> str: View Source

    893        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
    894            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    895                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    896                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
    897            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)

def strtodate_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate ) -> str: View Source

    899        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
    900            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    901                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    902                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
    903            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"

def parsejson_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON ) -> str: View Source

    905        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
    906            arg = expression.this
    907            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    908                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
    909            return self.func("JSON", arg)

def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts ) -> str: View Source

    911        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    912            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    913            if nano is not None:
    914                expression.set(
    915                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    916                )
    917
    918            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts ) -> str: View Source

    920        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    921            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    922
    923            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    924            if milli is not None:
    925                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    926
    927            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    928            if nano is not None:
    929                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    930
    931            if milli or nano:
    932                expression.set("sec", sec)
    933
    934            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)

def tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str: View Source

    936        def tablesample_sql(
    937            self,
    938            expression: exp.TableSample,
    939            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    940        ) -> str:
    941            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    942                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    943                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    944
    945            if expression.args.get("size"):
    946                method = expression.args.get("method")
    947                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    948                    self.unsupported(
    949                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    950                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    951                    )
    952                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    953
    954            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)

def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval ) -> str: View Source

    956        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    957            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    958            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    959
    960            if unit.startswith("week"):
    961                multiplier = 7
    962            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    963                multiplier = 90
    964
    965            if multiplier:
    966                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    967
    968            return super().interval_sql(expression)

def columndef_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef, sep: str = ' ') -> str: View Source

    970        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    971            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    972                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    973            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)

def join_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Join ) -> str: View Source

    975        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    976            if (
    977                expression.side == "LEFT"
    978                and not expression.args.get("on")
    979                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    980            ):
    981                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    982                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    983                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    984
    985            return super().join_sql(expression)

def generateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries ) -> str: View Source

    987        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    988            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    989            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    990                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    991
    992            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

def countif_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CountIf ) -> str: View Source

    994        def countif_sql(self, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    995            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    996                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    997
    998            # https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/pull/4749
    999            return count_if_to_sum(self, expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket ) -> str: View Source

    1001        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    1002            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1003                return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1004
    1005            # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
    1006            this = expression.this
    1007            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    1008                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    1009
    1010            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1011
    1012            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    1013                if not this.type:
    1014                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1015
    1016                    this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1017
    1018                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    1019                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    1020
    1021            return bracket

def withingroup_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup ) -> str: View Source

    1023        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    1024            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1025
    1026            func = expression.this
    1027            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    1028                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    1029                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    1030                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    1031                if order_col:
    1032                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    1033                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    1034
    1035            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    1036
    1037            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"

def length_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Length ) -> str: View Source

    1039        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1040            arg = expression.this
    1041
    1042            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    1043            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    1044            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    1045                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1046
    1047            if not arg.type:
    1048                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1049
    1050                arg = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
    1051
    1052            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1053                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1054
    1055            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    1056            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    1057            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    1058
    1059            case = (
    1060                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    1061                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    1062                .else_(
    1063                    exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    1064                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    1065            )
    1066
    1067            return self.sql(case)

def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert ) -> str: View Source

    1069        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    1070            this = expression.this
    1071            key = expression.args.get("key")
    1072            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    1073            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    1074
    1075            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    1076
    1077            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    1078            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    1079            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    1080                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    1081
    1082            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)

def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest ) -> str: View Source

    1084        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1085            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    1086            if explode_array:
    1087                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    1088                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    1089                expression.expressions.append(
    1090                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    1091                )
    1092
    1093                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    1094                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1095                if alias:
    1096                    expression.set("alias", None)
    1097                    alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.args.get("columns"), 0))
    1098
    1099                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1100                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    1101                return self.sql(select)
    1102
    1103            return super().unnest_sql(expression)

def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IgnoreNulls ) -> str: View Source

    1105        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    1106            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1107                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1108                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    1109                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    1110
    1111            self.unsupported("IGNORE NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1112            return self.sql(expression, "this")

def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RespectNulls ) -> str: View Source

    1114        def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
    1115            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1116                # DuckDB should render RESPECT NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1117                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... RESPECT NULLS) OVER (...)
    1118                return super().respectnulls_sql(expression)
    1119
    1120            self.unsupported("RESPECT NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1121            return self.sql(expression, "this")

def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString ) -> str: View Source

    1123        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1124            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1125            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1126
    1127            if null_text:
    1128                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1129
    1130            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)

@unsupported_args('position', 'occurrence')
def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract ) -> str: View Source

    1132        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1133        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1134            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1135            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1136
    1137            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1138            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1139            if (
    1140                not params
    1141                and group
    1142                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1143            ):
    1144                group = None
    1145            return self.func(
    1146                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1147            )

@unsupported_args('culture')
def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr ) -> str: View Source

    1149        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1150        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1151            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1152            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1153                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1154
    1155            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1156            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: View Source

    1158        def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str:
    1159            self.unsupported("The AUTOINCREMENT column constraint is not supported by DuckDB")
    1160            return ""

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
  COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
  TRY_SUPPORTED
  SUPPORTS_UESCAPE
  HEX_FUNC
  WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
  QUOTE_JSON_PATH
  SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
  SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
  SUPPORTS_MEDIAN
  SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
  ALTER_SET_WRAPPED
  PARSE_JSON_NAME
  ARRAY_SIZE_NAME
  ALTER_SET_TYPE
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  RESPECT_IGNORE_NULLS_UNSUPPORTED_EXPRESSIONS
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  sanitize_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  set_operation
  set_operations
  fetch_sql
  limitoptions_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  hex_sql
  lowerhex_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablefromrows_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  groupingsets_sql
  rollup_sql
  cube_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  options_modifier
  for_modifiers
  queryoption_sql
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterindex_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  alterrename_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  alterset_sql
  alter_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  addpartition_sql
  distinct_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  safedivide_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  jsoncast_sql
  try_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  ceil_floor
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  whens_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  duplicatekeyproperty_sql
  uniquekeyproperty_sql
  distributedbyproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodatetime_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql
  datadeletionproperty_sql
  maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
  gapfill_sql
  scope_resolution
  scoperesolution_sql
  rand_sql
  changes_sql
  pad_sql
  summarize_sql
  explodinggenerateseries_sql
  arrayconcat_sql
  converttimezone_sql
  json_sql
  jsonvalue_sql
  conditionalinsert_sql
  multitableinserts_sql
  oncondition_sql
  jsonextractquote_sql
  jsonexists_sql
  arrayagg_sql
  apply_sql
  grant_sql
  grantprivilege_sql
  grantprincipal_sql
  columns_sql
  overlay_sql
  todouble_sql
  string_sql
  median_sql
  overflowtruncatebehavior_sql
  unixseconds_sql
  arraysize_sql
  attach_sql
  detach_sql
  attachoption_sql
  featuresattime_sql
  watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
  encodeproperty_sql
  includeproperty_sql
  xmlelement_sql
  xmlkeyvalueoption_sql
  partitionbyrangeproperty_sql
  partitionbyrangepropertydynamic_sql
  unpivotcolumns_sql
  analyzesample_sql
  analyzestatistics_sql
  analyzehistogram_sql
  analyzedelete_sql
  analyzelistchainedrows_sql
  analyzevalidate_sql
  analyze_sql
  xmltable_sql
  xmlnamespace_sql
  export_sql
  declare_sql
  declareitem_sql
  recursivewithsearch_sql
  parameterizedagg_sql
  anonymousaggfunc_sql
  combinedaggfunc_sql
  combinedparameterizedagg_sql
  get_put_sql
  translatecharacters_sql