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sqlglot.dialects.presto

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    Dialect,
  8    NormalizationStrategy,
  9    binary_from_function,
 10    bool_xor_sql,
 11    date_trunc_to_time,
 12    datestrtodate_sql,
 13    encode_decode_sql,
 14    build_formatted_time,
 15    if_sql,
 16    left_to_substring_sql,
 17    no_ilike_sql,
 18    no_pivot_sql,
 19    no_safe_divide_sql,
 20    no_timestamp_sql,
 21    regexp_extract_sql,
 22    rename_func,
 23    right_to_substring_sql,
 24    sha256_sql,
 25    struct_extract_sql,
 26    str_position_sql,
 27    timestamptrunc_sql,
 28    timestrtotime_sql,
 29    ts_or_ds_add_cast,
 30    unit_to_str,
 31    sequence_sql,
 32    build_regexp_extract,
 33)
 34from sqlglot.dialects.hive import Hive
 35from sqlglot.dialects.mysql import MySQL
 36from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, seq_get
 37from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 38from sqlglot.transforms import unqualify_columns
 39
 40DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = t.Union[exp.DateAdd, exp.TimestampAdd, exp.DateSub]
 41
 42
 43def _explode_to_unnest_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
 44    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Explode):
 45        return self.sql(
 46            exp.Join(
 47                this=exp.Unnest(
 48                    expressions=[expression.this.this],
 49                    alias=expression.args.get("alias"),
 50                    offset=isinstance(expression.this, exp.Posexplode),
 51                ),
 52                kind="cross",
 53            )
 54        )
 55    return self.lateral_sql(expression)
 56
 57
 58def _initcap_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Initcap) -> str:
 59    regex = r"(\w)(\w*)"
 60    return f"REGEXP_REPLACE({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, '{regex}', x -> UPPER(x[1]) || LOWER(x[2]))"
 61
 62
 63def _no_sort_array(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
 64    if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false():
 65        comparator = "(a, b) -> CASE WHEN a < b THEN 1 WHEN a > b THEN -1 ELSE 0 END"
 66    else:
 67        comparator = None
 68    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this, comparator)
 69
 70
 71def _schema_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Schema) -> str:
 72    if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Property):
 73        columns = ", ".join(f"'{c.name}'" for c in expression.expressions)
 74        return f"ARRAY[{columns}]"
 75
 76    if expression.parent:
 77        for schema in expression.parent.find_all(exp.Schema):
 78            column_defs = schema.find_all(exp.ColumnDef)
 79            if column_defs and isinstance(schema.parent, exp.Property):
 80                expression.expressions.extend(column_defs)
 81
 82    return self.schema_sql(expression)
 83
 84
 85def _quantile_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Quantile) -> str:
 86    self.unsupported("Presto does not support exact quantiles")
 87    return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))
 88
 89
 90def _str_to_time_sql(
 91    self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.StrToDate | exp.StrToTime | exp.TsOrDsToDate
 92) -> str:
 93    return self.func("DATE_PARSE", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))
 94
 95
 96def _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str:
 97    time_format = self.format_time(expression)
 98    if time_format and time_format not in (Presto.TIME_FORMAT, Presto.DATE_FORMAT):
 99        return self.sql(exp.cast(_str_to_time_sql(self, expression), exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
100    return self.sql(
101        exp.cast(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), exp.DataType.Type.DATE)
102    )
103
104
105def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
106    expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
107    unit = unit_to_str(expression)
108    return self.func("DATE_ADD", unit, expression.expression, expression.this)
109
110
111def _ts_or_ds_diff_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsDiff) -> str:
112    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
113    expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
114    unit = unit_to_str(expression)
115    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit, expr, this)
116
117
118def _build_approx_percentile(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
119    if len(args) == 4:
120        return exp.ApproxQuantile(
121            this=seq_get(args, 0),
122            weight=seq_get(args, 1),
123            quantile=seq_get(args, 2),
124            accuracy=seq_get(args, 3),
125        )
126    if len(args) == 3:
127        return exp.ApproxQuantile(
128            this=seq_get(args, 0), quantile=seq_get(args, 1), accuracy=seq_get(args, 2)
129        )
130    return exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list(args)
131
132
133def _build_from_unixtime(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
134    if len(args) == 3:
135        return exp.UnixToTime(
136            this=seq_get(args, 0),
137            hours=seq_get(args, 1),
138            minutes=seq_get(args, 2),
139        )
140    if len(args) == 2:
141        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), zone=seq_get(args, 1))
142
143    return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
144
145
146def _first_last_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Func) -> str:
147    """
148    Trino doesn't support FIRST / LAST as functions, but they're valid in the context
149    of MATCH_RECOGNIZE, so we need to preserve them in that case. In all other cases
150    they're converted into an ARBITRARY call.
151
152    Reference: https://trino.io/docs/current/sql/match-recognize.html#logical-navigation-functions
153    """
154    if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.MatchRecognize, exp.Select), exp.MatchRecognize):
155        return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
156
157    return rename_func("ARBITRARY")(self, expression)
158
159
160def _unix_to_time_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
161    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
162    timestamp = self.sql(expression, "this")
163    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
164        return rename_func("FROM_UNIXTIME")(self, expression)
165
166    return f"FROM_UNIXTIME(CAST({timestamp} AS DOUBLE) / POW(10, {scale}))"
167
168
169def _to_int(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
170    if not expression.type:
171        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
172
173        annotate_types(expression, dialect=self.dialect)
174    if expression.type and expression.type.this not in exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES:
175        return exp.cast(expression, to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT)
176    return expression
177
178
179def _build_to_char(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeToStr:
180    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
181    if isinstance(fmt, exp.Literal):
182        # We uppercase this to match Teradata's format mapping keys
183        fmt.set("this", fmt.this.upper())
184
185    # We use "teradata" on purpose here, because the time formats are different in Presto.
186    # See https://prestodb.io/docs/current/functions/teradata.html?highlight=to_char#to_char
187    return build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "teradata")(args)
188
189
190def _date_delta_sql(
191    name: str, negate_interval: bool = False
192) -> t.Callable[[Presto.Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_SUB], str]:
193    def _delta_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_SUB) -> str:
194        interval = _to_int(self, expression.expression)
195        return self.func(
196            name,
197            unit_to_str(expression),
198            interval * (-1) if negate_interval else interval,
199            expression.this,
200        )
201
202    return _delta_sql
203
204
205class Presto(Dialect):
206    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
207    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
208    TIME_FORMAT = MySQL.TIME_FORMAT
209    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True
210    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
211    TYPED_DIVISION = True
212    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
213    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = None
214
215    TIME_MAPPING = MySQL.TIME_MAPPING
216
217    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/17
218    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/12289
219    # https://github.com/prestodb/presto/issues/2863
220    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
221
222    # The result of certain math functions in Presto/Trino is of type
223    # equal to the input type e.g: FLOOR(5.5/2) -> DECIMAL, FLOOR(5/2) -> BIGINT
224    ANNOTATORS = {
225        **Dialect.ANNOTATORS,
226        exp.Floor: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
227        exp.Ceil: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
228        exp.Mod: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expression"),
229        exp.Round: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
230        exp.Sign: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
231        exp.Abs: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
232        exp.Rand: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this")
233        if e.this
234        else self._set_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE),
235    }
236
237    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
238        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
239            (prefix + q, q)
240            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
241            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
242        ]
243
244        KEYWORDS = {
245            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
246            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
247            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
248            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
249            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
250            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
251            "TDIGEST": TokenType.TDIGEST,
252            "HYPERLOGLOG": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
253        }
254        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
255        KEYWORDS.pop("QUALIFY")
256
257    class Parser(parser.Parser):
258        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
259
260        FUNCTIONS = {
261            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
262            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
263            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
264            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _build_approx_percentile,
265            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
266            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
267            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
268            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
269            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
270            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
271            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
272                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
273            ),
274            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
275                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
276            ),
277            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
278            "DATE_PARSE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
279            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
280            "DAY_OF_WEEK": exp.DayOfWeekIso.from_arg_list,
281            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
282                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
283            ),
284            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
285            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _build_from_unixtime,
286            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
287                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
288            ),
289            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
290            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract,
291            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
292                this=seq_get(args, 0),
293                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
294                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
295            ),
296            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
297            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
298            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
299            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
300            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
301                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), instance=seq_get(args, 2)
302            ),
303            "TO_CHAR": _build_to_char,
304            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
305            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
306                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
307            ),
308            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
309            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
310            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
311        }
312
313        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
314        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
315
316    class Generator(generator.Generator):
317        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
318        JOIN_HINTS = False
319        TABLE_HINTS = False
320        QUERY_HINTS = False
321        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
322        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
323        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
