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# sqlglot.dialects.postgres

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
      6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      7    DATE_ADD_OR_SUB,
      8    Dialect,
      9    JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE,
     10    any_value_to_max_sql,
     11    binary_from_function,
     12    bool_xor_sql,
     13    datestrtodate_sql,
     14    build_formatted_time,
     15    filter_array_using_unnest,
     16    json_extract_segments,
     17    json_path_key_only_name,
     18    max_or_greatest,
     19    merge_without_target_sql,
     20    min_or_least,
     21    no_last_day_sql,
     22    no_map_from_entries_sql,
     23    no_paren_current_date_sql,
     24    no_pivot_sql,
     25    no_trycast_sql,
     26    build_json_extract_path,
     27    build_timestamp_trunc,
     28    rename_func,
     29    sha256_sql,
     30    struct_extract_sql,
     31    timestamptrunc_sql,
     32    timestrtotime_sql,
     33    trim_sql,
     34    ts_or_ds_add_cast,
     35    strposition_sql,
     36)
     37from sqlglot.helper import is_int, seq_get
     38from sqlglot.parser import binary_range_parser
     39from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     40
     41DATE_DIFF_FACTOR = {
     42    "MICROSECOND": " * 1000000",
     43    "MILLISECOND": " * 1000",
     44    "SECOND": "",
     45    "MINUTE": " / 60",
     46    "HOUR": " / 3600",
     47    "DAY": " / 86400",
     48}
     49
     50
     51def _date_add_sql(kind: str) -> t.Callable[[Postgres.Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_SUB], str]:
     52    def func(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_SUB) -> str:
     53        if isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
     54            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
     55
     56        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     57        unit = expression.args.get("unit")
     58
     59        e = self._simplify_unless_literal(expression.expression)
     60        if isinstance(e, exp.Literal):
     61            e.args["is_string"] = True
     62        elif e.is_number:
     63            e = exp.Literal.string(e.to_py())
     64        else:
     65            self.unsupported("Cannot add non literal")
     66
     67        return f"{this} {kind} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=e, unit=unit))}"
     68
     69    return func
     70
     71
     72def _date_diff_sql(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
     73    unit = expression.text("unit").upper()
     74    factor = DATE_DIFF_FACTOR.get(unit)
     75
     76    end = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     77    start = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'expression')} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     78
     79    if factor is not None:
     80        return f"CAST(EXTRACT(epoch FROM {end} - {start}){factor} AS BIGINT)"
     81
     82    age = f"AGE({end}, {start})"
     83
     84    if unit == "WEEK":
     85        unit = f"EXTRACT(days FROM ({end} - {start})) / 7"
     86    elif unit == "MONTH":
     87        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age}) * 12 + EXTRACT(month FROM {age})"
     88    elif unit == "QUARTER":
     89        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age}) * 4 + EXTRACT(month FROM {age}) / 3"
     90    elif unit == "YEAR":
     91        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age})"
     92    else:
     93        unit = age
     94
     95    return f"CAST({unit} AS BIGINT)"
     96
     97
     98def _substring_sql(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: exp.Substring) -> str:
     99    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    100    start = self.sql(expression, "start")
    101    length = self.sql(expression, "length")
    102
    103    from_part = f" FROM {start}" if start else ""
    104    for_part = f" FOR {length}" if length else ""
    105
    106    return f"SUBSTRING({this}{from_part}{for_part})"
    107
    108
    109def _string_agg_sql(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
    110    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
    111
    112    order = ""
    113    this = expression.this
    114    if isinstance(this, exp.Order):
    115        if this.this:
    116            this = this.this.pop()
    117        order = self.sql(expression.this)  # Order has a leading space
    118
    119    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}{order})"
    120
    121
    122def _auto_increment_to_serial(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    123    auto = expression.find(exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint)
    124
    125    if auto:
    126        expression.args["constraints"].remove(auto.parent)
    127        kind = expression.args["kind"]
    128
    129        if kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.INT:
    130            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.SERIAL))
    131        elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT:
    132            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.SMALLSERIAL))
    133        elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT:
    134            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.BIGSERIAL))
    135
    136    return expression
    137
    138
    139def _serial_to_generated(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    140    if not isinstance(expression, exp.ColumnDef):
    141        return expression
    142    kind = expression.kind
    143    if not kind:
    144        return expression
    145
    146    if kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.SERIAL:
    147        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT)
    148    elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.SMALLSERIAL:
    149        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT)
    150    elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.BIGSERIAL:
    151        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT)
    152    else:
    153        data_type = None
    154
    155    if data_type:
    156        expression.args["kind"].replace(data_type)
    157        constraints = expression.args["constraints"]
    158        generated = exp.ColumnConstraint(kind=exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(this=False))
    159        notnull = exp.ColumnConstraint(kind=exp.NotNullColumnConstraint())
    160
    161        if notnull not in constraints:
    162            constraints.insert(0, notnull)
    163        if generated not in constraints:
    164            constraints.insert(0, generated)
    165
    166    return expression
    167
    168
    169def _build_generate_series(args: t.List) -> exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries:
    170    # The goal is to convert step values like '1 day' or INTERVAL '1 day' into INTERVAL '1' day
    171    # Note: postgres allows calls with just two arguments -- the "step" argument defaults to 1
    172    step = seq_get(args, 2)
    173    if step is not None:
    174        if step.is_string:
    175            args[2] = exp.to_interval(step.this)
    176        elif isinstance(step, exp.Interval) and not step.args.get("unit"):
    177            args[2] = exp.to_interval(step.this.this)
    178
    179    return exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
    180
    181
    182def _build_to_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.UnixToTime | exp.StrToTime:
    183    # TO_TIMESTAMP accepts either a single double argument or (text, text)
    184    if len(args) == 1:
    185        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TABLE
    186        return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
    187
    188    # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-formatting.html
    189    return build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "postgres")(args)
    190
    191
    192def _json_extract_sql(
    193    name: str, op: str
    194) -> t.Callable[[Postgres.Generator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
    195    def _generate(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    196        if expression.args.get("only_json_types"):
    197            return json_extract_segments(name, quoted_index=False, op=op)(self, expression)
    198        return json_extract_segments(name)(self, expression)
    199
    200    return _generate
    201
    202
    203def _build_regexp_replace(args: t.List) -> exp.RegexpReplace:
    204    # The signature of REGEXP_REPLACE is:
    205    # regexp_replace(source, pattern, replacement [, start [, N ]] [, flags ])
    206    #
    207    # Any one of `start`, `N` and `flags` can be column references, meaning that
    208    # unless we can statically see that the last argument is a non-integer string
    209    # (eg. not '0'), then it's not possible to construct the correct AST
    210    if len(args) > 3:
    211        last = args[-1]
    212        if not is_int(last.name):
    213            if not last.type or last.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN, exp.DataType.Type.NULL):
    214                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    215
    216                last = annotate_types(last)
    217
    218            if last.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    219                regexp_replace = exp.RegexpReplace.from_arg_list(args[:-1])
    220                regexp_replace.set("modifiers", last)
    221                return regexp_replace
    222
    223    return exp.RegexpReplace.from_arg_list(args)
    224
    225
    226def _unix_to_time_sql(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
    227    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
    228    timestamp = expression.this
    229
    230    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
    231        return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", timestamp, self.format_time(expression))
    232
    233    return self.func(
    234        "TO_TIMESTAMP",
    235        exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)),
    236        self.format_time(expression),
    237    )
    238
    239
    240def _build_levenshtein_less_equal(args: t.List) -> exp.Levenshtein:
    241    # Postgres has two signatures for levenshtein_less_equal function, but in both cases
    242    # max_dist is the last argument
    243    # levenshtein_less_equal(source, target, ins_cost, del_cost, sub_cost, max_d)
    244    # levenshtein_less_equal(source, target, max_d)
    245    max_dist = args.pop()
    246
    247    return exp.Levenshtein(
    248        this=seq_get(args, 0),
    249        expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    250        ins_cost=seq_get(args, 2),
    251        del_cost=seq_get(args, 3),
    252        sub_cost=seq_get(args, 4),
    253        max_dist=max_dist,
    254    )
    255
    256
    257def _levenshtein_sql(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: exp.Levenshtein) -> str:
    258    name = "LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL" if expression.args.get("max_dist") else "LEVENSHTEIN"
    259
    260    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    261
    262
    263class Postgres(Dialect):
    264    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    265    TYPED_DIVISION = True
    266    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
    267    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
    268    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
    269    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
    270
    271    TIME_MAPPING = {
    272        "AM": "%p",
    273        "PM": "%p",
    274        "D": "%u",  # 1-based day of week
    275        "DD": "%d",  # day of month
    276        "DDD": "%j",  # zero padded day of year
    277        "FMDD": "%-d",  # - is no leading zero for Python; same for FM in postgres
    278        "FMDDD": "%-j",  # day of year
    279        "FMHH12": "%-I",  # 9
    280        "FMHH24": "%-H",  # 9
    281        "FMMI": "%-M",  # Minute
    282        "FMMM": "%-m",  # 1
    283        "FMSS": "%-S",  # Second
    284        "HH12": "%I",  # 09
    285        "HH24": "%H",  # 09
    286        "MI": "%M",  # zero padded minute
    287        "MM": "%m",  # 01
    288        "OF": "%z",  # utc offset
    289        "SS": "%S",  # zero padded second
    290        "TMDay": "%A",  # TM is locale dependent
    291        "TMDy": "%a",
    292        "TMMon": "%b",  # Sep
    293        "TMMonth": "%B",  # September
    294        "TZ": "%Z",  # uppercase timezone name
    295        "US": "%f",  # zero padded microsecond
    296        "WW": "%U",  # 1-based week of year
    297        "YY": "%y",  # 15
    298        "YYYY": "%Y",  # 2015
    299    }
    300
    301    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    302        BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
    303        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    304        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    305        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    306
    307        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    308        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    309
    310        KEYWORDS = {
    311            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    312            "~": TokenType.RLIKE,
    313            "@@": TokenType.DAT,
    314            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    315            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    316            "|/": TokenType.PIPE_SLASH,
    317            "||/": TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH,
    318            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    319            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    320            "BIGSERIAL": TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
    321            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    322            "CONSTRAINT TRIGGER": TokenType.COMMAND,
    323            "CSTRING": TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
    324            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    325            "DO": TokenType.COMMAND,
    326            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
    327            "HSTORE": TokenType.HSTORE,
    328            "INT8": TokenType.BIGINT,
    329            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
    330            "NAME": TokenType.NAME,
    331            "OID": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    332            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    333            "OPERATOR": TokenType.OPERATOR,
    334            "REFRESH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    335            "REINDEX": TokenType.COMMAND,
    336            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
    337            "REVOKE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    338            "SERIAL": TokenType.SERIAL,
    339            "SMALLSERIAL": TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
    340            "TEMP": TokenType.TEMPORARY,
    341            "REGCLASS": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    342            "REGCOLLATION": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    343            "REGCONFIG": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    344            "REGDICTIONARY": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    345            "REGNAMESPACE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    346            "REGOPER": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    347            "REGOPERATOR": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    348            "REGPROC": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    349            "REGPROCEDURE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    350            "REGROLE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    351            "REGTYPE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    352            "FLOAT": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    353        }
    354        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    355        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")
    356
    357        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    358            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    359            "$": TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING,
    360        }
    361
    362        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
    363
    364    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    365        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    366            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    367            "SET": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SetConfigProperty, this=self._parse_set()),
    368        }
    369        PROPERTY_PARSERS.pop("INPUT")
    370
    371        FUNCTIONS = {
    372            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    373            "ASCII": exp.Unicode.from_arg_list,
    374            "DATE_TRUNC": build_timestamp_trunc,
    375            "DIV": lambda args: exp.cast(
    376                binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv)(args), exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL
    377            ),
    378            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series,
    379            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    380            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    381            "LENGTH": lambda args: exp.Length(this=seq_get(args, 0), encoding=seq_get(args, 1)),
    382            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    383            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list,
    384            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    385            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
    386            "TO_CHAR": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "postgres"),
    387            "TO_DATE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToDate, "postgres"),
    388            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_to_timestamp,
    389            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    390            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    391            "SHA384": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(384)),
    392            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
    393            "LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL": _build_levenshtein_less_equal,
    394        }
    395
    396        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    397            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    398            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    399            "JSONB_EXISTS": lambda self: self._parse_jsonb_exists(),
    400        }
    401
    402        BITWISE = {
    403            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    404            TokenType.HASH: exp.BitwiseXor,
    405        }
    406
    407        EXPONENT = {
    408            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    409        }
    410
    411        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    412            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    413            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    414            TokenType.DAT: lambda self, this: self.expression(
    415                exp.MatchAgainst, this=self._parse_bitwise(), expressions=[this]
    416            ),
    417            TokenType.OPERATOR: lambda self, this: self._parse_operator(this),
    418        }
    419
    420        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    421            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    422            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_commit_or_rollback(),
    423        }
    424
    425        JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = True
    426
    427        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    428            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
    429            TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    430                exp.JSONExtract, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    431            )([this, path]),
    432            TokenType.DARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    433                exp.JSONExtractScalar, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    434            )([this, path]),
    435        }
    436
    437        def _parse_operator(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    438            while True:
    439                if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    440                    break
    441
    442                op = ""
    443                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    444                    op += self._curr.text
    445                    self._advance()
    446
    447                this = self.expression(
    448                    exp.Operator,
    449                    comments=self._prev_comments,
    450                    this=this,
    451                    operator=op,
    452                    expression=self._parse_bitwise(),
    453                )
    454
    455                if not self._match(TokenType.OPERATOR):
    456                    break
    457
    458            return this
    459
    460        def _parse_date_part(self) -> exp.Expression:
    461            part = self._parse_type()
    462            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    463            value = self._parse_bitwise()
    464
    465            if part and isinstance(part, (exp.Column, exp.Literal)):
    466                part = exp.var(part.name)
    467
    468            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=part, expression=value)
    469
    470        def _parse_unique_key(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    471            return None
    472
    473        def _parse_jsonb_exists(self) -> exp.JSONBExists:
    474            return self.expression(
    475                exp.JSONBExists,
    476                this=self._parse_bitwise(),
    477                path=self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    478                and self.dialect.to_json_path(self._parse_bitwise()),
    479            )
    480
    481        def _parse_generated_as_identity(
    482            self,
    483        ) -> (
    484            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    485            | exp.ComputedColumnConstraint
    486            | exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint
    487        ):
    488            this = super()._parse_generated_as_identity()
    489
    490            if self._match_text_seq("STORED"):
    491                this = self.expression(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint, this=this.expression)
    492
    493            return this
    494
    495    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    496        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
    497        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    498        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
    499        JOIN_HINTS = False
    500        TABLE_HINTS = False
    501        QUERY_HINTS = False
    502        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    503        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    504        TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False
    505        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    506        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
    507        JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
    508        SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True
    509        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
    510        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    511        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    512        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
    513        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
    514        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
    515        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = True
    516
    517        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    518            exp.JSONPathKey,
    519            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    520            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    521        }
    522