324        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
325        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
326        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
327        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
328        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
329        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
330        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
331        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
332        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
333        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
334
335        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
336            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
337            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
338            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
339        }
340
341        TYPE_MAPPING = {
342            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
343            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
344            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
345            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
346            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
347            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
348            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
349            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
350            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
351            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
352            exp.DataType.Type.HLLSKETCH: "HYPERLOGLOG",
353        }
354
355        TRANSFORMS = {
356            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
357            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
358            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
359            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
360            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
361            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
362            exp.ArrayAny: rename_func("ANY_MATCH"),
363            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
364            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
365            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("CARDINALITY"),
366            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("ARRAY_JOIN"),
367            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
368            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
369            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_AND", e.this, e.expression),
370            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
371                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT", e.this, e.expression
372            ),
373            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_NOT", e.this),
374            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_OR", e.this, e.expression),
375            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
376                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT", e.this, e.expression
377            ),
378            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_XOR", e.this, e.expression),
379            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
380            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
381            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
382            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
383                "DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(e), e.expression, e.this
384            ),
385            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
386            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
387            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
388            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD", negate_interval=True),
389            exp.DayOfWeek: lambda self, e: f"(({self.func('DAY_OF_WEEK', e.this)} % 7) + 1)",
390            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("DAY_OF_WEEK"),
391            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
392            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
393            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
394            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
395            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
396            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
397            exp.FirstValue: _first_last_sql,
398            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
399            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
400            exp.GenerateSeries: sequence_sql,
401            exp.GenerateDateArray: sequence_sql,
402            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
403            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: self.func(
404                "ARRAY_JOIN", self.func("ARRAY_AGG", e.this), e.args.get("separator")
405            ),
406            exp.If: if_sql(),
407            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
408            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
409            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.jsonextract_sql(e),
410            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
411            exp.LastValue: _first_last_sql,
412            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
413            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
414            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
415            exp.Levenshtein: rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE"),
416            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
417            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
418            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
419            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
420            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
421            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
422            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
423            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
424            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
425            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
426                [
427                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
428                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
429                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(1),
430                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
431                ]
432            ),
433            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
434            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: str_position_sql(self, e, generate_instance=True),
435            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
436            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
437            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
438            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
439            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unnest_generate_series]),
440            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
441            exp.TimestampAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
442            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
443            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
444            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
445            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
446                "TO_UNIXTIME", self.func("DATE_PARSE", e.this, Presto.TIME_FORMAT)
447            ),
448            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
449            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
450            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
451            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
452            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
453            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
454            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
455            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
456            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
457            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
458            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
459            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
460            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
461            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
462            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
463            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
464            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
465            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
466                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
467            ),
468            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
469            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
470            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
471            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
472        }
473
474        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
475            "alter",
476            "and",
477            "as",
478            "between",
479            "by",
480            "case",
481            "cast",
482            "constraint",
483            "create",
484            "cross",
485            "current_time",
486            "current_timestamp",
487            "deallocate",
488            "delete",
489            "describe",
490            "distinct",
491            "drop",
492            "else",
493            "end",
494            "escape",
495            "except",
496            "execute",
497            "exists",
498            "extract",
499            "false",
500            "for",
501            "from",
502            "full",
503            "group",
504            "having",
505            "in",
506            "inner",
507            "insert",
508            "intersect",
509            "into",
510            "is",
511            "join",
512            "left",
513            "like",
514            "natural",
515            "not",
516            "null",
517            "on",
518            "or",
519            "order",
520            "outer",
521            "prepare",
522            "right",
523            "select",
524            "table",
525            "then",
526            "true",
527            "union",
528            "using",
529            "values",
530            "when",
531            "where",
532            "with",
533        }
534
535        def md5_sql(self, expression: exp.MD5) -> str:
536            this = expression.this
537
538            if not this.type:
539                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
540
541                this = annotate_types(this)
542
543            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
544                this = exp.Encode(this=this, charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8"))
545
546            return self.func("LOWER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", self.sql(this))))
547
548        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
549            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
550            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
551            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
552            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
553            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
554            this = expression.this
555            value_as_text = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
556            value_as_timestamp = (
557                exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP) if this.is_string else this
558            )
559
560            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
561
562            formatted_value = self.func(
563                "DATE_FORMAT", value_as_timestamp, self.format_time(expression)
564            )
565            parse_with_tz = self.func(
566                "PARSE_DATETIME",
567                formatted_value,
568                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
569            )
570            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
571            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
572
573        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
574            if expression.args.get("safe"):
575                return self.func(
576                    "ELEMENT_AT",
577                    expression.this,
578                    seq_get(
579                        apply_index_offset(
580                            expression.this,
581                            expression.expressions,
582                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
583                        ),
584                        0,
585                    ),
586                )
587            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
588
589        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
590            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
591
592            expression = annotate_types(expression)
593            values: t.List[str] = []
594            schema: t.List[str] = []
595            unknown_type = False
596
597            for e in expression.expressions:
598                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
599                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
600                        unknown_type = True
601                    else:
602                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
603                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
604                else:
605                    values.append(self.sql(e))
606
607            size = len(expression.expressions)
608
609            if not size or len(schema) != size:
610                if unknown_type:
611                    self.unsupported(
612                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
613                    )
614                return self.func("ROW", *values)
615            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
616
617        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
618            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
619                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
620            return super().interval_sql(expression)
621
622        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
623            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
624            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
625            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
626
627        def offset_limit_modifiers(
628            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
629        ) -> t.List[str]:
630            return [
631                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
632                self.sql(limit),
633            ]
634
635        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
636            """
637            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
638            so we need to remove them
639            """
640            kind = expression.args["kind"]
641            schema = expression.this
642            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
643                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
644            return super().create_sql(expression)
645
646        def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str:
647            """
648            Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need
649            to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more
650            than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.
651            """
652            tables = expression.args.get("tables") or [expression.this]
653            if len(tables) > 1:
654                return super().delete_sql(expression)
655
656            table = tables[0]
657            expression.set("this", table)
658            expression.set("tables", None)
659
660            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
661                table_alias = table.args.get("alias")
662                if table_alias:
663                    table_alias.pop()
664                    expression = t.cast(exp.Delete, expression.transform(unqualify_columns))
665
666            return super().delete_sql(expression)
667
668        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract) -> str:
669            is_json_extract = self.dialect.settings.get("variant_extract_is_json_extract", True)
670
671            # Generate JSON_EXTRACT unless the user has configured that a Snowflake / Databricks
672            # VARIANT extract (e.g. col:x.y) should map to dot notation (i.e ROW access) in Presto/Trino
673            if not expression.args.get("variant_extract") or is_json_extract:
674                return self.func(
675                    "JSON_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, *expression.expressions
676                )
677
678            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
679
680            # Convert the JSONPath extraction `JSON_EXTRACT(col, '$.x.y) to a ROW access col.x.y
681            segments = []
682            for path_key in expression.expression.expressions[1:]:
683                if not isinstance(path_key, exp.JSONPathKey):
684                    # Cannot transpile subscripts, wildcards etc to dot notation
685                    self.unsupported(
686                        f"Cannot transpile JSONPath segment '{path_key}' to ROW access"
687                    )
688                    continue
689                key = path_key.this
690                if not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(key):
691                    key = f'"{key}"'
692                segments.append(f".{key}")
693
694            expr = "".join(segments)
695
696            return f"{this}{expr}"
class Presto(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect):
206class Presto(Dialect):
207    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
208    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
209    TIME_FORMAT = MySQL.TIME_FORMAT
210    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True
211    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
212    TYPED_DIVISION = True
213    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
214    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = None
215
216    TIME_MAPPING = MySQL.TIME_MAPPING
217
218    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/17
219    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/12289
220    # https://github.com/prestodb/presto/issues/2863
221    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
222
223    # The result of certain math functions in Presto/Trino is of type
224    # equal to the input type e.g: FLOOR(5.5/2) -> DECIMAL, FLOOR(5/2) -> BIGINT
225    ANNOTATORS = {
226        **Dialect.ANNOTATORS,
227        exp.Floor: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
228        exp.Ceil: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
229        exp.Mod: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expression"),
230        exp.Round: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
231        exp.Sign: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
232        exp.Abs: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
233        exp.Rand: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this")
234        if e.this
235        else self._set_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE),
236    }
237
238    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
239        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
240            (prefix + q, q)
241            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
242            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
243        ]
244
245        KEYWORDS = {
246            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
247            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
248            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
249            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
250            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
251            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
252            "TDIGEST": TokenType.TDIGEST,
253            "HYPERLOGLOG": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
254        }
255        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
256        KEYWORDS.pop("QUALIFY")
257
258    class Parser(parser.Parser):
259        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
260
261        FUNCTIONS = {
262            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
263            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
264            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
265            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _build_approx_percentile,
266            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
267            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
268            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
269            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
270            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
271            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
272            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
273                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
274            ),
275            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
276                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
277            ),
278            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
279            "DATE_PARSE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
280            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
281            "DAY_OF_WEEK": exp.DayOfWeekIso.from_arg_list,
282            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
283                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
284            ),
285            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
286            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _build_from_unixtime,
287            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
288                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
289            ),
290            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
291            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract,
292            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
293                this=seq_get(args, 0),
294                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
295                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
296            ),
297            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
298            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
299            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
300            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
301            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
302                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), instance=seq_get(args, 2)
303            ),
304            "TO_CHAR": _build_to_char,
305            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
306            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
307                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
308            ),
309            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
310            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
311            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
312        }
313
314        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
315        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
316
317    class Generator(generator.Generator):
318        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
319        JOIN_HINTS = False
320        TABLE_HINTS = False
321        QUERY_HINTS = False
322        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
323        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
324        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
325        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
326        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
327        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
328        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
329        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
330        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
331        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
332        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
333        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
334        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
335
336        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
337            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
338            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
339            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
340        }
341
342        TYPE_MAPPING = {
343            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
344            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
345            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
346            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
347            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
348            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
349            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
350            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
351            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
352            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
353            exp.DataType.Type.HLLSKETCH: "HYPERLOGLOG",
354        }
355
356        TRANSFORMS = {
357            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
358            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
359            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
360            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
361            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
362            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
363            exp.ArrayAny: rename_func("ANY_MATCH"),
364            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
365            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
366            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("CARDINALITY"),
367            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("ARRAY_JOIN"),
368            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
369            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
370            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_AND", e.this, e.expression),
371            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
372                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT", e.this, e.expression
373            ),
374            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_NOT", e.this),
375            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_OR", e.this, e.expression),
376            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
377                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT", e.this, e.expression
378            ),
379            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_XOR", e.this, e.expression),
380            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
381            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
382            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
383            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
384                "DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(e), e.expression, e.this
385            ),
386            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
387            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
388            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
389            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD", negate_interval=True),