    523        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    524            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    525            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
    526            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    527            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
    528            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTEA",
    529            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
    530            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BYTEA",
    531            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    532        }
    533
    534        TRANSFORMS = {
    535            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    536            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
    537            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CAT"),
    538            exp.ArrayFilter: filter_array_using_unnest,
    539            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
    540            exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
    541            exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
    542            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    543            exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
    544            exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    545            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    546            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    547            exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
    548            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    549            exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_SERIES"),
    550            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
    551            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
    552            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH", "->"),
    553            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", "->>"),
    554            exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
    555            exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
    556            exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
    557            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON)),
    558            exp.JSONPathKey: json_path_key_only_name,
    559            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
    560            exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: self.json_path_part(e.this),
    561            exp.LastDay: no_last_day_sql,
    562            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    563            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    564            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    565            exp.MapFromEntries: no_map_from_entries_sql,
    566            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    567            exp.Merge: merge_without_target_sql,
    568            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    569            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
    570                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    571            ),
    572            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
    573                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    574            ),
    575            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    576            exp.Pow: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "^"),
    577            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    578            exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
    579            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
    580            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    581                [
    582                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    583                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
    584                ]
    585            ),
    586            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
    587            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(self, e, func_name="POSITION"),
    588            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    589            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    590            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
    591            exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
    592            exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIME"),
    593            exp.TimestampFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP"),
    594            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(zone=True),
    595            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    596            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_CHAR", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    597            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    598            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
    599            exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
    600            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    601            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    602            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this),
    603            exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "GEN_RANDOM_UUID()",
    604            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    605                "DATE_PART", exp.Literal.string("epoch"), e.this
    606            ),
    607            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    608            exp.Variance: rename_func("VAR_SAMP"),
    609            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    610            exp.Unicode: rename_func("ASCII"),
    611            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    612            exp.Levenshtein: _levenshtein_sql,
    613        }
    614
    615        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.CommentColumnConstraint)
    616
    617        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    618            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    619            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    620            exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    621            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    622        }
    623
    624        def schemacommentproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.SchemaCommentProperty) -> str:
    625            self.unsupported("Table comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
    626            return ""
    627
    628        def commentcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str:
    629            self.unsupported("Column comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
    630            return ""
    631
    632        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    633            if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    634                arg = expression.expressions[0]
    635                if isinstance(arg, exp.GenerateDateArray):
    636                    generate_series: exp.Expression = exp.GenerateSeries(**arg.args)
    637                    if isinstance(expression.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join)):
    638                        generate_series = (
    639                            exp.select("value::date")
    640                            .from_(generate_series.as_("value"))
    641                            .subquery(expression.args.get("alias") or "_unnested_generate_series")
    642                        )
    643                    return self.sql(generate_series)
    644
    645                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    646
    647                this = annotate_types(arg)
    648                if this.is_type("array<json>"):
    649                    while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
    650                        this = this.this
    651
    652                    arg_as_json = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    653                    alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
    654                    alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    655
    656                    if expression.args.get("offset"):
    657                        self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
    658
    659                    return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg_as_json}){alias}"
    660
    661            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    662
    663        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    664            """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
    665            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
    666                expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
    667
    668            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    669
    670        def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
    671            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    672            expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
    673            sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
    674            return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql
    675
    676        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    677            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    678            exprs = f"({exprs})" if exprs else ""
    679
    680            access_method = self.sql(expression, "access_method")
    681            access_method = f"ACCESS METHOD {access_method}" if access_method else ""
    682            tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace")
    683            tablespace = f"TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else ""
    684            option = self.sql(expression, "option")
    685
    686            return f"SET {exprs}{access_method}{tablespace}{option}"
    687
    688        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    689            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY):
    690                if expression.expressions:
    691                    values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True)
    692                    return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{values}]"
    693                return "ARRAY"
    694
    695            if (
    696                expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE, exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT)
    697                and expression.expressions
    698            ):
    699                # Postgres doesn't support precision for REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION types
    700                return f"FLOAT({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    701
    702            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
    703
    704        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    705            this = expression.this
    706
    707            # Postgres casts DIV() to decimal for transpilation but when roundtripping it's superfluous
    708            if isinstance(this, exp.IntDiv) and expression.to == exp.DataType.build("decimal"):
    709                return self.sql(this)
    710
    711            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    712
    713        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    714            exprs = expression.expressions
    715            return (
    716                f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}({self.sql(exprs[0])})"
    717                if isinstance(seq_get(exprs, 0), exp.Select)
    718                else f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}[{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}]"
    719            )
    720
    721        def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
    722            return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}) STORED"
    723
    724        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
    725            return f"({self.sql(expression.this)} ~ '^[[:ascii:]]*$')"

DATE_DIFF_FACTOR = {'MICROSECOND': ' * 1000000', 'MILLISECOND': ' * 1000', 'SECOND': '', 'MINUTE': ' / 60', 'HOUR': ' / 3600', 'DAY': ' / 86400'}
class Postgres(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    264class Postgres(Dialect):
    265    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    266    TYPED_DIVISION = True
    267    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
    268    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
    269    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
    270    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
    271
    272    TIME_MAPPING = {
    273        "AM": "%p",
    274        "PM": "%p",
    275        "D": "%u",  # 1-based day of week
    276        "DD": "%d",  # day of month
    277        "DDD": "%j",  # zero padded day of year
    278        "FMDD": "%-d",  # - is no leading zero for Python; same for FM in postgres
    279        "FMDDD": "%-j",  # day of year
    280        "FMHH12": "%-I",  # 9
    281        "FMHH24": "%-H",  # 9
    282        "FMMI": "%-M",  # Minute
    283        "FMMM": "%-m",  # 1
    284        "FMSS": "%-S",  # Second
    285        "HH12": "%I",  # 09
    286        "HH24": "%H",  # 09
    287        "MI": "%M",  # zero padded minute
    288        "MM": "%m",  # 01
    289        "OF": "%z",  # utc offset
    290        "SS": "%S",  # zero padded second
    291        "TMDay": "%A",  # TM is locale dependent
    292        "TMDy": "%a",
    293        "TMMon": "%b",  # Sep
    294        "TMMonth": "%B",  # September
    295        "TZ": "%Z",  # uppercase timezone name
    296        "US": "%f",  # zero padded microsecond
    297        "WW": "%U",  # 1-based week of year
    298        "YY": "%y",  # 15
    299        "YYYY": "%Y",  # 2015
    300    }
    301
    302    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    303        BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
    304        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    305        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    306        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    307
    308        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    309        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    310
    311        KEYWORDS = {
    312            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    313            "~": TokenType.RLIKE,
    314            "@@": TokenType.DAT,
    315            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    316            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    317            "|/": TokenType.PIPE_SLASH,
    318            "||/": TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH,
    319            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    320            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    321            "BIGSERIAL": TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
    322            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    323            "CONSTRAINT TRIGGER": TokenType.COMMAND,
    324            "CSTRING": TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
    325            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    326            "DO": TokenType.COMMAND,
    327            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
    328            "HSTORE": TokenType.HSTORE,
    329            "INT8": TokenType.BIGINT,
    330            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
    331            "NAME": TokenType.NAME,
    332            "OID": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    333            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    334            "OPERATOR": TokenType.OPERATOR,
    335            "REFRESH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    336            "REINDEX": TokenType.COMMAND,
    337            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
    338            "REVOKE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    339            "SERIAL": TokenType.SERIAL,
    340            "SMALLSERIAL": TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
    341            "TEMP": TokenType.TEMPORARY,
    342            "REGCLASS": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    343            "REGCOLLATION": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    344            "REGCONFIG": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    345            "REGDICTIONARY": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    346            "REGNAMESPACE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    347            "REGOPER": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    348            "REGOPERATOR": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    349            "REGPROC": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    350            "REGPROCEDURE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    351            "REGROLE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    352            "REGTYPE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    353            "FLOAT": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    354        }
    355        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    356        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")
    357
    358        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    359            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    360            "$": TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING,
    361        }
    362
    363        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
    364
    365    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    366        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    367            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    368            "SET": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SetConfigProperty, this=self._parse_set()),
    369        }
    370        PROPERTY_PARSERS.pop("INPUT")
    371
    372        FUNCTIONS = {
    373            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    374            "ASCII": exp.Unicode.from_arg_list,
    375            "DATE_TRUNC": build_timestamp_trunc,
    376            "DIV": lambda args: exp.cast(
    377                binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv)(args), exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL
    378            ),
    379            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series,
    380            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    381            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    382            "LENGTH": lambda args: exp.Length(this=seq_get(args, 0), encoding=seq_get(args, 1)),
    383            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    384            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list,
    385            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    386            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
    387            "TO_CHAR": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "postgres"),
    388            "TO_DATE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToDate, "postgres"),
    389            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_to_timestamp,
    390            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    391            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    392            "SHA384": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(384)),
    393            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
    394            "LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL": _build_levenshtein_less_equal,
    395        }
    396
    397        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    398            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    399            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    400            "JSONB_EXISTS": lambda self: self._parse_jsonb_exists(),
    401        }
    402
    403        BITWISE = {
    404            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    405            TokenType.HASH: exp.BitwiseXor,
    406        }
    407
    408        EXPONENT = {
    409            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    410        }
    411
    412        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    413            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    414            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    415            TokenType.DAT: lambda self, this: self.expression(
    416                exp.MatchAgainst, this=self._parse_bitwise(), expressions=[this]
    417            ),
    418            TokenType.OPERATOR: lambda self, this: self._parse_operator(this),
    419        }
    420
    421        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    422            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    423            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_commit_or_rollback(),
    424        }
    425
    426        JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = True
    427
    428        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    429            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
    430            TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    431                exp.JSONExtract, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    432            )([this, path]),
    433            TokenType.DARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    434                exp.JSONExtractScalar, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    435            )([this, path]),
    436        }
    437
    438        def _parse_operator(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    439            while True:
    440                if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    441                    break
    442
    443                op = ""
    444                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    445                    op += self._curr.text
    446                    self._advance()
    447
    448                this = self.expression(
    449                    exp.Operator,
    450                    comments=self._prev_comments,
    451                    this=this,
    452                    operator=op,
    453                    expression=self._parse_bitwise(),
    454                )
    455
    456                if not self._match(TokenType.OPERATOR):
    457                    break
    458
    459            return this
    460
    461        def _parse_date_part(self) -> exp.Expression:
    462            part = self._parse_type()
    463            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    464            value = self._parse_bitwise()
    465
    466            if part and isinstance(part, (exp.Column, exp.Literal)):
    467                part = exp.var(part.name)
    468
    469            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=part, expression=value)
    470
    471        def _parse_unique_key(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    472            return None
    473
    474        def _parse_jsonb_exists(self) -> exp.JSONBExists:
    475            return self.expression(
    476                exp.JSONBExists,
    477                this=self._parse_bitwise(),
    478                path=self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    479                and self.dialect.to_json_path(self._parse_bitwise()),
    480            )
    481
    482        def _parse_generated_as_identity(
    483            self,
    484        ) -> (
    485            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    486            | exp.ComputedColumnConstraint
    487            | exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint
    488        ):
    489            this = super()._parse_generated_as_identity()
    490
    491            if self._match_text_seq("STORED"):
    492                this = self.expression(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint, this=this.expression)
    493
    494            return this
    495
    496    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    497        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
    498        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    499        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
    500        JOIN_HINTS = False
    501        TABLE_HINTS = False
    502        QUERY_HINTS = False
    503        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    504        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    505        TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False
    506        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    507        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
    508        JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
    509        SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True
    510        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