390            exp.DayOfWeek: lambda self, e: f"(({self.func('DAY_OF_WEEK', e.this)} % 7) + 1)",
391            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("DAY_OF_WEEK"),
392            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
393            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
394            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
395            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
396            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
397            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
398            exp.FirstValue: _first_last_sql,
399            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
400            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
401            exp.GenerateSeries: sequence_sql,
402            exp.GenerateDateArray: sequence_sql,
403            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
404            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: self.func(
405                "ARRAY_JOIN", self.func("ARRAY_AGG", e.this), e.args.get("separator")
406            ),
407            exp.If: if_sql(),
408            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
409            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
410            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.jsonextract_sql(e),
411            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
412            exp.LastValue: _first_last_sql,
413            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
414            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
415            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
416            exp.Levenshtein: rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE"),
417            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
418            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
419            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
420            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
421            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
422            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
423            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
424            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
425            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
426            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
427                [
428                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
429                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
430                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(1),
431                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
432                ]
433            ),
434            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
435            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: str_position_sql(self, e, generate_instance=True),
436            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
437            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
438            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
439            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
440            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unnest_generate_series]),
441            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
442            exp.TimestampAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
443            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
444            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
445            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
446            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
447                "TO_UNIXTIME", self.func("DATE_PARSE", e.this, Presto.TIME_FORMAT)
448            ),
449            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
450            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
451            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
452            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
453            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
454            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
455            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
456            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
457            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
458            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
459            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
460            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
461            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
462            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
463            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
464            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
465            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
466            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
467                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
468            ),
469            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
470            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
471            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
472            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
473        }
474
475        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
476            "alter",
477            "and",
478            "as",
479            "between",
480            "by",
481            "case",
482            "cast",
483            "constraint",
484            "create",
485            "cross",
486            "current_time",
487            "current_timestamp",
488            "deallocate",
489            "delete",
490            "describe",
491            "distinct",
492            "drop",
493            "else",
494            "end",
495            "escape",
496            "except",
497            "execute",
498            "exists",
499            "extract",
500            "false",
501            "for",
502            "from",
503            "full",
504            "group",
505            "having",
506            "in",
507            "inner",
508            "insert",
509            "intersect",
510            "into",
511            "is",
512            "join",
513            "left",
514            "like",
515            "natural",
516            "not",
517            "null",
518            "on",
519            "or",
520            "order",
521            "outer",
522            "prepare",
523            "right",
524            "select",
525            "table",
526            "then",
527            "true",
528            "union",
529            "using",
530            "values",
531            "when",
532            "where",
533            "with",
534        }
535
536        def md5_sql(self, expression: exp.MD5) -> str:
537            this = expression.this
538
539            if not this.type:
540                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
541
542                this = annotate_types(this)
543
544            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
545                this = exp.Encode(this=this, charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8"))
546
547            return self.func("LOWER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", self.sql(this))))
548
549        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
550            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
551            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
552            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
553            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
554            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
555            this = expression.this
556            value_as_text = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
557            value_as_timestamp = (
558                exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP) if this.is_string else this
559            )
560
561            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
562
563            formatted_value = self.func(
564                "DATE_FORMAT", value_as_timestamp, self.format_time(expression)
565            )
566            parse_with_tz = self.func(
567                "PARSE_DATETIME",
568                formatted_value,
569                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
570            )
571            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
572            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
573
574        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
575            if expression.args.get("safe"):
576                return self.func(
577                    "ELEMENT_AT",
578                    expression.this,
579                    seq_get(
580                        apply_index_offset(
581                            expression.this,
582                            expression.expressions,
583                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
584                        ),
585                        0,
586                    ),
587                )
588            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
589
590        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
591            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
592
593            expression = annotate_types(expression)
594            values: t.List[str] = []
595            schema: t.List[str] = []
596            unknown_type = False
597
598            for e in expression.expressions:
599                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
600                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
601                        unknown_type = True
602                    else:
603                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
604                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
605                else:
606                    values.append(self.sql(e))
607
608            size = len(expression.expressions)
609
610            if not size or len(schema) != size:
611                if unknown_type:
612                    self.unsupported(
613                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
614                    )
615                return self.func("ROW", *values)
616            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
617
618        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
619            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
620                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
621            return super().interval_sql(expression)
622
623        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
624            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
625            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
626            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
627
628        def offset_limit_modifiers(
629            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
630        ) -> t.List[str]:
631            return [
632                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
633                self.sql(limit),
634            ]
635
636        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
637            """
638            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
639            so we need to remove them
640            """
641            kind = expression.args["kind"]
642            schema = expression.this
643            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
644                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
645            return super().create_sql(expression)
646
647        def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str:
648            """
649            Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need
650            to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more
651            than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.
652            """
653            tables = expression.args.get("tables") or [expression.this]
654            if len(tables) > 1:
655                return super().delete_sql(expression)
656
657            table = tables[0]
658            expression.set("this", table)
659            expression.set("tables", None)
660
661            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
662                table_alias = table.args.get("alias")
663                if table_alias:
664                    table_alias.pop()
665                    expression = t.cast(exp.Delete, expression.transform(unqualify_columns))
666
667            return super().delete_sql(expression)
668
669        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract) -> str:
670            is_json_extract = self.dialect.settings.get("variant_extract_is_json_extract", True)
671
672            # Generate JSON_EXTRACT unless the user has configured that a Snowflake / Databricks
673            # VARIANT extract (e.g. col:x.y) should map to dot notation (i.e ROW access) in Presto/Trino
674            if not expression.args.get("variant_extract") or is_json_extract:
675                return self.func(
676                    "JSON_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, *expression.expressions
677                )
678
679            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
680
681            # Convert the JSONPath extraction `JSON_EXTRACT(col, '$.x.y) to a ROW access col.x.y
682            segments = []
683            for path_key in expression.expression.expressions[1:]:
684                if not isinstance(path_key, exp.JSONPathKey):
685                    # Cannot transpile subscripts, wildcards etc to dot notation
686                    self.unsupported(
687                        f"Cannot transpile JSONPath segment '{path_key}' to ROW access"
688                    )
689                    continue
690                key = path_key.this
691                if not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(key):
692                    key = f'"{key}"'
693                segments.append(f".{key}")
694
695            expr = "".join(segments)
696
697            return f"{this}{expr}"
INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default NULL ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last"

TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %T'"
STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True

Whether CONCAT's arguments must be strings.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether SEMI or ANTI joins are supported.

TYPED_DIVISION = True

Whether the behavior of a / b depends on the types of a and b. False means a / b is always float division. True means a / b is integer division if both a and b are integers.

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

LOG_BASE_FIRST: Optional[bool] = None

Whether the base comes first in the LOG function. Possible values: True, False, None (two arguments are not supported by LOG)

TIME_MAPPING = {'%M': '%B', '%c': '%-m', '%e': '%-d', '%h': '%I', '%i': '%M', '%s': '%S', '%u': '%W', '%k': '%-H', '%l': '%-I', '%T': '%H:%M:%S', '%W': '%A'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime formats.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

ANNOTATORS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Alias'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseNot'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Neg'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Not'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAlias'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unary'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Add'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseLeftShift'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseRightShift'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Connector'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DPipe'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distance'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Div'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Dot'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Escape'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GT'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GTE'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Glob'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILikeAny'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Is'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Kwarg'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LT'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LTE'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Like'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeAny'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mod'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mul'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeNEQ'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlaps'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PropertyEQ'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SimilarTo'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Slice'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sub'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function Dialect.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Between'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Boolean'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDateStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToTimeStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDateStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>: <function _annotate_with_type_lambda.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Anonymous'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Bracket'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distinct'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Filter'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Interval'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Null'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unnest'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Dialect.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function Presto.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'Presto.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Presto.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Presto.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'M': {0: True}, 'c': {0: True}, 'e': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'i': {0: True}, 's': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}, 'l': {0: True}, 'T': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'M': {0: True}, 'c': {0: True}, 'e': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'i': {0: True}, 's': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}, 'l': {0: True}, 'T': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%B': '%M', '%-m': '%c', '%-d': '%e', '%I': '%h', '%M': '%i', '%S': '%s', '%W': '%u', '%-H': '%k', '%-I': '%l', '%H:%M:%S': '%T', '%A': '%W'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'B': {0: True}, '-': {'m': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}, 'H': {':': {'%': {'M': {':': {'%': {'S': {0: True}}}}}}}, 'A': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = "U&'"
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
class Presto.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer):
238    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
239        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
240            (prefix + q, q)
241            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
242            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
243        ]
244
245        KEYWORDS = {
246            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
247            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
248            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
249            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
250            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
251            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
252            "TDIGEST": TokenType.TDIGEST,
253            "HYPERLOGLOG": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
254        }
255        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
256        KEYWORDS.pop("QUALIFY")
UNICODE_STRINGS = [("U&'", "'"), ("u&'", "'")]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'START': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE': <TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>, 'IPADDRESS': <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, 'IPPREFIX': <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, 'TDIGEST': <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, 'HYPERLOGLOG': <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>}
class Presto.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser):
258    class Parser(parser.Parser):
259        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
260
261        FUNCTIONS = {
262            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
263            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
264            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
265            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _build_approx_percentile,
266            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
267            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
268            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
269            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
270            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
271            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
272            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
273                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
274            ),
275            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
276                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
277            ),
278            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
279            "DATE_PARSE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
280            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
281            "DAY_OF_WEEK": exp.DayOfWeekIso.from_arg_list,
282            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
283                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
284            ),
285            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
286            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _build_from_unixtime,
287            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
288                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
289            ),
290            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
291            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract,
292            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
293                this=seq_get(args, 0),
294                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
295                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
296            ),
297            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
298            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
299            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
300            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
301            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
302                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), instance=seq_get(args, 2)
303            ),
304            "TO_CHAR": _build_to_char,
305            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
306            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
307                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
308            ),
309            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
310            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
311            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
312        }
313
314        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
315        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function build_regexp_extract>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function _build_to_char>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ARBITRARY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_PERCENTILE': <function _build_approx_percentile>, 'BITWISE_AND': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_NOT': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_OR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BITWISE_XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'CARDINALITY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'DATE_FORMAT': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_PARSE': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'ELEMENT_AT': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'FROM_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'FROM_UNIXTIME': <function _build_from_unixtime>, 'FROM_UTF8': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'ROW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'SEQUENCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'SET_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'SPLIT_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STRPOS': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_UNIXTIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TO_UTF8': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA256': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA512': <function Presto.Parser.<lambda>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NORMALIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OVERLAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ALTERABLES
INTERVAL_VARS
ALIAS_TOKENS
ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
ASSIGNMENT
DISJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
BITWISE
TERM
FACTOR
EXPONENT
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
JOIN_HINTS
LAMBDAS
COLUMN_OPERATORS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
STATEMENT_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
RANGE_PARSERS
PROPERTY_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
TYPE_CONVERTERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
DESCRIBE_STYLES
OPERATION_MODIFIERS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
STRING_ALIASES
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
class Presto.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator):
317    class Generator(generator.Generator):
318        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
319        JOIN_HINTS = False
320        TABLE_HINTS = False
321        QUERY_HINTS = False
322        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
323        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
324        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
325        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
326        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
327        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
328        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
329        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
330        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
331        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
332        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
333        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
334        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
335
336        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
337            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
338            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
339            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
340        }
341
342        TYPE_MAPPING = {
343            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
344            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
345            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
346            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
347            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
348            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
349            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
350            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
351            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
352            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
353            exp.DataType.Type.HLLSKETCH: "HYPERLOGLOG",
354        }
355
356        TRANSFORMS = {
357            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
358            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
359            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
360            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
361            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
362            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
363            exp.ArrayAny: rename_func("ANY_MATCH"),
364            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
365            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
366            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("CARDINALITY"),
367            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("ARRAY_JOIN"),
368            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
369            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
370            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_AND", e.this, e.expression),
371            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
372                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT", e.this, e.expression