    511        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    512        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    513        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
    514        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
    515        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
    516        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = True
    517
    518        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    519            exp.JSONPathKey,
    520            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    521            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    522        }
    523
    524        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    525            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    526            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
    527            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    528            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
    529            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTEA",
    530            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
    531            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BYTEA",
    532            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    533        }
    534
    535        TRANSFORMS = {
    536            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    537            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
    538            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CAT"),
    539            exp.ArrayFilter: filter_array_using_unnest,
    540            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
    541            exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
    542            exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
    543            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    544            exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
    545            exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    546            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    547            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    548            exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
    549            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    550            exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_SERIES"),
    551            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
    552            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
    553            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH", "->"),
    554            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", "->>"),
    555            exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
    556            exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
    557            exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
    558            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON)),
    559            exp.JSONPathKey: json_path_key_only_name,
    560            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
    561            exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: self.json_path_part(e.this),
    562            exp.LastDay: no_last_day_sql,
    563            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    564            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    565            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    566            exp.MapFromEntries: no_map_from_entries_sql,
    567            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    568            exp.Merge: merge_without_target_sql,
    569            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    570            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
    571                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    572            ),
    573            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
    574                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    575            ),
    576            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    577            exp.Pow: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "^"),
    578            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    579            exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
    580            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
    581            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    582                [
    583                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    584                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
    585                ]
    586            ),
    587            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
    588            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(self, e, func_name="POSITION"),
    589            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    590            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    591            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
    592            exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
    593            exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIME"),
    594            exp.TimestampFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP"),
    595            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(zone=True),
    596            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    597            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_CHAR", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    598            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    599            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
    600            exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
    601            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    602            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    603            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this),
    604            exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "GEN_RANDOM_UUID()",
    605            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    606                "DATE_PART", exp.Literal.string("epoch"), e.this
    607            ),
    608            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    609            exp.Variance: rename_func("VAR_SAMP"),
    610            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    611            exp.Unicode: rename_func("ASCII"),
    612            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    613            exp.Levenshtein: _levenshtein_sql,
    614        }
    615
    616        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.CommentColumnConstraint)
    617
    618        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    619            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    620            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    621            exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    622            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    623        }
    624
    625        def schemacommentproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.SchemaCommentProperty) -> str:
    626            self.unsupported("Table comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
    627            return ""
    628
    629        def commentcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str:
    630            self.unsupported("Column comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
    631            return ""
    632
    633        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    634            if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    635                arg = expression.expressions[0]
    636                if isinstance(arg, exp.GenerateDateArray):
    637                    generate_series: exp.Expression = exp.GenerateSeries(**arg.args)
    638                    if isinstance(expression.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join)):
    639                        generate_series = (
    640                            exp.select("value::date")
    641                            .from_(generate_series.as_("value"))
    642                            .subquery(expression.args.get("alias") or "_unnested_generate_series")
    643                        )
    644                    return self.sql(generate_series)
    645
    646                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    647
    648                this = annotate_types(arg)
    649                if this.is_type("array<json>"):
    650                    while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
    651                        this = this.this
    652
    653                    arg_as_json = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    654                    alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
    655                    alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    656
    657                    if expression.args.get("offset"):
    658                        self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
    659
    660                    return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg_as_json}){alias}"
    661
    662            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    663
    664        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    665            """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
    666            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
    667                expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
    668
    669            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    670
    671        def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
    672            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    673            expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
    674            sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
    675            return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql
    676
    677        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    678            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    679            exprs = f"({exprs})" if exprs else ""
    680
    681            access_method = self.sql(expression, "access_method")
    682            access_method = f"ACCESS METHOD {access_method}" if access_method else ""
    683            tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace")
    684            tablespace = f"TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else ""
    685            option = self.sql(expression, "option")
    686
    687            return f"SET {exprs}{access_method}{tablespace}{option}"
    688
    689        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    690            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY):
    691                if expression.expressions:
    692                    values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True)
    693                    return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{values}]"
    694                return "ARRAY"
    695
    696            if (
    697                expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE, exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT)
    698                and expression.expressions
    699            ):
    700                # Postgres doesn't support precision for REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION types
    701                return f"FLOAT({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    702
    703            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
    704
    705        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    706            this = expression.this
    707
    708            # Postgres casts DIV() to decimal for transpilation but when roundtripping it's superfluous
    709            if isinstance(this, exp.IntDiv) and expression.to == exp.DataType.build("decimal"):
    710                return self.sql(this)
    711
    712            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    713
    714        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    715            exprs = expression.expressions
    716            return (
    717                f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}({self.sql(exprs[0])})"
    718                if isinstance(seq_get(exprs, 0), exp.Select)
    719                else f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}[{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}]"
    720            )
    721
    722        def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
    723            return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}) STORED"
    724
    725        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
    726            return f"({self.sql(expression.this)} ~ '^[[:ascii:]]*$')"

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

TYPED_DIVISION = True

Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`. False means `a / b` is always float division. True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_large'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'AM': '%p', 'PM': '%p', 'D': '%u', 'DD': '%d', 'DDD': '%j', 'FMDD': '%-d', 'FMDDD': '%-j', 'FMHH12': '%-I', 'FMHH24': '%-H', 'FMMI': '%-M', 'FMMM': '%-m', 'FMSS': '%-S', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'MI': '%M', 'MM': '%m', 'OF': '%z', 'SS': '%S', 'TMDay': '%A', 'TMDy': '%a', 'TMMon': '%b', 'TMMonth': '%B', 'TZ': '%Z', 'US': '%f', 'WW': '%U', 'YY': '%y', 'YYYY': '%Y'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'Postgres.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Postgres.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Postgres.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%p': 'PM', '%u': 'D', '%d': 'DD', '%j': 'DDD', '%-d': 'FMDD', '%-j': 'FMDDD', '%-I': 'FMHH12', '%-H': 'FMHH24', '%-M': 'FMMI', '%-m': 'FMMM', '%-S': 'FMSS', '%I': 'HH12', '%H': 'HH24', '%M': 'MI', '%m': 'MM', '%z': 'OF', '%S': 'SS', '%A': 'TMDay', '%a': 'TMDy', '%b': 'TMMon', '%B': 'TMMonth', '%Z': 'TZ', '%f': 'US', '%U': 'WW', '%y': 'YY', '%Y': 'YYYY'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'p': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'z': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'a': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'Z': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}, 'U': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = "b'"
BIT_END: Optional[str] = "'"
HEX_START: Optional[str] = "x'"
HEX_END: Optional[str] = "'"
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES
  SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  PRESERVE_ORIGINAL_NAMES
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  SAFE_DIVISION
  HEX_LOWERCASE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  FORCE_EARLY_ALIAS_REF_EXPANSION
  EXPAND_ALIAS_REFS_EARLY_ONLY_IN_GROUP_BY
  SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL
  HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS
  STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX
  ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR
  ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS
  PROMOTE_TO_INFERRED_DATETIME_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT
  NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED
  REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP
  SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT
  CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING
  DATE_PART_MAPPING
  TYPE_TO_EXPRESSIONS
  ANNOTATORS
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  settings
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  to_json_path
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  jsonpath_tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class Postgres.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    302    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    303        BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
    304        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    305        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    306        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    307
    308        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    309        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    310
    311        KEYWORDS = {
    312            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    313            "~": TokenType.RLIKE,
    314            "@@": TokenType.DAT,
    315            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    316            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    317            "|/": TokenType.PIPE_SLASH,
    318            "||/": TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH,
    319            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    320            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    321            "BIGSERIAL": TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
    322            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    323            "CONSTRAINT TRIGGER": TokenType.COMMAND,
    324            "CSTRING": TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
    325            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    326            "DO": TokenType.COMMAND,
    327            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
    328            "HSTORE": TokenType.HSTORE,
    329            "INT8": TokenType.BIGINT,
    330            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
    331            "NAME": TokenType.NAME,
    332            "OID": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    333            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    334            "OPERATOR": TokenType.OPERATOR,
    335            "REFRESH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    336            "REINDEX": TokenType.COMMAND,
    337            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
    338            "REVOKE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    339            "SERIAL": TokenType.SERIAL,
    340            "SMALLSERIAL": TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
    341            "TEMP": TokenType.TEMPORARY,
    342            "REGCLASS": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    343            "REGCOLLATION": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    344            "REGCONFIG": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    345            "REGDICTIONARY": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    346            "REGNAMESPACE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    347            "REGOPER": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    348            "REGOPERATOR": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    349            "REGPROC": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    350            "REGPROCEDURE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    351            "REGROLE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    352            "REGTYPE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    353            "FLOAT": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    354        }
    355        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    356        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")
    357
    358        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    359            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    360            "$": TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING,
    361        }
    362
    363        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}

BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
HEREDOC_STRINGS = ['$']
HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NAMESPACE': <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '~': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, '@@': <TokenType.DAT: 'DAT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, '|/': <TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: 'PIPE_SLASH'>, '||/': <TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: 'DPIPE_SLASH'>, 'BEGIN TRANSACTION': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BIGSERIAL': <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CONSTRAINT TRIGGER': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CSTRING': <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DO': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'HSTORE': <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NAME': <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, 'OID': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'OPERATOR': <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, 'REFRESH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REINDEX': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RESET': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REVOKE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SERIAL': <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, 'SMALLSERIAL': <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, 'REGCLASS': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCOLLATION': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCONFIG': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGDICTIONARY': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGNAMESPACE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPER': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPERATOR': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROC': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROCEDURE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGROLE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGTYPE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: 'HEREDOC_STRING'>}
VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {'$'}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  RAW_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  QUOTES
  STRING_ESCAPES
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  STRING_ESCAPES_ALLOWED_IN_RAW_STRINGS
  NESTED_COMMENTS
  HINT_START
  TOKENS_PRECEDING_HINT
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  use_rs_tokenizer
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class Postgres.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    365    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    366        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    367            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    368            "SET": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SetConfigProperty, this=self._parse_set()),
    369        }
    370        PROPERTY_PARSERS.pop("INPUT")
    371
    372        FUNCTIONS = {
    373            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    374            "ASCII": exp.Unicode.from_arg_list,
    375            "DATE_TRUNC": build_timestamp_trunc,
    376            "DIV": lambda args: exp.cast(
    377                binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv)(args), exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL
    378            ),
    379            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series,
    380            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    381            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    382            "LENGTH": lambda args: exp.Length(this=seq_get(args, 0), encoding=seq_get(args, 1)),
    383            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    384            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list,
    385            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    386            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
    387            "TO_CHAR": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "postgres"),
    388            "TO_DATE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToDate, "postgres"),
    389            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_to_timestamp,
    390            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    391            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    392            "SHA384": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(384)),
    393            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
    394            "LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL": _build_levenshtein_less_equal,
    395        }
    396
    397        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    398            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    399            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    400            "JSONB_EXISTS": lambda self: self._parse_jsonb_exists(),
    401        }
    402
    403        BITWISE = {
    404            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    405            TokenType.HASH: exp.BitwiseXor,
    406        }
    407
    408        EXPONENT = {
    409            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    410        }
    411
    412        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    413            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    414            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    415            TokenType.DAT: lambda self, this: self.expression(
    416                exp.MatchAgainst, this=self._parse_bitwise(), expressions=[this]
    417            ),
    418            TokenType.OPERATOR: lambda self, this: self._parse_operator(this),
    419        }
    420
    421        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    422            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    423            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_commit_or_rollback(),
    424        }
    425
    426        JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = True
    427
    428        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    429            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
    430            TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    431                exp.JSONExtract, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    432            )([this, path]),
    433            TokenType.DARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    434                exp.JSONExtractScalar, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    435            )([this, path]),
    436        }
    437
    438        def _parse_operator(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    439            while True:
    440                if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    441                    break
    442
    443                op = ""
    444                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    445                    op += self._curr.text
    446                    self._advance()
    447
    448                this = self.expression(
    449                    exp.Operator,
    450                    comments=self._prev_comments,
    451                    this=this,
    452                    operator=op,
    453                    expression=self._parse_bitwise(),
    454                )
    455
    456                if not self._match(TokenType.OPERATOR):
    457                    break
    458
    459            return this
    460
    461        def _parse_date_part(self) -> exp.Expression:
    462            part = self._parse_type()
    463            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    464            value = self._parse_bitwise()
    465
    466            if part and isinstance(part, (exp.Column, exp.Literal)):
    467                part = exp.var(part.name)
    468
    469            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=part, expression=value)
    470
    471        def _parse_unique_key(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    472            return None
    473
    474        def _parse_jsonb_exists(self) -> exp.JSONBExists:
    475            return self.expression(
    476                exp.JSONBExists,
    477                this=self._parse_bitwise(),
    478                path=self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    479                and self.dialect.to_json_path(self._parse_bitwise()),
    480            )
    481
    482        def _parse_generated_as_identity(
    483            self,
    484        ) -> (
    485            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    486            | exp.ComputedColumnConstraint
    487            | exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint
    488        ):
    489            this = super()._parse_generated_as_identity()
    490
    491            if self._match_text_seq("STORED"):
    492                this = self.expression(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint, this=this.expression)
    493
    494            return this