373            ),
374            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_NOT", e.this),
375            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_OR", e.this, e.expression),
376            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
377                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT", e.this, e.expression
378            ),
379            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_XOR", e.this, e.expression),
380            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
381            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
382            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
383            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
384                "DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(e), e.expression, e.this
385            ),
386            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
387            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
388            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
389            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD", negate_interval=True),
390            exp.DayOfWeek: lambda self, e: f"(({self.func('DAY_OF_WEEK', e.this)} % 7) + 1)",
391            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("DAY_OF_WEEK"),
392            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
393            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
394            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
395            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
396            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT='{e.name.upper()}'",
397            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
398            exp.FirstValue: _first_last_sql,
399            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
400            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
401            exp.GenerateSeries: sequence_sql,
402            exp.GenerateDateArray: sequence_sql,
403            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
404            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: self.func(
405                "ARRAY_JOIN", self.func("ARRAY_AGG", e.this), e.args.get("separator")
406            ),
407            exp.If: if_sql(),
408            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
409            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
410            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.jsonextract_sql(e),
411            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
412            exp.LastValue: _first_last_sql,
413            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
414            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
415            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
416            exp.Levenshtein: rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE"),
417            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
418            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
419            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
420            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
421            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
422            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
423            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
424            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
425            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
426            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
427                [
428                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
429                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
430                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(1),
431                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
432                ]
433            ),
434            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
435            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: str_position_sql(self, e, generate_instance=True),
436            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
437            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
438            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
439            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
440            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unnest_generate_series]),
441            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
442            exp.TimestampAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
443            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
444            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
445            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
446            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
447                "TO_UNIXTIME", self.func("DATE_PARSE", e.this, Presto.TIME_FORMAT)
448            ),
449            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
450            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
451            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
452            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
453            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
454            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
455            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
456            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
457            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
458            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
459            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
460            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
461            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
462            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
463            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
464            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
465            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
466            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
467                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
468            ),
469            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
470            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
471            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
472            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
473        }
474
475        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
476            "alter",
477            "and",
478            "as",
479            "between",
480            "by",
481            "case",
482            "cast",
483            "constraint",
484            "create",
485            "cross",
486            "current_time",
487            "current_timestamp",
488            "deallocate",
489            "delete",
490            "describe",
491            "distinct",
492            "drop",
493            "else",
494            "end",
495            "escape",
496            "except",
497            "execute",
498            "exists",
499            "extract",
500            "false",
501            "for",
502            "from",
503            "full",
504            "group",
505            "having",
506            "in",
507            "inner",
508            "insert",
509            "intersect",
510            "into",
511            "is",
512            "join",
513            "left",
514            "like",
515            "natural",
516            "not",
517            "null",
518            "on",
519            "or",
520            "order",
521            "outer",
522            "prepare",
523            "right",
524            "select",
525            "table",
526            "then",
527            "true",
528            "union",
529            "using",
530            "values",
531            "when",
532            "where",
533            "with",
534        }
535
536        def md5_sql(self, expression: exp.MD5) -> str:
537            this = expression.this
538
539            if not this.type:
540                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
541
542                this = annotate_types(this)
543
544            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
545                this = exp.Encode(this=this, charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8"))
546
547            return self.func("LOWER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", self.sql(this))))
548
549        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
550            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
551            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
552            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
553            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
554            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
555            this = expression.this
556            value_as_text = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
557            value_as_timestamp = (
558                exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP) if this.is_string else this
559            )
560
561            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
562
563            formatted_value = self.func(
564                "DATE_FORMAT", value_as_timestamp, self.format_time(expression)
565            )
566            parse_with_tz = self.func(
567                "PARSE_DATETIME",
568                formatted_value,
569                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
570            )
571            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
572            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
573
574        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
575            if expression.args.get("safe"):
576                return self.func(
577                    "ELEMENT_AT",
578                    expression.this,
579                    seq_get(
580                        apply_index_offset(
581                            expression.this,
582                            expression.expressions,
583                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
584                        ),
585                        0,
586                    ),
587                )
588            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
589
590        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
591            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
592
593            expression = annotate_types(expression)
594            values: t.List[str] = []
595            schema: t.List[str] = []
596            unknown_type = False
597
598            for e in expression.expressions:
599                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
600                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
601                        unknown_type = True
602                    else:
603                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
604                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
605                else:
606                    values.append(self.sql(e))
607
608            size = len(expression.expressions)
609
610            if not size or len(schema) != size:
611                if unknown_type:
612                    self.unsupported(
613                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
614                    )
615                return self.func("ROW", *values)
616            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
617
618        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
619            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
620                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
621            return super().interval_sql(expression)
622
623        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
624            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
625            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
626            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
627
628        def offset_limit_modifiers(
629            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
630        ) -> t.List[str]:
631            return [
632                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
633                self.sql(limit),
634            ]
635
636        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
637            """
638            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
639            so we need to remove them
640            """
641            kind = expression.args["kind"]
642            schema = expression.this
643            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
644                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
645            return super().create_sql(expression)
646
647        def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str:
648            """
649            Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need
650            to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more
651            than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.
652            """
653            tables = expression.args.get("tables") or [expression.this]
654            if len(tables) > 1:
655                return super().delete_sql(expression)
656
657            table = tables[0]
658            expression.set("this", table)
659            expression.set("tables", None)
660
661            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
662                table_alias = table.args.get("alias")
663                if table_alias:
664                    table_alias.pop()
665                    expression = t.cast(exp.Delete, expression.transform(unqualify_columns))
666
667            return super().delete_sql(expression)
668
669        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract) -> str:
670            is_json_extract = self.dialect.settings.get("variant_extract_is_json_extract", True)
671
672            # Generate JSON_EXTRACT unless the user has configured that a Snowflake / Databricks
673            # VARIANT extract (e.g. col:x.y) should map to dot notation (i.e ROW access) in Presto/Trino
674            if not expression.args.get("variant_extract") or is_json_extract:
675                return self.func(
676                    "JSON_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, *expression.expressions
677                )
678
679            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
680
681            # Convert the JSONPath extraction `JSON_EXTRACT(col, '$.x.y) to a ROW access col.x.y
682            segments = []
683            for path_key in expression.expression.expressions[1:]:
684                if not isinstance(path_key, exp.JSONPathKey):
685                    # Cannot transpile subscripts, wildcards etc to dot notation
686                    self.unsupported(
687                        f"Cannot transpile JSONPath segment '{path_key}' to ROW access"
688                    )
689                    continue
690                key = path_key.this
691                if not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(key):
692                    key = f'"{key}"'
693                segments.append(f".{key}")
694
695            expr = "".join(segments)
696
697            return f"{this}{expr}"