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

PROPERTY_PARSERS = {'ALLOWED_VALUES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ALGORITHM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BACKUP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BLOCKCOMPRESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARSET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECKSUM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONTAINS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COPY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATABLOCKSIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATA_DELETION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFINER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DETERMINISTIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTRIBUTED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DUPLICATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DYNAMIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EMPTY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENGINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXECUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTERNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FALLBACK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FREESPACE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOBAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'HEAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ICEBERG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IMMUTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INHERITS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOURNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LANGUAGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAYOUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIFETIME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCATION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCKING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATERIALIZED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MERGEBLOCKRATIO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MODIFIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MULTISET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ORDER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OUTPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RANGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'READS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REMOTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RETURNS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STREAMING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAMPLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SECURE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SECURITY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SETTINGS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHARING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SOURCE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STORED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSTEM_VERSIONING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TBLPROPERTIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMPORARY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSIENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'USING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNLOGGED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VOLATILE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function build_convert_timezone>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function build_timestamp_trunc>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXPLODING_GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FEATURES_AT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FeaturesAtTime'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'FROM_ISO8601_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp'>>, 'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'INT64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>>, 'IS_ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsAscii'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'J_S_O_N_VALUE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHAR_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHARACTER_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function _build_regexp_replace>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNICODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLElement'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRPOS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'CHARINDEX': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'LOCATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'DIV': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'TO_DATE': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_to_timestamp>, 'SHA256': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA384': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA512': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL': <function _build_levenshtein_less_equal>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CEIL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FLOOR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NORMALIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OVERLAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_PART': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSONB_EXISTS': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>}
BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>, <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>}
EXPONENT = {<TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.DAT: 'DAT'>: <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>: <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>: <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>}
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = True
COLUMN_OPERATORS = {<TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>: None, <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>: <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>: <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ALTERABLES
  INTERVAL_VARS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  ASSIGNMENT
  DISJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  TERM
  FACTOR
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  TYPE_CONVERTERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
  PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
  EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
  KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
  IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
  ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
  ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
  PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  DESCRIBE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  PARTITION_KEYWORDS
  AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS
  OPERATION_MODIFIERS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
  OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class Postgres.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    496    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    497        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
    498        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    499        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
    500        JOIN_HINTS = False
    501        TABLE_HINTS = False
    502        QUERY_HINTS = False
    503        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    504        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    505        TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False
    506        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    507        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
    508        JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
    509        SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True
    510        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
    511        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    512        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    513        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
    514        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
    515        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
    516        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = True
    517
    518        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    519            exp.JSONPathKey,
    520            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    521            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    522        }
    523
    524        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    525            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    526            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
    527            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    528            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
    529            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTEA",
    530            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
    531            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BYTEA",
    532            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    533        }
    534
    535        TRANSFORMS = {
    536            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    537            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
    538            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CAT"),
    539            exp.ArrayFilter: filter_array_using_unnest,
    540            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
    541            exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
    542            exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
    543            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    544            exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
    545            exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    546            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    547            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    548            exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
    549            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    550            exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_SERIES"),
    551            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
    552            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
    553            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH", "->"),
    554            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", "->>"),
    555            exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
    556            exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
    557            exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
    558            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON)),
    559            exp.JSONPathKey: json_path_key_only_name,
    560            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
    561            exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: self.json_path_part(e.this),
    562            exp.LastDay: no_last_day_sql,
    563            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    564            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    565            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    566            exp.MapFromEntries: no_map_from_entries_sql,
    567            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    568            exp.Merge: merge_without_target_sql,
    569            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    570            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
    571                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    572            ),
    573            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
    574                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    575            ),
    576            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    577            exp.Pow: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "^"),
    578            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    579            exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
    580            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
    581            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    582                [
    583                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    584                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
    585                ]
    586            ),
    587            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
    588            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(self, e, func_name="POSITION"),
    589            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    590            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    591            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
    592            exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
    593            exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIME"),
    594            exp.TimestampFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP"),
    595            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(zone=True),
    596            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    597            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_CHAR", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    598            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    599            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
    600            exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
    601            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    602            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    603            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this),
    604            exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "GEN_RANDOM_UUID()",
    605            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    606                "DATE_PART", exp.Literal.string("epoch"), e.this
    607            ),
    608            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    609            exp.Variance: rename_func("VAR_SAMP"),
    610            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    611            exp.Unicode: rename_func("ASCII"),
    612            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    613            exp.Levenshtein: _levenshtein_sql,
    614        }
    615
    616        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.CommentColumnConstraint)
    617
    618        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    619            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    620            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    621            exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    622            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    623        }
    624
    625        def schemacommentproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.SchemaCommentProperty) -> str:
    626            self.unsupported("Table comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
    627            return ""
    628
    629        def commentcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str:
    630            self.unsupported("Column comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
    631            return ""
    632
    633        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    634            if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    635                arg = expression.expressions[0]
    636                if isinstance(arg, exp.GenerateDateArray):
    637                    generate_series: exp.Expression = exp.GenerateSeries(**arg.args)
    638                    if isinstance(expression.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join)):
    639                        generate_series = (
    640                            exp.select("value::date")
    641                            .from_(generate_series.as_("value"))
    642                            .subquery(expression.args.get("alias") or "_unnested_generate_series")
    643                        )
    644                    return self.sql(generate_series)
    645
    646                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    647
    648                this = annotate_types(arg)
    649                if this.is_type("array<json>"):
    650                    while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
    651                        this = this.this
    652
    653                    arg_as_json = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    654                    alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
    655                    alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    656
    657                    if expression.args.get("offset"):
    658                        self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
    659
    660                    return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg_as_json}){alias}"
    661
    662            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    663
    664        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    665            """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
    666            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
    667                expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
    668
    669            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    670
    671        def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
    672            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    673            expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
    674            sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
    675            return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql
    676
    677        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    678            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    679            exprs = f"({exprs})" if exprs else ""
    680
    681            access_method = self.sql(expression, "access_method")
    682            access_method = f"ACCESS METHOD {access_method}" if access_method else ""
    683            tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace")
    684            tablespace = f"TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else ""
    685            option = self.sql(expression, "option")
    686
    687            return f"SET {exprs}{access_method}{tablespace}{option}"
    688
    689        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    690            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY):
    691                if expression.expressions:
    692                    values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True)
    693                    return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{values}]"
    694                return "ARRAY"
    695
    696            if (
    697                expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE, exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT)
    698                and expression.expressions
    699            ):
    700                # Postgres doesn't support precision for REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION types
    701                return f"FLOAT({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    702
    703            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
    704
    705        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    706            this = expression.this
    707
    708            # Postgres casts DIV() to decimal for transpilation but when roundtripping it's superfluous
    709            if isinstance(this, exp.IntDiv) and expression.to == exp.DataType.build("decimal"):
    710                return self.sql(this)
    711
    712            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    713
    714        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    715            exprs = expression.expressions
    716            return (
    717                f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}({self.sql(exprs[0])})"
    718                if isinstance(seq_get(exprs, 0), exp.Select)
    719                else f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}[{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}]"
    720            )
    721
    722        def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
    723            return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}) STORED"
    724
    725        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
    726            return f"({self.sql(expression.this)} ~ '^[[:ascii:]]*$')"

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = True
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'BYTEA', <Type.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'SMALLINT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'DOUBLE PRECISION', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BYTEA', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BYTEA', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function json_path_key_only_name>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeColumns'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeWith'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingData'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function any_value_to_max_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function filter_array_using_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function no_paren_current_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _string_agg_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _json_extract_sql.<locals>._generate>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _json_extract_sql.<locals>._generate>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>: <function no_last_day_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>: <function no_map_from_entries_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Merge'>: <function merge_without_target_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function no_pivot_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function sha256_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function no_trycast_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function _levenshtein_sql>}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IncludeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
def schemacommentproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty) -> str: View Source

    625        def schemacommentproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.SchemaCommentProperty) -> str:
    626            self.unsupported("Table comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
    627            return ""

def commentcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    629        def commentcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str:
    630            self.unsupported("Column comments are not supported in the CREATE statement")
    631            return ""

def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str: View Source

    633        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    634            if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    635                arg = expression.expressions[0]
    636                if isinstance(arg, exp.GenerateDateArray):
    637                    generate_series: exp.Expression = exp.GenerateSeries(**arg.args)
    638                    if isinstance(expression.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join)):
    639                        generate_series = (
    640                            exp.select("value::date")
    641                            .from_(generate_series.as_("value"))
    642                            .subquery(expression.args.get("alias") or "_unnested_generate_series")
    643                        )
    644                    return self.sql(generate_series)
    645
    646                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    647
    648                this = annotate_types(arg)
    649                if this.is_type("array<json>"):
    650                    while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
    651                        this = this.this
    652
    653                    arg_as_json = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    654                    alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
    655                    alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    656
    657                    if expression.args.get("offset"):
    658                        self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
    659
    660                    return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg_as_json}){alias}"
    661
    662            return super().unnest_sql(expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str: View Source

    664        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    665            """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
    666            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
    667                expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
    668
    669            return super().bracket_sql(expression)

Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY.

def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst) -> str: View Source

    671        def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
    672            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    673            expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
    674            sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
    675            return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql

def alterset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AlterSet) -> str: View Source

    677        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    678            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    679            exprs = f"({exprs})" if exprs else ""
    680
    681            access_method = self.sql(expression, "access_method")
    682            access_method = f"ACCESS METHOD {access_method}" if access_method else ""
    683            tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace")
    684            tablespace = f"TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else ""
    685            option = self.sql(expression, "option")
    686
    687            return f"SET {exprs}{access_method}{tablespace}{option}"

def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType) -> str: View Source

    689        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    690            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY):
    691                if expression.expressions:
    692                    values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True)
    693                    return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{values}]"
    694                return "ARRAY"
    695
    696            if (
    697                expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE, exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT)
    698                and expression.expressions
    699            ):
    700                # Postgres doesn't support precision for REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION types
    701                return f"FLOAT({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    702
    703            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

def cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str: View Source

    705        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    706            this = expression.this
    707
    708            # Postgres casts DIV() to decimal for transpilation but when roundtripping it's superfluous
    709            if isinstance(this, exp.IntDiv) and expression.to == exp.DataType.build("decimal"):
    710                return self.sql(this)
    711
    712            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)

def array_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    714        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    715            exprs = expression.expressions
    716            return (
    717                f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}({self.sql(exprs[0])})"
    718                if isinstance(seq_get(exprs, 0), exp.Select)
    719                else f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}[{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}]"
    720            )

def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    722        def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
    723            return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}) STORED"

def isascii_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IsAscii) -> str: View Source

    725        def isascii_sql(self, expression: exp.IsAscii) -> str:
    726            return f"({self.sql(expression.this)} ~ '^[[:ascii:]]*$')"

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_FETCH
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
  JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
  COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
  STAR_EXCEPT
  HEX_FUNC
  WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
  QUOTE_JSON_PATH
  PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
  SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
  SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
  PARSE_JSON_NAME
  ARRAY_SIZE_NAME
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  STRUCT_DELIMITER
  NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
  EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  set_operation
  set_operations
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  hex_sql
  lowerhex_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  groupingsets_sql
  rollup_sql
  cube_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  options_modifier
  queryoption_sql
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  alterrename_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  alter_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  safedivide_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  try_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  ceil_floor
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  whens_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  duplicatekeyproperty_sql
  uniquekeyproperty_sql
  distributedbyproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodatetime_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql
  datadeletionproperty_sql
  maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
  gapfill_sql
  scope_resolution
  scoperesolution_sql
  parsejson_sql
  rand_sql
  changes_sql
  pad_sql
  summarize_sql
  explodinggenerateseries_sql
  arrayconcat_sql
  converttimezone_sql
  json_sql
  jsonvalue_sql
  conditionalinsert_sql
  multitableinserts_sql
  oncondition_sql
  jsonextractquote_sql
  jsonexists_sql
  arrayagg_sql
  apply_sql
  grant_sql
  grantprivilege_sql
  grantprincipal_sql
  columns_sql
  overlay_sql
  todouble_sql
  string_sql
  median_sql
  overflowtruncatebehavior_sql
  unixseconds_sql
  arraysize_sql
  attach_sql
  detach_sql
  attachoption_sql
  featuresattime_sql
  watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
  encodeproperty_sql
  includeproperty_sql
  xmlelement_sql
  partitionbyrangeproperty_sql
  partitionbyrangepropertydynamic_sql
  unpivotcolumns_sql
  analyzesample_sql
  analyzestatistics_sql
  analyzehistogram_sql
  analyzedelete_sql
  analyzelistchainedrows_sql
  analyzevalidate_sql
  analyze_sql
  xmltable_sql
  xmlnamespace_sql