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
HEX_FUNC = 'TO_HEX'
PARSE_JSON_NAME = 'JSON_PARSE'
PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>: 'TIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>: 'ROW', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>: 'HYPERLOGLOG'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TagColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseLeftShift'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseNot'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseRightShift'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromTimeZone'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function sequence_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function sequence_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Group'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function no_ilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>: <function _initcap_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>: <function _first_last_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lateral'>: <function _explode_to_unnest_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>: <function left_to_substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function no_pivot_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>: <function _quantile_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function regexp_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>: <function right_to_substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function no_safe_divide_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Schema'>: <function _schema_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _no_sort_array>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function _str_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Table'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _ts_or_ds_add_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function _ts_or_ds_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function Presto.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.With'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function sha256_sql>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'execute', 'join', 'current_timestamp', 'not', 'full', 'outer', 'cross', 'else', 'inner', 'and', 'true', 'from', 'drop', 'current_time', 'end', 'insert', 'intersect', 'like', 'null', 'union', 'natural', 'distinct', 'using', 'exists', 'except', 'between', 'in', 'on', 'as', 'false', 'or', 'when', 'right', 'case', 'order', 'escape', 'where', 'alter', 'left', 'deallocate', 'select', 'having', 'extract', 'delete', 'group', 'table', 'cast', 'create', 'prepare', 'by', 'constraint', 'for', 'is', 'into', 'with', 'values', 'describe', 'then'}
def md5_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MD5) -> str:
536        def md5_sql(self, expression: exp.MD5) -> str:
537            this = expression.this
538
539            if not this.type:
540                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
541
542                this = annotate_types(this)
543
544            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
545                this = exp.Encode(this=this, charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8"))
546
547            return self.func("LOWER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", self.sql(this))))
def strtounix_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix) -> str:
549        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
550            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
551            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
552            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
553            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
554            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
555            this = expression.this
556            value_as_text = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
557            value_as_timestamp = (
558                exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP) if this.is_string else this
559            )
560
561            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))
562
563            formatted_value = self.func(
564                "DATE_FORMAT", value_as_timestamp, self.format_time(expression)
565            )
566            parse_with_tz = self.func(
567                "PARSE_DATETIME",
568                formatted_value,
569                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
570            )
571            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
572            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)
def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str:
574        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
575            if expression.args.get("safe"):
576                return self.func(
577                    "ELEMENT_AT",
578                    expression.this,
579                    seq_get(
580                        apply_index_offset(
581                            expression.this,
582                            expression.expressions,
583                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
584                        ),
585                        0,
586                    ),
587                )
588            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
def struct_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Struct) -> str:
590        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
591            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
592
593            expression = annotate_types(expression)
594            values: t.List[str] = []
595            schema: t.List[str] = []
596            unknown_type = False
597
598            for e in expression.expressions:
599                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
600                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
601                        unknown_type = True
602                    else:
603                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
604                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
605                else:
606                    values.append(self.sql(e))
607
608            size = len(expression.expressions)
609
610            if not size or len(schema) != size:
611                if unknown_type:
612                    self.unsupported(
613                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
614                    )
615                return self.func("ROW", *values)
616            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"
def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval) -> str:
618        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
619            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
620                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
621            return super().interval_sql(expression)
def transaction_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Transaction) -> str:
623        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
624            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
625            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
626            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"
def offset_limit_modifiers( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: Union[sqlglot.expressions.Fetch, sqlglot.expressions.Limit, NoneType]) -> List[str]:
628        def offset_limit_modifiers(
629            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
630        ) -> t.List[str]:
631            return [
632                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
633                self.sql(limit),
634            ]
def create_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create) -> str:
636        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
637            """
638            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
639            so we need to remove them
640            """
641            kind = expression.args["kind"]
642            schema = expression.this
643            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
644                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
645            return super().create_sql(expression)

Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: CREATE VIEW x (cola) then (cola) is the expression), so we need to remove them

def delete_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Delete) -> str:
647        def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str:
648            """
649            Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need
650            to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more
651            than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.
652            """
653            tables = expression.args.get("tables") or [expression.this]
654            if len(tables) > 1:
655                return super().delete_sql(expression)
656
657            table = tables[0]
658            expression.set("this", table)
659            expression.set("tables", None)
660
661            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
662                table_alias = table.args.get("alias")
663                if table_alias:
664                    table_alias.pop()
665                    expression = t.cast(exp.Delete, expression.transform(unqualify_columns))
666
667            return super().delete_sql(expression)

Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.

def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract) -> str:
669        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract) -> str:
670            is_json_extract = self.dialect.settings.get("variant_extract_is_json_extract", True)
671
672            # Generate JSON_EXTRACT unless the user has configured that a Snowflake / Databricks
673            # VARIANT extract (e.g. col:x.y) should map to dot notation (i.e ROW access) in Presto/Trino
674            if not expression.args.get("variant_extract") or is_json_extract:
675                return self.func(
676                    "JSON_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, *expression.expressions
677                )
678
679            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
680
681            # Convert the JSONPath extraction `JSON_EXTRACT(col, '$.x.y) to a ROW access col.x.y
682            segments = []
683            for path_key in expression.expression.expressions[1:]:
684                if not isinstance(path_key, exp.JSONPathKey):
685                    # Cannot transpile subscripts, wildcards etc to dot notation
686                    self.unsupported(
687                        f"Cannot transpile JSONPath segment '{path_key}' to ROW access"
688                    )
689                    continue
690                key = path_key.this
691                if not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(key):
692                    key = f'"{key}"'
693                segments.append(f".{key}")
694
695            expr = "".join(segments)
696
697            return f"{this}{expr}"
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
LIMIT_FETCH
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
VALUES_AS_TABLE
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
ENSURE_BOOLS
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
INSERT_OVERWRITE
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
SET_OP_MODIFIERS
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
TRY_SUPPORTED
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE
STAR_EXCEPT
WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
QUOTE_JSON_PATH
SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN
SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
PARAMETER_TOKEN
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
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